Hasil untuk "History of Central Europe"

Miroslav KOTRHA

The article is focused on the lower noble John Roh of family of castle warriors from Dulov. John Roh lived in the middle of 13th century and his whole life was filled with dispute with neighbors, proving of rights of his family to possession in Dulov and many other which been among the lower nobles very common. Family of Dulov were raised property in Dulov by the king Belo IV. to their hereditary possession in the mid of 13th Century. Family was also promoted among the servants of king. He became one of the important members of his family large family which was connected to the other families as the Hrežďovskí or Horoveckí. The resources to his life are stored in charters in the archive of family Suľovský-Sriemský. The preserved material about John Roh brings us closer information about the life of lower nobles during the reign of the Anjou family. In the article we therefore want to focus on all the recorded activities of John Roh and point out the social conditions in the Trenčín region among the lower nobles. Among other things, we are able to follow the family connection between other families, with John retreat into the background and the emergence of John’s descendants as the main actors in all property matters.

Iveta Stibraniova, Pavlina Bartikova, Jozef Dzubara

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV, Flaviviridae), a small enveloped flavivirus with an unsegmented positive-stranded RNA genome, is the most prominent member of the mammalian group of tick-borne flaviviruses. TBEV, originally isolated in 1937, is identified as Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis now. TBEV causes the most important arboviral disease of the human central nervous system (CNS) in Europe and Northeast Asia. It is transmitted to hosts primarily by ticks of the genus Ixodes and Dermacentor, but can also be acquired by ingestion of infected unpasteurized dairy products. Approximately one-third of all human TBEV infections are associated with severe clinical neurological disease. The remaining two-thirds are asymptomatic or present with mild clinical symptoms. In hosts, TBEV tend to induce different types of immune effector mechanisms. Components of innate immunity - natural killer cells, complement proteins, macrophages and dendritic cells usually provide rapid and intense protection in the acute phase of infectious diseases. In turn, cell-mediated immunity provided by T and B lymphocytes plays an important role in virus clearance and protective immunity, and thus influences the outcome of disease. The virus-host relationship is not passive. Therefore, viruses themselves respond actively to host immune defence activities. This is made possible by a number of mechanisms that ensure their escape from the host’s immune surveillance. The aim of this review is to summarize the history of the last 50 years as well as advances in research on the immunology of TBEV, specifically in the Central European area.

Ádám Novák

Orsolya Cseprekál, Laszlo Rosivall

Budapest Nephrology School (BNS) could have celebrated its 30th event if it had not been interrupted by COVID pandemic for a few years. Yet, the organization of 27th BNS in August 2023 resumed its successful and traditional activities at Semmelweis University, in the beautiful central European city of Budapest. In over two decades, BNS has faithfully adapted to the changes and developments of medical science and clinical nephrology, the fact which has kept it unique and attractive for nephrologists from across the globe. With such a long history and representing the top international professors of nephrology, BNS has proved to be a successful one-week, in-person refreshing course which has attracted over 1600 medical doctors from more than 60 countries. It has well served as an academic meeting point suitable for networking and exchange of up-to-date knowledge presented by the best international experts in nephrology. The dedication and focus of these experts on education, research and patient care represent the very concept of translational medicine. The invaluable experience of the past 27 years has set the standards for BNS to contribute to the evolution of translational nephrology in Europe in the next decade.

Karel Slavíček, Kateřina Těsnohlídková, Martin Košťál et al.

This study investigates a medieval pottery kiln and its fill excavated at a 13th-century settlement site near the Žďár Cistercian monastery. The short 30–40 year lifespan of the settlement provides valuable insight into how pottery was made and appeared in a chronologically specified timeframe of the mid-13th century. The kiln was a single-chamber type, either with an open-topped or domed superstructure with a very narrow stoking channel in terms of height. Technological analysis of the pottery inside the kiln points to consistent production techniques utilising a combination of coiling and early rotational devices with rapid firing practices. The interpretation of the forming technique is backed by 3D scanning, which quantifies the wall thickness variability over various vessel body parts. Cross-analysis with settlement finds shows a uniform ceramic morphology and technological nuances, with petrographic data suggesting both local and external material influences. The study enhances the understanding of the socio-economic dynamics during medieval colonisation based on the case of the Žďár region and provides a benchmark for regional ceramic research.

