Hasil untuk "Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages"

MaryClaire Pappas

ABSTRACT:This article examines the interplay between Scandinavian art and Orientalism in the 1910s through two intertwined discourses: artistic interest in Islamic art and the appropriation of Islamic art into the genealogy of Scandinavian folk art. Through the lens of prominent public scholars in the 1910s, Jens Thiis, Robert R. Martin, and Harry Fett, the article discusses the complexities of Scandinavian Orientalism, a concept positioning Scandinavian artists as cultural intermediaries between East and West. By analyzing the influence of Islamic decorative arts on Scandinavian modern paintings by Jean Heiberg and Henrik Sørensen, the article highlights the dual narratives of admiration for and appropriation of non-Western visual culture, revealing the tensions between the desire for artistic innovation and the critique of foreign influence within the context of national identity. Scandinavian artists viewed their work as a bridge between domestic and Islamic artistic traditions, shaping a unique modern visual language that both embraced and contested the boundaries of national identity within the framework of the folk tradition and modern painting.

Guilherme Duarte, Nelma Moreira, Luca Prigioniero et al.

In this paper we consider block languages, namely sets of words having the same length, and study the deterministic and nondeterministic state complexity of several operations on these languages. Being a subclass of finite languages, the upper bounds of operational state complexity known for finite languages apply for block languages as well. However, in several cases, smaller values were found. Block languages can be represented as bitmaps, which are a good tool to study their minimal finite automata and their operations, as we illustrate here.

Rose Bohrer

In the pedagogy of programming languages, one well-known course structure is to tour multiple languages as a means of touring paradigms. This tour-of-paradigms approach has long received criticism as lacking depth, distracting students from foundational issues in language theory and implementation. This paper argues for disentangling the idea of a tour-of-languages from the tour-of-paradigms. We make this argument by presenting, in depth, a series of case studies included in the Human-Centered Programming Languages curriculum. In this curriculum, case studies become deep, serving to tour the different intellectual foundations through which a scholar can approach programming languages, which one could call the tour-of-humans. In particular, the design aspect of programming languages has much to learn from the social sciences and humanities, yet these intellectual foundations would yield far fewer deep contributions if we did not permit them to employ case studies.

Matteo Cimini

Program logics are a powerful formal method in the context of program verification. Can we develop a counterpart of program logics in the context of language verification? This paper proposes language logics, which allow for statements of the form $\{P\}\ \mathcal{X}\ \{Q\}$ where $\mathcal{X}$, the subject of analysis, can be a language component such as a piece of grammar, a typing rule, a reduction rule or other parts of a language definition. To demonstrate our approach, we develop $\mathbb{L}$, a language logic that can be used to analyze language definitions on various aspects of language design. We illustrate $\mathbb{L}$ to the analysis of some selected aspects of a programming language. We have also implemented an automated prover for $\mathbb{L}$, and we confirm that the tool repeats these analyses. Ultimately, $\mathbb{L}$ cannot verify languages. Nonetheless, we believe that this paper provides a strong first step towards adopting the methods of program logics for the analysis of languages.

Jan M. Boelmann, Lisa König, Lena-Maria Kelsch

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt Einstellungen von Lehramtsstudierenden zu digitalen Medien im Unterricht (ELMU) vorgestellt, das die Frage nach den medienbezogenen Einstellungen von Lehramtsstudierenden zu Beginn ihres Studiums zentral stellt und untersucht, inwiefern diese eher positiv oder eher negativ auf den Einsatz von Medien im Unterricht blicken. Das Projekt entwickelte eine Typologie anhand der qualitativ erhobenen und ausgewerteten Einstellungstendenzen der Studierenden, die eine fünfstufige Differenzierung von konservativen Lehrmeister*innen bis hin zu Ermächtiger*innen ermöglicht. Auch wenn vor dem mediensozialisatorischen Hintergrund der Studierenden anders erwartet, zeigen die Ergebnisse überwiegend Bedenken und Sorgen der Studierenden, die u.a. anhand eines Vergleichs zu den Einstellungen von Masterstudierenden näher analysiert werden.   Abstract (english): Digital natives or traditional teachers? Media-related attitudes of teacher training students in the introductory phase of their studies This article presents results from the project Attitudes of Student Teachers to Digital Media in the Classroom (ELMU), which focuses on the question of the media-related attitudes of student teachers at the beginning of their studies and investigates the extent to which they have a positive or negative view of the use of media in the classroom. The project developed a typology based on the qualitatively collected and evaluated attitudinal tendencies of the students, which enables a five-level differentiation from conservative instructors to empowerers. Even if expected otherwise in view of the students‘ media socialisation background, the results predominantly show students‘ concerns and worries, which are analysed in more detail by means of a comparison with the attitudes of master‘s students.

