Hasil untuk "Finnic. Baltic-Finnic"

Sergey A. Myznikov

The work proposes an analysis of lexical data from the Baltic-Finnish linguistic continuum. For the most part, these materials can be considered as sub-texts. On the basis of an etymological reading of a dialect lexicon of Baltic-Finnish origin with the adoption of linguistic geography methods, some aspects of phonetic and semantic use of subtractive units are generalized, as well as some facts of semantic influence on Russian sub-dialects, so-called semantic сalcs. It is noted that in a number of cases there is a departure from the traditional form of the word with an attempt to find a motivating basis on native soil. Sometimes it is quite difficult to determine the direction of the influence of a particular semantic model. education, the same or similar motivational basis for nomination is used in these cases. In most cases, the sub-unit enters into the lexical system of speech, which leads to its full functional inclusion. Based on the specifics of denothate, our materials most often fix metaphorical translations. In the contact areas, there are data that are very frequent on Baltic-Finnish soil, which sometimes leads to the penetration and development on the Russian dialect soil of some frequency in speech of verb paradigms.

Tiit Hennoste, Andriela Rääbis, Piret Upser et al.

Artikli teema on päästekorraldajate keeleline ebaviisakus helistaja suhtes Eesti hädaabikõnedes. Uurimuse eesmärk on leida, millistes suhtlustegevustes ebaviisakus esineb, mis selle esile kutsub ja milline on ebaviisakuse keeleline vorm. Analüüs tõi esile kolm rühma ebaviisakaid suhtlustegevusi: (a) etteheited helistajale, (b) ebaviisakalt vormistatud küsimused, infopalved, palved ning (c) ebaviisakad abipalve tagasilükkamised ja järsud ühepoolsed kõne lõpetamised. Valdavalt on ebaviisakuse vallandajaks helistaja. Ühe rühma moodustavad joobes või ebaviisakad helistajad ja inimesed, kes ei järgi suhtlusnorme. Teise rühma moodustavad juhtumid, milles helistaja antud info ei sobi päästekorraldaja rutiinidega või Häirekeskuse töönormidega. Üksikjuhtudel esineb päästekorraldaja ebaviisakus ka ilma helistajapoolse mõjurita. Päästekorraldajad vormistavad ebaviisakused samal viisil nagu teistes uuritud keeltes. Keeleliste vahendite seas on nii ebaviisakusega seotud häälduslikud, sõnavaralised ja süntaktilised vahendid kui ka kõnevoorude vormistamise võtted. Eraldi tõstame esile pragmaatilised partiklid ja järsud kõnelõpetamised, mida meie teada varasemas literatuuris välja toodud ei ole. Abstract. Tiit Hennoste, Andriela Rääbis, Piret Upser, Kirsi Laanesoo- Kalk, Andra Rumm, Andra Annuka-Loik: `Sellepärast tahate `kiirabi või. Call-takers impoliteness in Estonian emergency calls. The topic of the article is the linguistic impoliteness (rudeness, face attack) of call-takers towards the caller in Estonian emergency calls. The purpose of the research is to find out the social actions where impoliteness occurs, its triggers and the linguistic form of rudeness. The data consists of audio-recorded calls from the emergency call corpus of the University of Tartu. The analysis revealed that impoliteness could be divided into three groups: (a) reproaches to the caller, (b) rudely formulated questions, requests for information and directives and (c) rudely formulated refusals of help and unilateral closings of the call. Impoliteness is generally triggered by the caller. One group includes drunk or rude callers and callers who do not follow social norms of interaction. The second group consists of cases where the information provided by the caller does not meet the standards of the call-takers or the Emergency Response Center. Only in a few cases, the call-taker initiates an impolite social action without the influence of the caller. Estonian call-takers express rudeness using the similar means as in the other languages studied. Linguistic tools associated with rudeness are found in pronunciation, vocabulary, syntax, and techniques of formulating turns in dialogue. In particular, we highlight pragmatic particles/markers and unilateral closings that, as far as we know, have not been presented in previous literature.