P. Matte

Joanna Sawicka

This paper presents the results of an expert study of several glass vessels from an early medieval castle at Ostrów Lednicki. They come from the so-called second church, a single-nave small building erected in the 1060s and destroyed in 1038 or 1039. In its ruins, a collection of high-grade artefacts was discovered, furnishings of the same temple, as well as fragments of glass and fragmentary preserved glass vessels. The three specimens, examined in the laboratory, were made of potassium glass, of the calcium-potassium variety, of the CaO-K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 type. Interpretation of the analytical results has led to a conclusion that all the vessels could come from a single workshop, attributed to Carolingian and Ottonian workshops in Imperial Germany. Another vessel, discovered in the eastern part of the stronghold and not associated with any of the sacred buildings, has an early date (6th to 9th century). It is believed to be a conical goblet of the Kempston type, made of sodium glass, of the mineral variety, of the Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 type, from one of the many Western European workshops.

Werner Scheltjens

The household account books of the Salzburg merchant family Spängler cover an exceptionally long period and constitute a unique source for the history of consumption in Central Europe in the eighteenth century. This review assesses the diplomatic and database edition that was published by the University of Salzburg and partners in 2020. The review focuses on the synergies that the scholarly digital edition of the household account books aims to establish between the transcription of the books, a database for querying their contents, and a special section containing biographical entries about the actors registered in the books. The review shows where this combination of editing styles is fruitful, especially for non-narrative sources, and where there is scope for further improvements.

Daniella Kucsma

Manapság egyre jelentősebb szerepet kap a teljesítménymenedzsment minden vállalat, szervezet életében. Kutatásom elsősorban a közszolgáltató szektorra fókuszál, hiszen ezen a területen is meg kell felelni számos elvárásnak mind a szervezet érdekeinek, mind a vevők igényeinek vizsgálatakor. Napjainkban a társadalmi innovációs tevékenységnek is jelentős szerepe van, hiszen minden közszolgáltató vállalat szeretne olyan szolgáltatást nyújtani, ami a társadalom elvárásainak megfelel, illetve olyan fejlesztéseket bevezetni, ami a köz érdekeit képviseli. Arra a kérdésre keresem a választ, hogy miért jó, ha egy közszolgáltató szervezet társadalmi innovációs tevékenységet folytat és ez hogyan lehet hatással a szervezet teljesítménymenedzsment rendszerére. A válasz erre a kérdésre egyszerű, hiszen versenyképességet, hatékonyságot, olcsóbb szolgáltatást és társadalmi kohézióerősítést eredményez. Azonban érdemes azt is megvizsgálni, hogy ezen elemek beépítése mellett hogyan lehet a szervezet teljesítményének mérhetőségére is összpontosítani,. Munkámban megjelenik, hogy milyen teljesítménymenedzsment módszerek vannak és melyik az, amit a vizsgált egészségügyi szervezetek a gyakorlatban alkalmaznak. A fő célom ezen területek vizsgálatával, hogy közelebb kerüljek az általam megfogalmazott kutatási kérdések tisztázásához, ami a közszolgáltató szervezek teljesítménymenedzsmentjéhez kapcsolható elsősorban.

A. Shikov, O. Pozharitskaya, V. Makarov et al.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Due to the location of Russia between West and East, Russian phytotherapy has accumulated and adopted approaches that originated in European and Asian traditional medicine. Phytotherapy is an official and separate branch of medicine in Russia; thus, herbal medicinal preparations are considered official medicaments. The aim of the present review is to summarize and critically appraise data concerning plants used in Russian medicine. This review describes the history of herbal medicine in Russia, the current situation and the pharmacological effects of specific plants in the Russian Pharmacopoeia that are not included in the European Pharmacopoeia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR (11(th) edition), we selected plant species that have not yet been adopted in Western and Central Europe (e.g., selected for inclusion in the European Pharmacopoeia) and systematically searched the scientific literature for data using library catalogs, the online service E-library.ru, and databases such as Medline/Pubmed, Scopus, and the Web of Science regarding species, effectiveness, pharmacological effects, and safety. RESULTS The Russian Federation follows the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR (11(th) edition), which contains 83 individual plant monographs. Fifty-one of these plants are also found in the European Pharmacopoeia and have been well studied, but 32 plants are found only in the Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Many articles about these medicinal plants were never translated in English, and much of the information collected by Russian scientists has never been made available to the international community. Such knowledge can be applied in future studies aimed at a safe, evidence-based use of traditional Russian medicinal plants in European and global phytopharmacotherapy as well as for the discovery of novel leads for drug development. CONCLUSION The review highlights the therapeutic potential of these Russian phytopharmaceuticals but also highlights cases where concern has been raised about product safety and tolerability, which would aid in supporting their safe use.

