This chapter synthesizes the volume’s key themes and findings, exploring the entanglement of religion and nationalism through symbols. It discusses how religious symbols have been repurposed for national narra-tives and sacralized within religious contexts. It emphasizes the importance of distinguishing „sacredness“ as a socially constructed reverence from religious holiness, illustrating how figures and events have been elevated to untouchable status. It highlights the pivotal role of the Middle Ages and WWII in shaping collective memories and identities and questions how the relationship between nationalism and religion might evolve amid secularization and demographic shifts in the region. Finally, it suggests that broadening the geographic framework and incorporating perspectives from religious minorities and non-Christian groups within Eastern Europe could deepen our understanding of these evolving dynamics.
Погребальный обряд является одним из важнейших маркеров, позволяющих наиболее точно и достоверно охарактеризовать особенности мировоззрения представителей древних сообществ. В статье предпринята попытка выявить специфику погребального обряда прибрежных культур южноамериканского континента – пайхан (12800–9600 л.н.) и лас-вегас (10800–6600 л.н.), а также очертить возможные перспективы его изучения. Автор дает характеристику современного подхода к изучению погребений: для работы с костными останками активно привлекаются специалисты в области антропологии, генетики, проводятся исследования для определения характера повреждения костей, идентификации по гендерному признаку, диагностики патологий и т.д.
Anushirvan Sasani often has a positive image in the stories narrated in Persian poetry and prose texts and is always described as a symbol of justice. However, in one of the Masnavis left over from the last centuries, Anushirvan is not only not just, but also a lustful king who tries to take possession of a chaste married woman by force and coercion. In this work, the pious woman, despite Anushirvan's many insistences, is not willing to go into his solitude. To the extent that out of necessity and in order to get rid of Anushirvan, she plucks out her own eyes and sends them to her, and it is after this incident that Anushirvan takes the path of regret and repentance; To the extent that out of necessity and rejection of Anushirvan, she takes out her eyes and sends them to him, and after that Anushirvan takes the path of repentance.This short poem is the work of an unknown poet named Khalil Shirazi, the oldest manuscript of which dates back to the middle of the 11th century AH and is preserved in the National Library of Iran. Some researchers believe that this Khalil Shirazi is the same Khalil Zargar Rashti, the court poet of Jamshid Khan Ishaqi in the 10th century and the owner of the missing Jamshidname...
(1) Background: The wide range of preparedness, physical fitness, and capabilities of older athletes makes it challenging to recommend general training programs for this cohort ranging from ages 35 to 80 and older. Weightlifting has enjoyed an unprecedented growth in recent years, especially among women. The objectives of this study are to describe age and sex differences in self-reported training regimens and concurrent training for Masters weightlifters and investigate regional differences. (2) Methods: A total of 1051 Masters weightlifters from Australia, Canada, Europe, and the USA completed an online survey that included questions on sport history and training practices. (3) Results: A training session typically lasted 1.5 to 2 h for both sexes across all ages. Weightlifters engaged in concurrent training (66.9%), especially in endurance training (24.9%) and CrossFit (36.4%), but the proportions differed across geographic regions. Older females maintained training 4 days per week, while older males reduced this to 3 days per week. (4) Conclusions: Weightlifting training practice of Masters athletes was remarkably consistent across ages, but concurrent training differed between males and females and across regions. This study provides helpful information for athletes, coaches, and sport organizations about the variation in weightlifting training practices and concurrent training of older athletes.
Real policy emphasizes that states seek to achieve their interests and objectives by focusing on the concept of political conflict for control. As the Iranian role in the region increases and its strength increases, European countries seek to limit Iran's role in the region, weaken its nuclear file, force it to return to negotiations, prevent an arms race on the level of weapons of mass destruction and advanced missiles. In the European Union to be the only sources to secure nuclear fuel for energy plants, and this is consistent with the interests and objectives of European countries.
The desire of countries to remain in the position of competition and to refrain from the use of force because it is counterproductive, as a desire to remain in the system, and this explains the European policy towards Iran, which is the imposition of economic sanctions rather than the use of military force for fear of adverse consequences, The sanctions have had a major impact on the Iranian economy, which has led to a geopolitical challenge, resulting in a stifling economic crisis, as well as negative repercussions on the relationship between Europe and Iran. Europe has long sought to make this relationship good as a form of support for anti-US states. The European Union's desire to play a balanced role in the US role in a multi-polar world as well as securing the flow of Iranian oil to it and widening the circle of Iranian revenues from European goods.