Natalia Vaiss

Artiklis vaadeldakse eesti vaatama-verbi ja selle vene ning ukraina vastete sihilisust. Põhieesmärk on uurida, kui regulaarsed on korpuse andmetel ‘vaatama’ transitiivsed ehk sihilised ja intransitiivsed ehk sihitud mallid eesti ja kahes idaslaavi keeles. Kuna vene ja ukraina keeles on enamikul verbidest olemas aspektipaariline, uuritakse artiklis eesti vaatama imperfektiivset ja perfektiivset vastet vene ja ukraina keeles eesmärgiga kontrollida, kumba verbilekseemi kasutatakse transitiivselt potentsiaalselt sagedamini. Korpusepõhine uuring kinnitas, et verbi ‘vaatama’ sihilisus võib keeliti oluliselt erineda. Sama meetodit rakendades selgus, et vene ja ukraina keeles on nii perfektiivse kui ka imperfektiivse ‘vaatama’ sihilisus oluliselt väiksem kui eesti vaatama oma. Seejuures kasutatakse ukraina ja vene keeles perfektiivset verbi transitiivselt mõnevõrra sagedamini kui selle imperfektiivset paarilist. *** On the transitivity of the verb ‘watch’/’look’ in Estonian, Russian and Ukrainian *** The article studies the transitivity of the Estonian verb vaatama ‘watch, look’ and its Russian and Ukrainian equivalents. The aim is to determine how regular the transitive and intransitive patterns of ‘watch, look’ are in Estonian and two East Slavic languages. Since in Ukrainian and Russian most verbs have an aspectual pair, both the imperfective and perfective counterparts of Estonian vaatama were examined, in order to determine which verb lexeme is used transitively potentially more often. The corpus-based study confirmed that the transitivity of the verb ‘watch, look’ can vary significantly between languages. Applying the same method, it was found that the Russian and Ukrainian equivalents of Estonian vaatama have a significantly lower degree of transitivity. However, in Ukrainian and Russian the perfective verb is used transitively somewhat more often than its imperfective counterpart. The findings of the study indicate the importance of language-specific aspectual lexical semantics in determining the degree of transitivity and could be taken into account while teaching Estonian as a second or a foreign language and compiling dictionaries for language learners.

Pire Teras

Leivu is one of the South Estonian dialects historically spoken in eastern Latvia and influenced by Latvian. One likely influence is broken tone or stød, which was developing in Leivu mainly as a result of the loss of /h/ in first quantity degree words. The aim of this study is to determine what characterises the pronunciation of CV’V-words (lost intervocalic /h/) and differentiates these from CVV-words. Sound durations, F0 and intensity contours of the syllable rhyme were analysed. Vowel duration in CV’V-words tends to be longer than in CVV-words. In CV’V-words, a short drop in intensity can occur between two identical or two different vowels, with the first vowel often being longer than the second one. In some cases, the second vowel in CV’V words was laryngealised. In CV’V-words, an early F0 turning point where F0 starts to fall occurs more consistently than in CVV-words where F0 can also be rising. Kokkuvõte. Pire Teras: Katketoon leivu CV’V-sõnades. Leivu on üks lõunaeesti murretest, mida räägiti Ida-Lätis ja mida mõjutas läti keel. Üks neist mõjudest on tõenäoliselt katketoon, mis oli tekkimas peamiselt esmavältelistes sõnades /h/ kao tulemusel. Liivi keeleski on katketooni kujunemise üheks põhjuseks peetud just /h/ kadu. Selle töö eesmärk on välja selgitada, mis iseloomustab leivu /h/-kaoliste CV’V-sõnade hääldust ja mis eristab neid kolmandavältelistest CVV-sõnadest. Analüüsiti häälikukestusi, põhitooni- ja intensiivsuskontuure. Vokaalikestus on leivu CV’V-sõnades veidi pikem kui CVV-sõnades. CV’V-sõnades võib toimuda intensiivsuse langus ja tõus või järsk intensiivsuse langus nii kahe ühesuguse kui ka erineva vokaali vahel: esimene vokaal on enamasti kestuselt pikem kui teine. Ka CVV-sõnade hilistekkelistes diftongides on esimene osis sageli pikem kui teine. Mõnel juhul larüngaliseerub CV’V-sõnades silbituuma lõpuosa. Põhitoonikontuuris on CV’V-sõnades palju järjekindlamalt varane pöördepunkt ja langev põhitoon kui CVV-sõnades, kus tuleb ette ka hilise pöördepunktiga tõusvat põhitooni.

