Worldwide, some 240 million people have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV), with the highest rates of infection in Africa and Asia. Our understanding of the natural history of HBV infection and the potential for therapy of the resultant disease is continuously improving. New data have become available since the previous APASL guidelines for management of HBV infection were published in 2012. The objective of this manuscript is to update the recommendations for the optimal management of chronic HBV infection. The 2015 guidelines were developed by a panel of Asian experts chosen by the APASL. The clinical practice guidelines are based on evidence from existing publications or, if evidence was unavailable, on the experts’ personal experience and opinion after deliberations. Manuscripts and abstracts of important meetings published through January 2015 have been evaluated. This guideline covers the full spectrum of care of patients infected with hepatitis B, including new terminology, natural history, screening, vaccination, counseling, diagnosis, assessment of the stage of liver disease, the indications, timing, choice and duration of single or combination of antiviral drugs, screening for HCC, management in special situations like childhood, pregnancy, coinfections, renal impairment and pre- and post-liver transplant, and policy guidelines. However, areas of uncertainty still exist, and clinicians, patients, and public health authorities must therefore continue to make choices on the basis of the evolving evidence. The final clinical practice guidelines and recommendations are presented here, along with the relevant background information.
Ni Made Ary Widiastini, I Ketut Sida Arsa, Made Aristia Prayudi
et al.
Tourism villages contribute significantly to Bali's economic development by promoting rural entrepreneurship. However, the sector faces challenges such as low product quality, ineffective marketing, and competition from low-cost imported products. This study explores collaboration and diversification strategies to ensure the economic sustainability of Bali’s village tourism and rural businesses. Data were collected through observations, questionnaires, and in-depth interviews, then analyzed using the SWOT method to assess strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The results highlight the importance of community involvement, partnership networks, creative product development, effective marketing, and long-term business management. Findings from four villages indicate that collaboration with local industries and sustainable tourism initiatives enhances community income. To support sustainable tourism and improve community welfare, it is recommended that the government and stakeholders strengthen the promotion of local products and maximize the cultural and economic potential of villages.
Este artigo apresenta a tradução e a análise do conto “Esqueletos” (Hayakil ‘Adhamiyya), de Mohamed Zafzaf, um dos principais nomes da literatura marroquina em língua árabe do século XX. Publicado no livro O mais forte, de 1978, o conto é examinado à luz do contexto histórico da produção literária do autor, marcada pelos chamados “Anos de Chumbo” no Marrocos e pelo surgimento da revista cultural Souffles-Anfas. Propõe-se que este seja um dos primeiros textos de Zafzaf a explorar o cenário da praia, antecipando em um ano seu célebre romance A serpente e o mar (1979), com o qual compartilha uma série de elementos, como o uso de adjetivos dirigidos ao corpo feminino e a abordagem de questões morais. Com base em declarações do próprio autor, o artigo sugere ainda que o cenário litorâneo descrito remete à cidade de Essaouira, nos anos 1970 e 1980 — localizada na costa atlântica do Marrocos, ao sul de Casablanca e a oeste de Marraquexe —, então conhecida como refúgio de “marginalizados” antissistema de diversas partes do mundo.
Background: As a global expansion of Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica in the northern hemisphere, its origin has been of great interest. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequences (WGS) available in public databases, estimating temporal signal in accordance with random permutations of sampling dates, and searching the powerful SNPs within the B.16 clade, we intend to explore the historical origin of this subspecies and routes of dispersal across its regional distribution. Methods: We constructed a phylogenetic tree for the four main clades based on 395 WGSs, including six B.16 strains. SNP analysis was performed to identify genetic signatures, while BactDating was employed to estimate the temporal divergence of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA). Data from comparisons of the six WGSs belonging to B.16 were used to screen putative SNPs, and generate new subclades for assigning B.16 strains from China. CanSNPer was used to assign the established canSNP nomenclature. Results: A time-calibrated phylogeny estimated the MRCA of the four major clades at 2276 BCE (95 % CI: 3145–1446 BCE), with B.16 diverging approximately 1002 years earlier than B.4, B.12, and B.6. Within B.16, we identified one novel canonical single-nucleotide polymorphism, which assign Chinese strains (410108, 410109, and 410111) to the terminal clade named B.316. We depicted the distribution of B.4, B.6, B.12, and B.16 in 32 countries across five continents, including detailed distributions in subordinate regions of Russia/USSR, and the distribution of B.4, B.11, B.16, and B.20 related to China in other countries worldwide. Conclusions: Given that Asia, specifically China, harbors the distribution of four major genetic clades including the earliest diverging B.16, we hypothesize that subsp. holarctica likely have originated in Asia/China and subsequently spread worldwide. These findings enhance our understanding of the pathogen’s evolutionary history and provide a framework for refining disease surveillance strategies.