Kontra Miklós

Until about 1985, apart from traditional dialectological research, the study of Hungarian in Hungary focused mostly on the Codified Standard Hungarian variety, whose speakers are powerful in social but not in numerical terms. Sociolinguistic research since 1985 has now resulted in a program which embraces not only the 10 million (largely monolingual) Hungarians in Hungary proper, but also the 3 million bi- or multilingual minority Hungarians in the seven neighboring countries (kin-states). This program was initiated by researchers of the Department of Sociolinguistics in the Linguistics Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. This paper offers linguists who do not read Hungarian an overview of this research carried out between 1985 and 2022.

Kristalena Herman

Kristalena Herman, a Peace Corps volunteer in Ukraine from 2019 to 2020, considers the experience of men and women who continue to live in Ukraine, some very close to the frontlines. She features interviews with a CEO of a medical facility in Mykolayiv, a city pummeled by Russian artillery, and a director of a non-profit organization offering desperately needed assistance in this conflict.

Dana Novotná

The paper presents a collection of maps by Johann Isidor Jelínek depicting the Šebetov estate in the 18th century. Johann Isidor Jelínek was an assistant surveyor and an apprentice of the architect František Antonín Grimm. His maps of the Šebetov estate capture in detail various formations in the landscape and are a valuable topographic source for exploring the landscape of the mid-18th century.

Giedrė Mickūnaitė

The Byzantine-style murals which adorned the interiors of Lithuanian castles and churches and were "exported" to Poland during King Wladislas II's reign are regarded as reflecting religious debates. This discussion highlights the Orthodox and Catholic interference in the display and iconography of these wall paintings and constructs hypothetical roles for those who commissioned, painted and supervised the content of the interior decoration. From the late fourteenth century, attitudes towards these paintings changed over a hundred years: from passivity towards their content, to religious alterations either by Orthodox masters or by Catholic patrons or supervisors, and ended with the murals being labelled as the style of the Jagiellonian house.

Sergiej Polechow, Sobiesław Szybkowski

W przyczynku dokonuje się krytycznej analizy raportu krzyżackiego informatora działającego na pograniczu ziemi dobrzyńskiej, Mazowsza i Prus, Mikołaja Steinchena, a także edycji tego źródła, które powstało na początku grudnia 1432 r. Raport ten jest również nieznanym dotąd źródłem do dziejów kształtowania się polskiej reprezentacji stanowej.

K. Szende

ABSTRACT The article discusses the strongly disputed and over-politicised presence of the Germans, the single most populous minority ethnic group in medieval East-Central Europe, and their impact on their host societies, notably the kingdoms of Hungary, Poland and Bohemia, and the duchy of Silesia. It examines the routes and reasons for the arrival of the immigrant population, the topography of settlement and the activities pursued; and it discusses the legal background to the arrival of immigrants and their co-existence with the majority society. In most of East-Central Europe, the arrival of the German settlers led to the adaptation of ius Theutonicum, a framework created by sovereigns to accommodate the immunities and obligations of the newcomers. In Hungary, it never took root. Instead, settlers were accommodated legally by means of the liberties of hospites, until this stratum of external and internal migrants was absorbed into peasantry and bourgeoisie, respectively.

Elaine Rusinko, Bogdan Horbal

Karpackorusińskie badania naukowe w Ameryce, 1988-2019 Współczesne amerykańskie badania karpackorusińskie rozpoczęły się na początku lat siedemdziesiątych XX w. Począwszy od 1988 r. i kontynuując do 2019 r., badacze karpackorusińscy regularnie uczestniczyli w amerykańskim świecie naukowym, w tym w panelach i okrągłych stołach podczas corocznych konferencji Stowarzyszenia Studiów Słowiańskich, Wschodnioeuropejskich i Eurazjatyckich (Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies) oraz Stowarzyszenia do Badań Narodowości (the Association for the Study of Nationalities). Niniejszy artykuł analizuje historię i rozwój badań karpackorusińskich w Stanach Zjednoczonych poprzez analizę prezentacji przedstawionych na tych konferencjach od 1988 roku. Ewolucja badań karpackorusińskich w ciągu ostatnich trzydziestu lat pokazuje rozwój tej dziedziny tak pod względem ilości, jak i specyfikacji naukowej: od ogólnych tematów w panelach organizowanych przez inne grupy etniczne, po szczegółowe prezentacje w panelach z konkretnymi tematami karpackorusińskimi, a ostatnio w prezentacjach, które stosują nowe perspektywy i metodologie badań w wieloetnicznych, multidyscyplinarnych panelach i okrągłych stołach. Do artykułu dołączono listę paneli i prezentacji na karpackorusińskie tematy, które przedstawiono na konferencji Stowarzyszenia Studiów Słowiańskich, Wschodnioeuropejskich i Eurazjatyckich w latach 1988-2019.