These sanctions have had a major impact on the Iranian economy, which has caused it to suffer a geopolitical challenge. This has resulted in a crippling economic crisis characterized by a general budget deficit, rising inflation, low economic growth and the accumulation of foreign debt, mostly due to Europe. The dollar and the euro, the lack of foreign investment inside Iran and the decline of exports of the two most important sectors, oil and gas as the basic structure of the Iranian economy.
The US dimension to the path of European economic sanctions on Iran, especially after Trump takes over as president, is that the EU can not ignore US policy toward Iran because of its economic and geosynthetic interests with the United States, which require a transatlantic common ground with Iran.
Fine Arts, History (General) and history of Europe
There is a climate of insecurity in Nigeria owing to pervasive violent crime across the country. Although the wide socio-economic gap between the rich and the poor, high rate of unemployment, and governance deficit are blamed for rising insecurity, analysts often neglect the role of the built environment. Informal housing and unplanned neighborhoods are often stigmatized as spaces of crime in the global South. Drawing from the conceptual framework of permeability and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), we investigate the vulnerability of residential neighborhoods to security threats in Benin City. Vulnerability was interrogated at two levels. At the neighborhood level, our findings showed that environmental risk factors associated with informal housing and incremental development render the neighborhoods permeable and limit crime policing. At the residential level, our findings revealed that inappropriate target hardening limits natural surveillance and communal use of outhouse facilities renders homes indefensible. Situational crimes such as burglary and robbery are high in the absence of regular police patrols and neighborhood watch. Conclusions point to the need to incorporate informal housing and environmental risk factors into CPTED literature in the context of the cities in the global South, establishment of neighborhood or community policing to partner with the Nigerian police in crime fighting, and settlement upgrading to enhance natural surveillance, police patrol and rapid response to distress calls in the event of criminal attacks.
History of Africa, African languages and literature
Abstract This article consists of three parts. In the first part we describe a short history of cybernetics and an effort, which has been undertaken by a group of scientists in the United States and Europe in recent years, to expand the conception of science so that it more successfully encompasses the social sciences. The intent is to aid communication among disciplines and improve our ability to manage social systems. The second part of the article presents an effort in Russia to develop reflexivity theory into a general theory of purposeful, self-developing systems, thus improving our understanding and management of social systems. Understanding Western and Eastern approaches to cybernetics can be difficult because of the very different histories and intellectual traditions of cybernetics in the United States and Russia. The article ends with a comparison of the two approaches to cybernetics, comparing their features side by side. The differences suggest a great potential for ideas from Russian and Western scientists to enrich the further development of cybernetics and science in East and West.
ABSTRACT Historically speaking, industry has been perceived as a threat to historical preservation and heritage in general; and for this reason, these categories have been seen as mutually exclusive. However, since the decline of industry in Europe, the relation between the two has been gradually reconsidered. The European Union (EU) has engaged with the industrial heritage, even if not wholeheartedly. The reason, I argue, is the reluctance among the Member States and the broader European public to recognise industrial heritage as a legitimate part of the European heritage. There are, however, very good reasons to fully embrace this past – not only because the EU’s deeply entrenched in the industry, but also because it can allow the broader public to embrace a transnational understanding of European history.
The article deals with an analysis of educational aspects of the Ukrainian national context of Ukrainization of the 1920s from the perspective of studying the historiography of the issue. The author focuses on historiographical sources and scientific statements of historical, historico-pedagogical and cultural studies of the prerequisites, content, features and civilizational dimension of the educational aspect of Ukrainization as a broad policy in relation to the institutionalization and development of education, Ukrainian by nature and content. The article draws attention to coverage by historians of reforming problems of school education of that time, their analysis of ways for providing schools with required Ukrainian literature. It is pointed out that historians put an emphasis on the fact that despite its ideological foundations (efforts to implant Bolshevik power) the results of Ukrainization were related to building up the nation and state. It is stated that the current historiographical process looking into the educational dimension of Ukrainization is represented by a wide spectrum of scientific works which range of subject interests allows to highlight Ukrainization of educational space of that time as a holistic and system process which content was underpinned by objective conditions and was well thought-out and logical. The article outlines some prospects of examining the educational dimension of Ukrainization and draws attention to the value of its implementation experience in the context of the development of the modern education system of Ukraine.