Infectious and parasitic diseases, Public aspects of medicine
Abstract
Moral education has become an urgency in shaping students' character through school learning. The purpose of this research is to produce a digital-based learning material product that is suitable for use by Pancasila Education teachers in the learning process for students. The research method used is research and development using the 4D development model consisting of the define, design, develop, and disseminate stages. Product validation will be conducted by content validator, media validator, Pancasila Education teacher, and 33 seventh-grade students. The results of the study show that moral education is a need for students to overcome deviant behavior. Teachers must also be able to create effective, efficient, and enjoyable learning activities. The developed digital-based website learning material obtained a very suitable category from the content expert validation with a score of 91%, media expert validation 98%, Pancasila Education teacher assessment 92% and was considered very interesting by students with a score of 91%. It can be concluded that the digital learning material with the material on the position, function, and application of Pancasila values is highly suitable and recommended for use in the Pancasila Education learning process.
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Abstrak
Pendidikan moral menjadi urgensi dalam membentuk karakter peserta didik melalui pembelajaran di sekolah. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menghasilkan produk berupa materi pembelajaran berbasis digital yang layak digunakan oleh guru Pendidikan Pancasila dalam proses pembelajaran pada peserta didik. Jenis Penelitian yang digunakan yaitu research and development dengan menggunakan model pengembangan 4D yang terdiri dari tahap define, design, develop, dan disseminate. Uji validasi produk akan dilakukan oleh validasi materi, validasi media dan guru Pendidikan Pancasila serta siswa kelas VII sebanyak 33 siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa edukasi moral menjadi kebutuhan siswa untuk mengatasi perilaku menyimpang. Guru juga harus dapat menciptakan kegiatan pembelajaran yang efektif, efisien, dan menyenangkan. Materi pembelajaran berbasis digital website yang dikembangkan memperoleh penilaian kategori sangat layak dari validasi ahli materi dengan skor 91%, validasi ahli media 98%, penilaian guru Pendidikan Pancasila 92% dan diperoleh kategori sangat menarik dari siswa dengan skor 91%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa materi pembelajaran digital dengan matan materi kedudukan, fungsi dan penerapan nilai-nilai Pancasila sangat layak dan direkomendasikan untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila.
En toda la literatura árabe hay abundantes ejemplos de un fenómeno que podría llamarse “analogía de la hermosura”. Generalmente, estas comparaciones constituyen alegorías en las que reiterados rasgos de una mujer ideal son equiparados con características hermosas de ciertos animales, sin que el motivo de dicha asociación quede elucidado. La notable presencia de tales analogías en la tradición árabe, tanto en la poesía como en la lexicografía, denota una extensa tópica literaria más que un mero recurso estilístico aislado. Este artículo pretende exponer e identificar dichas manifestaciones literarias, así como sugerir posibles explicaciones acerca de su razón de ser en la tradición y la cultura árabes.
The author aims to answer the question of what presently contributes to the preservation of the national uniqueness of the Japanese culture and why one of the characteristic features of the Japanese is their adherence to traditions, and also to point out the importance of considering the mental attitudes of the mass consciousness, which are generated by the traditional understanding of the world and a person’s place in it. Mass consciousness is understood as a depersonalized consciousness of the vast majority of the members of a society. The researchers of mass consciousness believe that it begins to form in ancient times, with many of its components preserved in the collective subconscious of society for a long time.The formation of the psychology of the Japanese, their religious outlook, and aesthetic ideal also took place in the 4th – 7th centuries. In subsequent periods, the previously formed specific features of the Japanese culture were further developing in the same way. This suggests the existence of a conceptual constant in the mass consciousness of the part of society in which the basis of the Japanese culture was formed. Gradually, it spread to all segments of society. The functioning of the mass consciousness manifests itself as universally accepted norms: customs, ideals, ethical and aesthetic values, etc.Works of literature and art, research by foreign and Russian Japanologists make it possible to single out worldview components that, being imprinted in the mass consciousness of society, form a “code” for preserving the specifics of the Japanese culture in the broadest sense of the word. The worldview of the Japanese was formed on the basis of the Shinto-Taoist-Buddhist syncretism, the components of this code being: a person’s perception of themselves as an integral part of the Universe; conviction in the universal interconnectedness of things and, as a result, focus on maintaining harmonic interaction of all elements of the world; belief in the spirituality of everything.This article traces the influence of these components on the formation of value orientations that determined the peculiarities of Japanese culture and have not lost their relevance to this day.
The site of Alalakh is located in the modern province of Hatay, southern Turkey. The recent discovery of Iron Age levels at the site offered the perfect opportunity to shed new light on the Iron Age I and the beginning of the Iron Age II (12th-9th century BC). This paper will focus on the analysis of cooking vessels retrieved from the Iron Age levels of the site. Studies on cooking and food preparation activities represent a long-standing lacuna in the archaeology of the Ancient Near East. The analysis of cooking vessels’ typology and function can offer a deep understanding of social habits and cultural behaviours and add new data towards the interpretations of the Iron Age in the site and in the Northern Levant.