H. Hašková, S. Saxonberg

Adam Szweda

Bemühungen König Johann Albrechts von Polen um Hilfe des Deutschen Ordens gegen Herzog Konrad III. den Roten von Masowien im Jahre 1495 Zusammenfassung Nach dem Abschluß des Zweiten Thorner Friedens 1466 ist der Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens „Fürst und Rat der Krone” geworden, der dazu verpflichtet war, dem polnischen König militärischen Beistand zu leisten. An diese Pflicht erinnerte König Johann Albrecht den Hochmeister Johann von Tiefen, als 1495 nach dem Tod des Herzogs Janusz II. von Masowien sein Brunder Konrad der Rote das Fürstentum Płock eingenommen hatte, auf das auch die Krone Ansprüche geltend machte. Johann Albrecht entsandte seinen Sekretär Johann Konopacki mit der Forderung nach Preußen, bewaffnete Hilfe gegen Konrad zu leisten. Die Ordensleitung unterstützte diese Aktion nicht, weil sie befürchtete, daß die Krone sich ganz Masowien einverleiben und die Stellung des Ordens somit noch mehr geschwächt würde. Der Hochmeister sah aber zusammen mit Vertretern der preußischen Stände keinen Ausweg, den Forderungen des Königs zu widerstehen (rechtlich gesehen hatte er keine Gründe, diese abzulehnen, er verfügte auch über keine reale Macht), weshalb er auf Zeit spielte. Er verschob seine Entscheidung bis zur Versammlung der Stände, dann bot er sich als Vermittler zwischen dem König und Herzog Konrad an. Auch versuchte er, die Angelegenheit mit seinem Streit mit dem Bischof von Ermland Lukas Watzenrode in Verbindung zu bringen Der König entschied den Streit mit Konrad dem Roten schließen ohne die Hilfe des Ordens zu seinen Gunsten. Zwei Jahre später nahm Johann von Tiefen am Kriegszug Johann Albrechts in die Moldau teil, wo er auch gefallen ist.   King Jan Olbracht’s solicitation for help from the Teutonic Order against Konrad III the Red, duke of Masovia, in 1495 Abstract The paper presents the activities of Jan Olbracht, who in 1495 requested help from the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Johann von Tiefen, against against Konrad III the Red, duke of Masovia, who illegally took over the Duchy of Płock after the death of his brother Janusz II. Faced with the demands presented by the royal envoy Jan Koniecpolski, the Order’s authorities temporised with the king. A special state meeting was convened and the Order’s mediation was suggested to the king, only after the fiasco of which, military aid was promised. The validity of king’s request was not questioned, however. Eventually, the help of the Grand Master was not needed, because Jan Olbracht soon solved his argument with the Masovian duke.

Anastasia Laggis, Athanasios D. Baxevanis, Alexandra Charalampidou et al.

Abstract Background The noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) displays a complex historical and contemporary genetic status in Europe. The species divergence has been shaped by geological events (i.e. Pleistocene glaciations) and humanly induced impacts (i.e. translocations, pollution, etc.) on its populations due to species commercial value and its niche degradation. Until now, limited genetic information has been procured for the Balkan area and especially for the southernmost distribution of this species (i.e. Greece). It is well known that the rich habitat diversity of the Balkan Peninsula offers suitable conditions for genetically diversified populations. Thus, the present manuscript revisits the phylogenetic relationships of the noble crayfish in Europe and identifies the genetic make-up and the biogeographical patterns of the species in its southern range limit. Results Mitochondrial markers (i.e. COI and 16S) were used in order to elucidate the genetic structure and diversity of the noble crayfish in Europe. Two of the six European haplotypic lineages, were found exclusively in Greece. These two lineages exhibited greater haplotypic richness when compared with the rest four (of “Central European” origin) while they showed high genetic diversity. Divergence time analysis identified that the majority of this divergence was captured through Pleistocene, suggesting a southern glacial refugium (Greece, southern Balkans). Furthermore, six microsatellite markers were used in order to define the factors affecting the genetic structure and demographic history of the species in Greece. The population structure analysis revealed six to nine genetic clusters and eight putative genetic barriers. Evidence of bottleneck effects in the last ~5000 years (due to climatic and geological events and human activities) is also afforded. Findings from several other research fields (e.g. life sciences, geology or even archaeology) have been utilized to perceive the genetic make-up of the noble crayfish. Conclusions The southernmost part of Balkans has played a major role as a glacial refugium for A. astacus. Such refugia have served as centres of expansion to northern regions. Recent history of the noble crayfish in southern Balkans reveals the influence of environmental (climate, geology and/or topology) and anthropogenic factors.