I. Novak, E. Zakharova

G. Mikita

L. Vaba

T. DuBois

S. Holopainen

Sofia Björklöf

Abstrac t The aim of this article is 1) to describe the historical language contact situation between the genetically closely related Finnic varieties of western Ingria, 2) to give examples of the nu­ merous loanwords originating from mutual contacts among local Finnic varieties as well as areal diffusion, and 3) to discuss the method of investigating contacts and borrowing among closely related varieties. The data are taken from old dialectal materials published in vocabularies and dictionaries as well as preserved in archives. The words that are analysed and discussed etymologi­ cally in more detail are drawn from Vote, Ingrian, and Estonian. Although it is often difficult to confirm the direction of borrowing among closely related varieties, I seek to determine the direction of diffusion in the varieties whose development cannot be de­ scribed merely in terms of a traditional binary family tree model. Examples of mutual borrowing between Vote, Ingrian, Estonian, and Finnish are presented. Estonian loanwords in Vote and Ingrian can usually be recognised by their distribution. Most vocabulary originating as loans (in Vote, Ingrian, and Estonian) has been bor­ rowed from Finnish. Loans in both Vote and Estonian often have a distribution not only in Ingrian but also in Finnish. Because of the phonetic similarity of these varieties, the donor variety usu­ ally cannot be defined. Vote loanwords occur only sporadically in Ingrian and Estonian: they may also form a substratum.

J. Raunamaa

Jingyi Gao

Ilze Tālberga, Merle Vare

Läti verbiprefiksid on üks keerukamaid grammatikateemasid läti keelt võõrkeelena õppijate jaoks. Raskust tekitab nii prefiksite tähenduse ja vajalikkuse mõistmine kui ka nende kasutamine. Olgugi et läti ja eesti keel on olnud tihedas kontaktis ja neid on mõjutanud samad võõrkeeled, kuuluvad nad siiski erinevatesse keelkondadesse ning on mõistagi üsna erinevad. Eesti keeles verbiprefiksid puuduvad, mis on tõenäoliselt põhjuseks, et läti verbiprefiksitega on kimpus ka eestlastest keeleõppijad. Kuigi läti keele grammatikast kõneldes on püütud kaardistada verbiprefiksite funktsioonid (Ahero jt 1959; Soida 2009; Vulāne 2015a), puudub siiski ühtne ülevaade, millist tüüpi verbidega mis funktsiooni mingi prefiks kannab. In this article we introduce some of the basic correspondences of the Latvian verb prefixes in Estonian. The goal of the research was to analyse how Latvian verb prefixes change or modulate the meaning of the verbs and how and if these changes are expressed in Estonian. The data materials of this study are the examples taken from six Latvian literary works and their translations into Estonian. The analysis of the data material is done using a contrastive method – we compared the Latvian sentences consisting of corresponding prefixed verbs to their Estonian translations. *** Käesoleva artikli eesmärk on uurida, kuidas verbiprefiksid muudavad verbi tähendust ja sellest tulenevalt, millised on läti verbiprefiksite vasted eesti keeles ning kas verbiprefiksi tähendust on üldse kuidagi väljendatud. Vaatluse all on viis erinevat verbi. Uurime, kuidas muudavad erinevad prefiksid põhiverbi tähendust, ja vaatleme, kas ja kuidas on prefiksiga kaasnev tähendusnüanss tõlgitud eesti keelde. Uurimismaterjaliks on näited läti ilukirjandusteostest, mida kõrvutame võrdlevalt eestikeelsete tõlgetega.