History of Asia, Oriental languages and literatures
The Cossacks, who had were separated from Turkic society in 1465 and had independent identities until Russian domination, also gained extensive geography in Central Asia after independence. But, we know that this vast geography is part of Iran’s cultural geography. Consequently, the historical process of thought and literature in this field is necessary for the investigation of Iranian scientific circles. As a result, in order to achieve this goal, we reviewed the book “Kazakh History and Literature “Survey and Analysis of Historical and Literary Links with Iran” by Islam Zhemeni. In this review, we will mention the positive features of the book, such as providing brief information on the history and culture of the Kazakhs, the various periods of Kazakh literature, especially the literature of the Stalin era, and the way in which the Cossack intellectuals struggled with Stalin’s despotism at the head of them in the process of Kazakh culture and thinking. Particularly, we will refer to the most influential Kazakh indicators, such as Abai Qunanbayoglu, Shahkarim, Mokhtar Avesov, and so on. We will also look at some of the flaws in the book, such as repetition and the emotional content of some of the content and the weakness of the book’s layout and editing. This book is very important in knowing the way and time of the influence of Iranian culture and literature in those areas.
Indo-Iranian languages and literature, General Works
Olivier Lambert, Camille Auclair, Cirilo Cauxeiro
et al.
Background A few odontocetes (echolocating toothed cetaceans) have been able to independently colonize freshwater ecosystems. Although some extant species of delphinids (true dolphins) and phocoenids (porpoises) at least occasionally migrate upstream of large river systems, they have close relatives in fully marine regions. This contrasts with the three odontocete families only containing extant species with a strictly freshwater habitat (Iniidae in South America, the recently extinct Lipotidae in China, and Platanistidae in southeast Asia). Among those, the fossil record of Iniidae includes taxa from freshwater deposits of South America, partly overlapping geographically with the extant Amazon river dolphin Inia geoffrensis, whereas a few marine species from the Americas were only tentatively referred to the family, leaving the transition from a marine to freshwater environment poorly understood. Methods Based on a partial odontocete skeleton including the cranium, discovered in late Miocene (Tortonian-Messinian) marine deposits near the estuary of the Cuanza River, Angola, we describe a new large iniid genus and species. The new taxon is compared to other extinct and extant iniids, and its phylogenetic relationships with the latter are investigated through cladistic analysis. Results and Discussion The new genus and species Kwanzacetus khoisani shares a series of morphological features with Inia geoffrensis, including the combination of a frontal boss with nasals being lower on the anterior wall of the vertex, the laterally directed postorbital process of the frontal, the anteroposterior thickening of the nuchal crest, and robust teeth with wrinkled enamel. As confirmed (although with a low support) with the phylogenetic analysis, this makes the new taxon the closest relative of I. geoffrensis found in marine deposits. The geographic provenance of K. khoisani, on the eastern coast of South Atlantic, suggests that the transition from the marine environment to a freshwater, Amazonian habitat may have occurred on the Atlantic side of South America. This new record further increases the inioid diversity during the late Miocene, a time interval confirmed here as the heyday for this superfamily. Finally, this first description of a Neogene cetacean from inland deposits of western sub-Saharan Africa reveals the potential of this large coastal area for deciphering key steps of the evolutionary history of modern cetaceans in the South Atlantic.
maryam mansoori, hadi bayati, mohamad hasan raznahan
In Other Words, The Victim Of Crime Or Bad Act And Contrary To The Provisions Specified In A Society. Breaking The Law In One Way Or Another In All Sections Of Society Or Culture There And Just Not Certain. Given The Importance Of Nazareth As A Crucial Moment In History, Investigate The Crime As One Of The Most Important Events Of This Period Can Reveal Its Many Ambiguities In The Fields Of Committing Economic Crimes. Accordingly, In This Study We Try Economic Crimes Testament Naseri Typology And The Role Of Various Factors In This Phenomenon, Particularly In Its Dual Role Of Government Is. Therefore, Relying On Historical Documents And Library Resources Available And The Statistical Analysis Of Crimes Of This Period, The Description Of The Economic Situation Of Naseri Age, The Type Of Economic Crime In The Period Studied And Said Some Of The Factors Contributing To The Occurrence Of This Crime, As Far As Possible From The Viewpoint Of Analytical Thought. According To The Findings Obtained From Different Types Of Economic Crimes, The Murder Of A 7/58%, The Highest Rate Of Opium Drawing 2/0% Were Allocated To The Lowest. Although The Government Of Nazareth Was The Main Cause Of Action In Dealing With Criminals However Its Way To Provide Mass Media, And In Many Cases They Are Also Added On.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Asia