Katharina Bary, Dorothee Meer

Schlagwörter wie Fake News, Desinformation oder politisches Storytelling sind präsent und im Schulunterricht längst angekommen. Jedoch sind die Zugänge zu den Phänomenen des Erzählens äußerst dehnbar und erfordern eine Konkretisierung. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll in diesem Beitrag ein spezifisches Konzept von ‚Narrativ‘ vorgestellt werden. Anhand des Beispiels des abrupten Auftauchens des Narrativs des #Klimalockdowns im Frühjahr 2021 auf der (damaligen) Internetplattform Twitter soll verdeutlicht werden, wie dabei sprachliche und bildliche Elemente als kognitiv verankerte Komplexe verstanden und konkretisiert werden. Dies geschieht zum einen, indem exemplarisch aufgezeigt wird, was unter einem ‚Narrativ‘ verstanden wird. Zum anderen geht es darum, notwendige Kompetenzen von Schüler*innen zu verdeutlichen, die sie befähigen, an politischer Kommunikation in der Gegenwart teilzunehmen.   Abstract (english): #KLIMALOCKDOWN (#climatelockdown) – Narratives in the communication of sustainability. Dynamization of positioning on Twitter from the point of view of german didactic Keywords such as fake news, disinformation or political storytelling are present and already part of school lessons. However, the understanding of narrative as storytelling is extremely flexible, it requires specification. Therefore, this article presents a specific concept of ‚narrative‘. By using the example of the abrupt appearance of #Klimalockdown (#climatelockdown) in Spring 2021 on the (former) internet platform Twitter it is presented, how linguistic and visual elements are understood as cognitively anchored complexes. To exemplify the dynamization and positioning on Twitter, on the one hand, it is shown how ‚narratives‘ are to be understood in general, on the other hand, the focus lies on the competencies of students for participation in present communication.

Edita Osmanović

V. Kushneryk, S. S. Andriiva

It is crucial to consider two foundational principles of phonosemantics: the principle of non-arbitrariness (motivation), principle of the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign. The former principle suggests a pervasive interrelation among real-world phenomena and objects. Numerous instances in the history of science demonstrate the discovery of connections between seemingly unrelated phenomena. In contrast, the principle of the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign asserts the independence between the signifier and the signified, clashing with the overarching principle of hierarchization. According to this principle, each element in a ’higher’ system can act as an autonomous ’lower’ system. As such, a word becomes an independent ’lower’ system, possessing a substrate—the signified and the signifier—and a structural relationship between them. Stripping a word of these connections removes its structural integrity; without structure, it ceases to be a system. Therefore, Ferdinand de Saussure, the pioneer of systemic linguistics, declared the principle of the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign, challenging the very concept of systemicity. While embracing the system of arbitrariness of the linguistic sign, we acknowledge that not all words are motivated. Many words exist whose motivation remains undetermined with current etymological research. Thus, we recognize two perspectives on this issue: natural and conventional. Fundamentally, a linguistic sign is arbitrary, yet in contemporary synchronic analysis, it manifests a dual nature: both arbitrary and motivated. It is important to discern which principle dominates in each instance of nomination. In any specific nominative act, a certain characteristic of the denoted object is selected as the basis of the nomination, and in this critical moment, the nomination is motivated rather than arbitrary. Often, the selection of this particular characteristic might be random, highlighting the nomination’s arbitrariness, or its lack of motivation. Phonetic symbolism embodies a regular, non-arbitrary connection, phonetically driven, between the phonemes of a word and the non-acoustic attribute of the denotate that forms the basis of its nomination. Phonetic semantics is a natural spontaneous connection between the phonemes of a word and the non-sound characteristic of the denonation, which serves as the basis for nomination. Scientific research aims to consider the studied phenomenon in two aspects of its manifestation: oh the one hand, phonetic semantics has a statistical character, on the other hand it is psychophysiological process based on synaesthesia, syntenemia and kinematics. Research materials are offered on the examples of Germanic and Slavic languages, which are a demonstration and confirmation of the truth of the investigation. The chronology of scientific facts about the functioning of phonetic semantics allows us to come to the conclusion that this linguistic phenomenon was developed at the early stages of the formation of languages and is in constant dynamics and processes that are regular and dynamic significantly affect the relationship between the occurrence and meaning of lexical units over time, which is evidenced by the linguistic transformations of the lexical endowment of different system languages.