Elena Markus, Fedor Rozhanskiy

This paper analyzes the morphophonological structure of the inessive singular forms in Liivtšülä-Luuditsa Votic. There are no fluent speakers of this variety; the research is based on the materials recorded in 2003–2016. The inessive singular forms demonstrate variation of the weak and strong grade stems, which is very untypical for a case form. In all other morphological cases, the distribution of weak and strong stems is very stable. The variation in the inessive stem is observed both in the examples from published sources on the Votic language, and in our field materials. The acoustic research has confirmed the variation. Additionally, in the strong grade stem we find a shorter geminate stop or affricate compared to other strong grade forms (in the paper, the inessive singular is compared to the inessive plural and partitive singular). We consider several hypotheses that could explain the variation and the shorter geminate. The conducted experiments do not confirm the role of the word structure as the primary factor defining the geminate length. We suggest that both the variation of stems and the shorter geminate might result from language contact. In the neighbouring Ingrian varieties, the inessive is built from the weak grade stem. Since all the last fluent speakers of Votic knew Ingrian to some extent, the Votic and Ingrian patterns might have mixed. It is probable that originally the variation was triggered by some other factors, and the increasing role of the language contact turned it into a dominant factor in the course of the 20th century. Kokkuvõte. Elena Markus ja Fedor Rozhanskiy: Vadja inessiivi mõistatus. Artiklis analüüsitakse ainsuse inessiivi morfofonoloogilist struktuuri Liivtšülä- Luuditsa vadja keeles. Selle keele soravaid kõnelejaid enam pole; uurimus põhineb 2003–2016 lindistatud materjalidel. Ainsuse inessiivi vormid näitavad nõrga- ja tugevaastmeliste tüvede varieerumist, mis on ühe käändevormi kohta väga ebatüüpiline. Kõikide teiste morfoloogiliste käänete puhul on nõrkade ja tugevate tüvede jaotus korrapärane. Inessiivi tüve varieerumist vaadeldakse nii varem avaldatud vadja keele allikates kui ka meie välitööde materjalides. Akustiline analüüs kinnitab tüvede varieerumist. Lisaks esineb tugevas astmes inessiivis lühem geminaatkonsonant või afrikaat kui teistes tugeva astme vormides (artiklis võrreldakse ainsuse inessiivi mitmuse inessiivi ja ainsuse partitiiviga). Me esitame mõned hüpoteesid, mis võiksid sellist varieerumist ja lühemat geminaati selgitada. Tehtud eksperimendid ei kinnita sõnastruktuuri rolli esmase faktorina geminaadi pikkuse defineerimisel. Me arvame, et nii tüvede varieerumine kui ka lühike geminaat võivad olla tingitud keelekontaktist. Naabruses olevates isuri murretes moodustatakse inessiiv nõrgaastmelisest tüvest. Kuna kõik viimased head vadja keele kõnelejad oskasid mingil määral isuri keelt, võisid vadja ja isuri keel olla segunenud. On tõenäoline, et algselt oli varieerumine tingitud teistest faktoritest, kuid keelekontakti suurenenud roll kujunes 20. sajandi jooksul domineerivaks.

F. Rozhanskiy, E. Markus

Anatole Danto, Kristina Likhacheva

A. Sarhimaa

The ELDIAdata is a digital databank containing all empirical materi­ als collected during the EU FP­7 research project ELDIA (European Language Diversity for All). ELDIA was an international, interdis­ ciplinary project coordinated by the University of Mainz, Germany, and conducted by experts in applied linguistics and sociolinguistics, law, social studies, and statistics in 2010–2013. The overarching aim was to contribute to a better understanding of how local, national, and international (vehicular) languages interact in contemporary Europe, and to enhance the reconceptualisation, re­evaluation, and promotion of individual and societal multilingualism. The empirical data were collected in eight countries from speak­ ers of thirteen Finno­Ugric minority languages, ten of which belong to the Finnic group: Meänkieli, Kven, Finnish in Sweden, Estonian in Finland, Estonian in Germany, Karelian in Finland, Karelian in Rus­ sia, Veps, Võro, and Seto. In addition to the primary study popula­ tions, that is, the minority groups whose languages were at stake, a control group representing all other citizens of the countries where the investigated minorities live was surveyed and interviewed, as well. The most concrete goal of ELDIA was to create a European Lan­ guage Vitality Barometer (EuLaViBar). The barometer is a tool for mea­ suring the level of language vitality and it helps identify areas within which the assessed language requires more societal support. At the most general level, it serves as a testable model for assessing not only the vital­ ity but also the social significance of different languages in multilingual

A. Libert

and Travis thus systematically and elegantly show that rather than structural convergence, the main contribution of code-switching is in contextual (re)distribution. This study represents a significant milestone in the study of contact-induced change. Methodologically, its use of a purpose-built corpus realizes the promise of modern data collection technologies, and its detailed discussion of the processes of transcription and coding does justice to the analytical nature of these seemingly mundane elements of study design. The application of the variationist comparative method to the question of code-switching and language change is a major advancement in this approach to complex language description. Torres Cacoullos and Travis thus make the case that the hitherto backgrounded analysis of the variable context can serve a more prominent role in the comparative analysis of variable features. Finally, this book’s conclusions indicate that one should not simply assume that code-switching is a catalyst for language change; rather, it must be systematically demonstrated.

Zeprina-Jaz Ainsworth

Juha Kuokkala