History (General) and history of Europe, Philosophy. Psychology. Religion
In Polish literature on the subject, the military governor’s office is usually associated with the organisation of the administrative system that prevailed in the partitioning states (Poland’s Partitions 1791-1918). However, the governor’s office had already been known in Poland during the Duchy of Warsaw (1807-1815), when it was, like many other solutions of administrative and military law, imported directly from France. In the structure of Polish public organs, the office of governor was created for the first time during the Polish-Austrian war in 1809. Although no documents have survived from which we could learn of the competences of a Polish governor in those times, what is known is that the description of his authority followed closely the model set out by the French legislation. It was not before the Polish-Russian war in 1830-1831 that first attempts were made to independently set out the authority o f a governor of the Polish state, but even then, at least initially, the solutions set forth by the regime o f the Napoleonic decree were directly referred to and copied. In the second half of the 19th century, shortly before the collapse of the November Uprising, a draft describing the office and competences of a Polish governor was finally ready to be put forward for parliamentary discussion, but it was already too late for the Sejm to deal with it.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law
En el Barroco hispano la cosmovisión desarrollada asumió que la vida era una constante guerra espiritual. Esta percepción se componía de los conceptos de amor y violencia. Asimismo, esta comprensión fue incorporada a la política, en la que los conceptos anteriores se desarrollaron de diversas formas. La guerra en sus distintas formulaciones nos puede informar de las variantes políticas desarrolladas entre el amor y la violencia durante el Barroco hispano.
العزاء يرتبط بالموت ارتباطًا وثيقًا، وهو بذلک مبني على أساس الموت الذي لا مفرّ منه. ولما کان الأمر کذلک کان لابد من العزاء في ذلک المجتمع، الذي عُرفت فيه الألفة والمحبة والتواصل؛ لتقديم ما يمکن تقديمه من: کلام حسن، وموعظة شافية، ومودة خالصة، وحزن باکٍ إلى صاحب العزاء؛ شفاءً للغليل وتخفيف ما يمکن تخفيفه من ألم وعذاب کانا ينتابان أهل الميت حين وفاته، أو بمعنى آخر: إن العزاء هو ذلک الدواء الذي طالما کان يبحث عنه صاحب العزاء وآل بيته، فلا يجده إلا حينما يفد إليهم من يشارکهم المصيبة، ويُسلّيهم عن مُصابهم، ويُقدِّم لهم المعونة المعنوية، وربما حتى المادية في ذلک المجتمع، الذي کان من مقوّماته: الحاجة إلى تلک المعونات في مثل تلک الحال؛ ولأن الموضوع بطبيعته مفتوح على مرّ العصور التاريخية، التي لا نستطيع حصرها في هذا البحث. من ثَمَّ سيقتصر حديثنا عنه على العصر العباسي الثاني کأنموذج للمجتمع العربي الإسلامي ککل، کما سيکون الحديث عنه مشترکًا ما بين العامة من الناس، والخاصة من: خلفاء وأمراء، وولاة، وعمال، وقادة، وقضاة، ووجهاء، وغيرهم من أصحاب الشأن والسلطان
This article aims at mapping out some of the ways in which masculinity studies has recently renewed the critical approach to certain literary texts. It argues that this fairly new disciplinary field has helped to de-territorialize literary inquiry and challenges deep-rooted assumptions about reading and writing. Essentialist notions like “masculine writing,” bodily analogies between the pen and the phallus, and psychoanalytical tools such as the Oedipus myth have tended to obfuscate the multitude of masculine identities at work in literature. Combined with the textual and performative approach developed by queer theorists, the work done by historians of masculinity enables, for instance, to shed light on the pressures that burdened authorial identity in a context of homophobia like the Cold War period in the United States, to delineate the ways in which the constitutive homosociality of poetic circles in the 1950s fashioned their aesthetic norms and practices, and to deconstruct the narrative codes and the fictions of masculinity which structured certain literary genres like the crime novel and the adventure novel.
History (General) and history of Europe, English language
A agroindústria canavieira, a mais antiga e importante atividade de transformação rural do Brasil, passou por profunda metamorfose no século XX. A modernização tecnológica esteve na base dessas mudanças. Nos quadros de transformações que alteraram o perfil do Estado e conformaram políticas econômicas baseadas em uma outra estrutura institucional e recursos instrumentais distintos, a intervenção estatal nas atividades agroaçucareiras, a partir do terceiro decênio do século XX, pautou-se pelo atendimento de interesses de classe. A perversão da idéia de moderno, expressa em transformações econômicas e tecnológicas associadas à preservação de estruturas sociais arcaicas, possibilitou a sobrevivência e reprodução do tradicional.
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)