Dan Saattrup Smart

This paper introduces a Scandinavian benchmarking platform, ScandEval, which can benchmark any pretrained model on four different tasks in the Scandinavian languages. The datasets used in two of the tasks, linguistic acceptability and question answering, are new. We develop and release a Python package and command-line interface, scandeval, which can benchmark any model that has been uploaded to the Hugging Face Hub, with reproducible results. Using this package, we benchmark more than 80 Scandinavian or multilingual models and present the results of these in an interactive online leaderboard, as well as provide an analysis of the results. The analysis shows that there is substantial cross-lingual transfer among the the Mainland Scandinavian languages (Danish, Swedish and Norwegian), with limited cross-lingual transfer between the group of Mainland Scandinavian languages and the group of Insular Scandinavian languages (Icelandic and Faroese). The benchmarking results also show that the investment in language technology in Norway and Sweden has led to language models that outperform massively multilingual models such as XLM-RoBERTa and mDeBERTaV3. We release the source code for both the package and leaderboard.

A. Tomaselli, Ermenegildo Bidese

Lexical expletives can be divided into two main classes: (i) CP expletives required by the V2 constraint and, hence, by the necessity to lexicalize the position on the left of the inflected verb and (ii) TP expletives connected with the negative value of the pro-drop parameter and, therefore, with the necessity to lexicalize the ’structural‘ subject position, specifically, [Spec, TP]. The latter can, in turn, be divided into two subclasses: impersonal subjects and positional expletives, which occur with postverbal/low subjects and extraposed subject clauses. While CP expletives only appear in Germanic varieties that maintain V2, the subclassification of TP expletives yields interesting results when comparing Cimbrian and the Venetan varieties in Nord-East Italy, where the gradual disappearance of the positional expletive in free inversion structures and the residual maintenance of impersonal subjects from North to South along the Adige River confirms the distinction between two classes of subject expletives; furthermore, the resilience of impersonal subjects and their distribution in the northwestern part of the area under consideration sheds light on the role of language contact which is confirmed along the same axis—but crucially in the opposite direction—by the increasing employment of cleft constructions in WH-clauses replacing enclisis (i.e.,: pronominal subject inversion with the finite verb).

Elisabeth Griebl, Benedikt Fein, Florian Obermüller et al.

Block-based programming languages like Scratch are increasingly popular for programming education and end-user programming. Recent program analyses build on the insight that source code can be modelled using techniques from natural language processing. Many of the regularities of source code that support this approach are due to the syntactic overhead imposed by textual programming languages. This syntactic overhead, however, is precisely what block-based languages remove in order to simplify programming. Consequently, it is unclear how well this modelling approach performs on block-based programming languages. In this paper, we investigate the applicability of language models for the popular block-based programming language Scratch. We model Scratch programs using n-gram models, the most essential type of language model, and transformers, a popular deep learning model. Evaluation on the example tasks of code completion and bug finding confirm that blocks inhibit predictability, but the use of language models is nevertheless feasible. Our findings serve as foundation for improving tooling and analyses for block-based languages.

