Hasil untuk "Fuel"

W. Vielstich, A. Lamm, H. Gasteiger et al.

Xingwen Yu, P. Pickup

Xuan Cheng, Xuan Cheng, Zheng Shi et al.

This paper reviewed over 150 articles on the subject of the effect of contamination on PEM fuel cell. The contaminants included were fuel impurities (CO, CO2, H2S, and NH3); air pollutants (NOx, SOx, CO, and CO2); and cationic ions Fe3+ and Cu2+ resulting from the corrosion of fuel cell stack system components. It was found that even trace amounts of impurities present in either fuel or air streams or fuel cell system components could severely poison the anode, membrane, and cathode, particularly at low-temperature operation, which resulted in dramatic performance drop. Significant progress has been made in identifying fuel cell contamination sources and understanding the effect of contaminants on performance through experimental, theoretical/modeling, and methodological approaches. Contamination affects three major elements of fuel cell performance: electrode kinetics, conductivity, and mass transfer. This review was focused on three areas: (1) contamination impacts on the fuel cell performance, (2) mechanism approaches dominated by modeling studies, and (3) mitigation development. Some future work on fuel cell contamination research is suggested in order to facilitate the move toward commercialization.

A. Kirubakaran, Shailendra Jain, R. Nema

C. Arcoumanis, C. Bae, R. Crookes et al.

F. de Bruijn, V. Dam, G. Janssen

Chaoyang Wang

E. Murray, T. Tsai, S. Barnett

R. Jasinski

Jianlu Zhang, Zhong Xie, Jiujun Zhang et al.

K. Pramanik

O. Masera, Barbara D. Saatkamp, D. Kammen

A. Morozan, B. Jousselme, S. Palacin

I. Jain

R. Heede

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the historic fossil fuel and cement production records of the 50 leading investor-owned, 31 state-owned, and 9 nation-state producers of oil, natural gas, coal, and cement from as early as 1854 to 2010. This analysis traces emissions totaling 914 GtCO2e—63 % of cumulative worldwide emissions of industrial CO2 and methane between 1751 and 2010—to the 90 “carbon major” entities based on the carbon content of marketed hydrocarbon fuels (subtracting for non-energy uses), process CO2 from cement manufacture, CO2 from flaring, venting, and own fuel use, and fugitive or vented methane. Cumulatively, emissions of 315 GtCO2e have been traced to investor-owned entities, 288 GtCO2e to state-owned enterprises, and 312 GtCO2e to nation-states. Of these emissions, half has been emitted since 1986. The carbon major entities possess fossil fuel reserves that will, if produced and emitted, intensify anthropogenic climate change. The purpose of the analysis is to understand the historic emissions as a factual matter, and to invite consideration of their possible relevance to public policy.

A. Choudhury, H. Chandra, A. Arora

K. Terrani, S. Zinkle, L. Snead

P. Pei, Huicui Chen

J. Lehto, A. Oasmaa, Y. Solantausta et al.

ATM Jahid Hasan, Linu Malakkal, Mathew Swisher et al.

The U.S. High-Performance Research Reactor program aims to convert high-power research reactors from highly enriched uranium to low-enriched uranium using a monolithic U-10Mo fuel design. A critical aspect of U-10Mo fuel performance is fission gas bubble behavior. These bubbles grow by trapping gas atoms (particularly Xe) but can disintegrate via irradiation-induced "re-solution". The interplay between the trapping and re-solution rates governs bubble evolution, impacting fuel performance and safety. In this study, binary collision approximation (BCA) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to quantify the Xe gas bubble re-solution rate in U-10Mo fuel. First, the energy loss of fission fragments (FFs) through electronic and nuclear stopping was evaluated. The effect of electronic stopping on re-solution was then analyzed using MD simulations coupled with the two-temperature model. Results indicate that thermal spikes generated by electronic stopping do not contribute to gas bubble re-solution in U-10Mo. To quantify re-solution due to nuclear stopping, BCA simulations of FFs in U-10Mo were performed to obtain the average FF incidence probability, energy, and angle as a function of distance from the FF origin. Subsequent simulations assessed FF--bubble interactions in U-10Mo for different FF energies and bubble radii. From these analyses, an overall re-solution rate $b$ was calculated at equilibrium bubble pressure per unit fission rate density, yielding values ranging from $4.4 \times 10^{-26}$ m$^3$/fission for the largest bubbles to $8.8 \times 10^{-25}$ m$^3$/fission for the smallest. The effect of bubble pressure on the re-solution rate was also evaluated, revealing an inverse relationship between the two.