Hasil untuk "Europe (General)"

D. Meinke, J. Cherry, C. Dean et al.

K. Thomas, L. Bijlsma, S. Castiglioni et al.

Roos Mechthild

Paula Barros

This article aims to demonstrate the essential role of compassion in the puritan practice of spiritual healing, as it developed in England from the end of the reign of Elizabeth I to the end of the 1630s. While the pastoral care established by puritan divines to address the spiritual crises caused by soteriological anxiety has received some scholarly attention, the question of the emotional resources mobilised by spiritual consolers remains a neglected theme in existing scholarship. Yet, if spiritual comfort is a discursive exchange, the interaction it involves is not solely verbal but also encompasses a significant emotional dimension. In particular, the guides to the practice of spiritual comfort consistently identify compassion as an indispensable quality for the exercise of spiritual comfort: it allows the consoler to find the right balance between gentleness and firmness in their interaction with the afflicted; more generally, it contributes to creating a protective therapeutic environment, based on a relationship of trust and benevolence, within which the afflicted benefits from constant spiritual and emotional support.

U. Dafni, Z. Tsourti, Ioannis Alatsathianos

The current status and time trends in breast cancer incidence and survival in the 28 European Union countries (EU-28) is presented here. Rates reported are age adjusted and standardized (ASR). A high incidence and high survival rates were observed in the Northern and Western European countries, with the exception of the Baltic countries. The higher incidence is partly attributed to the higher prevalence of lifestyle risk factors, while the higher survival is attributed to better access to beneficial treatments and general health care. Most of the countries in Southern Europe or the former Eastern Bloc have not yet reached the high GDP per capita status (2017 purchasing power parity; PPP) of the earlier established Western democracies. The breast cancer incidence and survival are associated with the PPP level (both higher for the higher PPP category; 2017 PPP above USD 40,000). Overall, a trend toward higher survival rates was observed throughout this first period of the 21st century, with the incidence for most countries either stabilizing at the 2010 levels or decreasing further.

J. Boswell

Томас Зоммерер, Галина Івасюк, Константін Трайш

У даній статті мова йде про процес легітимації та делегітимації ОБСЄ в українському медійному просторі у 2011-2021 рр. Було зроблено спробу проаналізувати оціночні кон-тексти згадок про ОБСЄ у вказаний період, простежити динаміку зміни довіри до організації на фоні її видимості, а також встановити причинно-наслідкові зв’язки та тенденції. Мета даної статті – дослідити динаміку легітимації та делегітимації ОБСЄ в українському медійному просторі у період війни на Донбасі, а також у довоєнні роки. Для реалізації даної мети було поставлено такі завдання: 1) простежити динаміку політизації ОБСЄ в українському медійному полі; 2) проаналізувати взаємозв’язок між процесами політизації та легітимації ОБСЄ в Україні; 3) визначити тенденції легітимації та делегітимації ОБСЄ в українському медійному просторі. Методика дослідження. Для реалізації поставлених завдань ми опираємося перш за все на методи контент-аналізу, інтент-аналізу, історичного та кількісного аналізу матеріалів ЗМІ. У результаті було досліджено динаміку (де)легітимізації ОБСЄ в українському медійному просторі впродовж 2011-2021 рр. на фоні процесу політизації цієї організації. На основі аналізу даних зроблено висновки, що процес (де)легітимізації ОБСЄ в українському медійному просторі пов’язаний в основному із її залученістю у дипломатичне врегулювання військового конфлікту на Донбасі. Водночас, окрім власне діяльності організації, важливими факторами (де)легітимізації постають і покладені на ОБСЄ сподівання і розчарування, а також зміни у системі міжнародних відносин.

Krisztina Kállai

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S. Fazel, Taanvi Ramesh, K. Hawton

Summary Background Prison suicide rates, rate ratios, and associations with prison-related factors need clarification and updating. We examined prison suicide rates in countries where reliable information was available, associations with a range of prison-service and health-service related factors, how these rates compared with the general population, and changes over the past decade. Methods We collected data for prison suicides in 24 high-income countries in Europe, Australasia, and North America from their prison administrations for 2011–14 to calculate suicide rates and rate ratios compared with the general population. We used meta-regression to test associations with general population suicide rates, incarceration rates, and prison-related factors (overcrowding, ratio of prisoners to prison officers or health-care staff or education staff, daily spend, turnover, and imprisonment duration). We also examined temporal trends. Findings 3906 prison suicides occurred during 2011–14 in the 24 high-income countries we studied. Where there was breakdown by sex (n=2810), 2607 (93%) were in men and 203 (7%) were in women. Nordic countries had the highest prison suicide rates of more than 100 suicides per 100 000 prisoners apart from Denmark (where it was 91 per 100 000), followed by western Europe where prison suicide rates in France and Belgium were more than 100 per 100 000 prisoners. Australasian and North American countries had rates ranging from 23 to 67 suicides per 100 000 prisoners. Rate ratios, or rates compared with those in the general population of the same sex and similar age, were typically higher than 3 in men and 9 in women. Higher incarceration rates were associated with lower prison suicide rates (b = –0·504, p = 0·014), which was attenuated when adjusting for prison-level variables. There were no associations between rates of prison suicide and general population suicide, any other tested prison-related factors, or differing criteria for defining suicide deaths. Changes in prison suicide rates over the past decade vary widely between countries. Interpretation Many countries in northern and western Europe have prison suicide rates of more than 100 per 100 000 prisoners per year. Individual-level information about prisoner health is required to understand the substantial variations reported and changes over time. Funding Wellcome Trust and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).