J. Kirsten

There are two future time reference auxiliaries in Afrikaans, sal ‘will’ and gaan ‘go’. These auxiliaries are interchangeable in many contexts. In light of the ongoing grammaticalization of gaan, it is pertinent to describe the alternation between sal and gaan in different Afrikaans registers, and contextualize it in the West-Germanic language family where English and Dutch have similar alternating constructions. This is accomplished by analyzing Afrikaans corpus data from the 1970s and the 2000s, both spoken and written. Normalized frequencies and relative frequencies for the use of sal and gaan are reported according to a number of variables, including time, register, lexical verb, syntactic subject, clause type, sentence type, and future proximity. The effect of sentence type and future proximity is consistently present in all the datasets, and a possible change is detected in the effect of subject and clause type. Compared with English and Dutch, Afrikaans future alternation patterns more like that of English, even though it is more closely related to Dutch.

Boris Zharov

In the 19th — early 20th centuries at St. Petersburg University, Scandinavian philology was understood as the study of Old Norse literary works, mostly in connection with the history of Russia, there was no teaching of modern languages. The first Scandinavian language, Swedish, was taught for the first time in 1935 and they began to actively study the Scandinavian languages. The Norwegian department was opened in 1945, the Danish in 1947. A great contribution to the scientific study of various aspects of Scandinavian languages was made by the scientific and organizational activities of professor M. I. Steblin-Kamensky, who published numerous works on Scandinavian linguistics, as well as on medieval literature and mythology. He initiated the creation of the country’s first department of Scandinavian philology at Leningrad University in 1958, which he headed for 30 years. The founder of Swedish linguistics was S. S. Maslova-Lashanskaya, author of the most important works. V. P. Berkov created a whole library with his works on the Norwegian language. He is recognized as one of the world’s largest lexicographers, a specialist in bilingual dictionaries. The Scandinavists who worked at the department in different years made a significant contribution to science. In 1972, the Dutch/Netherlands branch was opened, which in a short time showed great scientific potential. Professor I. M. Mikhailova, the author of numerous publications in the field of Dutch linguistics and literary criticism, is the head of the department of Scandinavian and Dutch Philology.

Séverine Fratani, Guillaume Maurras, Pierre-Alain Reynier

Regular nested word languages (a.k.a. visibly pushdown languages) strictly extend regular word languages, while preserving their main closure and decidability properties. Previous works have shown that considering languages of 2-nested words, i.e. words enriched with two matchings (a.k.a. 2-visibly pushdown languages), is not as successful: the corresponding model of automata is not closed under determinization. In this work, inspired by homomorphic representations of indexed languages, we identify a subclass of 2-nested words, which we call 2-wave words. This class strictly extends the class of nested words, while preserving its main properties. More precisely, we prove closure under determinization of the corresponding automaton model, we provide a logical characterization of the recognized languages, and show that the corresponding graphs have bounded treewidth. As a consequence, we derive important closure and decidability properties. Last, we show that the word projections of the languages we define belong to the class of linear indexed languages.

Lívia dos Santos Marques

Durante a pandemia de Covid-19, foi necessária adoção de novas medidas no ensino superior, a fim de manter o distanciamento social. Dessa maneira, o ensino remoto, tendo como base estudos sobre o ensino híbrido, tornou-se uma opção em uma disciplina de língua alemã da graduação. As pesquisas sobre sala de aula invertida online (Lee, Wallace 2018; Leffa, Duarte, Alda 2016; Reidsema, Kavanagh, Hadgraft 2017; Rozenfeld, Schäfer 2021; Valente 2014), mais especificamente, ajudaram-nos a estruturar um modelo, cujo primeiro contato assíncrono com o conteúdo antecedeu aulas práticas síncronas. O presente artigo tem como objetivo abordar a organização da disciplina pela professora e sua recepção por parte dos aprendizes. Dessa maneira, realizou-se uma pesquisa-ação, qualitativa, na qual foram coletados dados, a partir de documentos produzidos pela professora (calendário da disciplina e folhas de exercícios), assim como atividades e questionários respondidos pelos alunos. Por meio da análise dos dados, consideramos que o novo formato tem como foco o uso prático da língua, por meio da escrita colaborativa, role-plays, desenvolvimento de projetos, entre outras atividades, e foi bem recebido pelos alunos. Contudo, há ainda futuros encaminhamentos para a pesquisa, a fim de analisar o planejamento das aulas e avaliações.

