Hasil untuk "History"

Simon, Schuster

Zuo-cheng Zhang

C. Herzberg, K. Condie, J. Korenaga

J. Lucca

P. DeMaio

D. Roff

N. Andreasen, J. Endicott, R. Spitzer et al.

Christopher J. Berry

M. Kapp

Laurence R. Horn

K. Hill, A. Hurtado

L. Lunsky

K. Gergen

An analysis of theory and research in social psychology reveals that while methods of research are scientific in character, theories of social behavior are primarily reflections of contemporary history. The dissemination of psychological knowledge modifies the patterns of behavior upon which the knowledge is based. It does so because of the prescriptive bias of psychological theorizing, the liberating effects of knowledge, and the resistance based on common values of freedom and individuality. In addition, theoretical premises are based primarily on acquired dispositions. As the culture changes, such dispositions are altered, and the premises are often invalidated. Several modifications in the scope and methods of social psychology are derived from this analysis.

Alexis Kalokerinos

T. Bennett

J. Robinson, R. Sack

H. Allen Orr

Erle C. Ellis, Jed O Kaplan, Dorian Q Fuller et al.

Human use of land has transformed ecosystem pattern and process across most of the terrestrial biosphere, a global change often described as historically recent and potentially catastrophic for both humanity and the biosphere. Interdisciplinary paleoecological, archaeological, and historical studies challenge this view, indicating that land use has been extensive and sustained for millennia in some regions and that recent trends may represent as much a recovery as an acceleration. Here we synthesize recent scientific evidence and theory on the emergence, history, and future of land use as a process transforming the Earth System and use this to explain why relatively small human populations likely caused widespread and profound ecological changes more than 3,000 y ago, whereas the largest and wealthiest human populations in history are using less arable land per person every decade. Contrasting two spatially explicit global reconstructions of land-use history shows that reconstructions incorporating adaptive changes in land-use systems over time, including land-use intensification, offer a more spatially detailed and plausible assessment of our planet's history, with a biosphere and perhaps even climate long ago affected by humans. Although land-use processes are now shifting rapidly from historical patterns in both type and scale, integrative global land-use models that incorporate dynamic adaptations in human–environment relationships help to advance our understanding of both past and future land-use changes, including their sustainability and potential global effects.

Kamilla L. Lomborg, Carolina Cucart-Mora, Jan-Olaf Reschke et al.

In a world of drastic climatic and ecological changes, our knowledge of how the environment influenced hominin behaviour is of the utmost importance. Archaeology plays a key role in this domain, as it is the only discipline that studies empirical evidence of past societies’ responses to environmental change. Computational models generating predictions about past climatic and ecological conditions are vital for understanding the archaeological record and how these factors shaped the dispersal of hominins out of Africa and into Eurasia during the Early and early Middle Pleistocene. In this paper, various models for past reconstructions of climatic and ecological conditions and simulation techniques are presented to provide an overview of the diverse approaches, possibilities, advantages and constraints of using computational reconstructions in archaeological research. Focusing on studies of hominin dispersals out of Africa and into Eurasia during the Early and early Middle Pleistocene, this paper discusses the links between environmental factors and hominin dispersal behaviour. The use of simulation techniques to represent hominin populations, such as cellular automata or agent-based modelling, can contribute to connecting small-scale environment-induced influences on hominins to large-scale patterns, supported by ecological theories of species survival and spatial behaviour. Collectively, these approaches provide an elaborate foundation for understanding environmental influences on past hominin dispersals.

Xiaohe Dai, Zhiyuan Huang

The emoticon picture clarity in online service encounters has been overlooked in consumer research. Our study intends to investigate how emoticon picture clarity influences consumer service satisfaction. Across four experiments and a single-paper meta-analysis, we demonstrate that when service providers use clear rather blurred emoticon pictures to communicate with consumers, consumers will have higher service satisfaction (Study 1). This effect is attributed to the higher processing fluency induced by clear emoticon pictures, which in turn triggers greater satisfaction (Studies 2 and 3). Furthermore, this effect is weakened when consumers experience cognitive load (Study 4). These findings provide novel insights into consumers' biased evaluations of service providers and offer valuable guidance for marketers to enhance online shopping services through the strategic use of emoticon pictures.