Francisco Salaris Banegas

El presente artículo indaga sobre la lectura “herética” o a contrapelo que realiza Handke en sus obras de los años 80 del Clasicismo, y especialmente de Goethe. El concepto handkeano de “das Klassische” adquiere rasgos propios a partir de las consideraciones en torno a la forma, elemento estético fundamental que nace de un dinamismo entre la percepción, la producción, el resultado y el efecto artístico. La forma handkeana, como se buscará demostrar aquí, no preexiste a la cosa sino que viene con ella, y la función del artista es iluminarla desde adentro; de acuerdo a esto, se discutirá el posible carácter informe de la forma. El diálogo que entabla Handke con el Clasicismo de Goethe permite profundizar en su concepción formal de la obra de arte, y también, en un segundo plano, estudiar nuevas lecturas en torno a la evolución estética de Goethe.

Uli Fahrenberg, Christian Johansen, Georg Struth et al.

We introduce languages of higher-dimensional automata (HDAs) and develop some of their properties. To this end, we define a new category of precubical sets, uniquely naturally isomorphic to the standard one, and introduce a notion of event consistency. HDAs are then finite, labeled, event-consistent precubical sets with distinguished subsets of initial and accepting cells. Their languages are sets of interval orders closed under subsumption; as a major technical step we expose a bijection between interval orders and a subclass of HDAs. We show that any finite subsumption-closed set of interval orders is the language of an HDA, that languages of HDAs are closed under binary unions and parallel composition, and that bisimilarity implies language equivalence.

Matteo Cimini, Benjamin Mourad

Language transformations are algorithms that take a language specification in input, and return the language specification modified. Language transformations are useful for automatically adding features such as subtyping to programming languages (PLs), and for automatically deriving abstract machines. In this paper, we set forth the thesis that teaching programming languages features with the help of language transformations, in addition to the planned material, can be beneficial for students to help them deepen their understanding of the features being taught. We have conducted a study on integrating language transformations into an undergraduate PL course. We describe our study, the material that we have taught, and the exam submitted to students, and we present the results from this study. Although we refrain from drawing general conclusions on the effectiveness of language transformations, this paper offers encouraging data. We also offer this paper to inspire similar studies.

Kathrin Rosenfield, Lawrence Flores Pereira

Este artigo apresenta o Réquiem a uma Amiga (tradução no final do artigo) com algumas reflexões ensaísticas sobre o lugar desse poema na obra do poeta R. M. Rilke. Iniciaremos com observações biográficas (os encontros do poeta com a escultora Clara Westhoff e sua amiga Paula em Paris em 1900) que ocasionaram o estudo da pintura de paisagem e um pequeno livro de ocasião de Rilke sobre a colônia de artistas de Worpswede, no norte da Alemanha. O  forte impacto que esses encontros – e em particular a análise das telas de Paula Modersohn-Becker em 1905 - tiveram sobre a sensibilidade poética de Rilke  contribuíram para a nova forma estilística (Dingwendung) que se manifesta na obra madura de Rilke. Apresentamos assim um momento de vida e um aspecto específico do desenvolvimento da relação do poeta e de sua obra com as artes plásticas, que ilumina o papel da poesia como  trabalho de luto do poeta e como prefiguração das obras da fase madura dos Sonetos e das Elegias.

Miluše Juříčková