W. Redekop, M. Koopmanschap, R. Stolk et al.

Jacobo Lopez Felipe

El presente artículo plantea un recorrido sobre cómo se ha abordado e investigado el auge y consolidación de vox, la formación de extrema derecha que desde 2018 ha penetrado en las instituciones del Estado jugando un papel destacado en la agenda política de los distintos niveles de gobierno. En este sentido, se ponen de relieve las publicaciones más importantes tanto de académicos como de personajes públicos que se han aproximado a este fenómeno, con dispares niveles de rigurosidad, contribuyendo al conocimiento colectivo sobre las causas y la naturaleza del éxito relámpago de la formación de Santiago Abascal.

Yurii Fihurnyi

Karim Hammou

What were the aspirations of women who began a rapping career in 1990s France? Were they looking to make it in a male-dominated world? To leave behind a dominated social position and enjoy an artist’s life? To assert the public existence of postcolonial minorities? Based primarily on life narratives, this article analyses the social mobility of female French rappers in the 1990s. It shows the importance of considering both subjective and objective career experiences, as well as the manifold power relations informing trajectories within a social space whose hierarchies are multidimensional. An often unseen dimension in the analysis of artistic careers, the transformations of social hierarchies from childhood to adulthood, and by extension age relations, are crucial here. At odds with the commonplace assumption that women get into male-dominated rap artist careers to subvert the gender order, this study shows that for a majority of these women, rap works as a generational matrix of politicization in which the experience of territorial and ethno-racial discriminations is key. As they grow older, however, this politicization contributes to denaturalizing new social hierarchies, starting with gender hierarchies. The impact of power relations is notable in both subjective and objective career experiences. Subjectively, the taste for rap and the transition to its practice are part of a politicization of inequalities which is perceived as a “generational” experience, which can be transferred from one type of inequality to the next over the course of a career or retrospectively played down as “teenage revolt”. Objectively, age relations redefine gender relations by exacerbating the double bind to which female rappers are confronted throughout their careers, during which the main turning points occur from childhood to adulthood. Still, for most of these women, the practice of rap contributes to an upward social mobility, particularly in comparison to their parents, most of whom are working-class and/or members of racialized minorities, and who have often performed subordinate jobs with demanding working hours.

Marina Klanjčić, Laetitia Gauvin, Michele Tizzoni et al.

Abstract One of the targets of the UN Sustainable Development Goals is to substantially reduce the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic collisions. To this aim, European cities adopted various urban mobility policies, which has led to a heterogeneous number of injuries across Europe. Monitoring the discrepancies in injuries and understanding the most efficient policies are keys to achieve the objectives of Vision Zero, a multi-national road traffic safety project that aims at zero fatalities or serious injuries linked to road traffic. Here, we identify urban features that are determinants of vulnerable road user safety through the analysis of inter-mode collision data across European cities. We first build up a data set of urban road crashes and their participants from 24 cities in 5 European countries, using the widely recommended KSI indicator (killed or seriously injured individuals) as a safety performance metric. Modelling the casualty matrices including road infrastructure characteristics and modal share distribution of the different cities, we observe that cities with the highest rates of walking and cycling modal shares are the safest for the most vulnerable users. Instead, a higher presence of low-speed limited roads seems to only significantly reduce the number of injuries of car occupants. Our results suggest that policies aimed at increasing the modal share of walking and cycling are key to improve road safety for all road users.

F. Pannelli, F. Berrino, R. Capocaccia et al.

J. Dolado, F. Kramarz, S. Machin et al.

Géraldine Lepan

The article explores the different modalities of the notion of bond in Rousseau’s philosophy (social, civil, political) according to the main axes of his thinking. We begin with the criticism of the sociability of Enlightenment developed in the Discourse on the Origins and Basis of Inequality among Men in order to compare it with the political remedy that emerges in the Social Contract, as well as the analysis that is conducted in the Émile around “the abstract man” cultivating his capacity for attachment. Thus the genealogy of the links can emerge from the relationships of need. Alongside the condemnation of mutual dependence, mapping the notions of link, bond, relationship, node and spring offers full meaning to the positive definition of Man as a “relative being”.

Eros Grossi

This paper describes how the curriculum Reading like a historian, endorsed by the Stanford History Education Group, was used in the first two years of an Italian high school. It is an innovative study program, as it is based on an active approach to learning and aimed at developing some important skills that are typical of the work of the professional historian: in particular, the program focuses on the construction of answers to questions of investigation based on a critical analysis of the sources and their corroboration. Adopting this curriculum of studies in the Italian context necessarily stimulates the teacher to critically rethink the use of the history manual and the organization itself of its teaching.

M. Kogevinas, J. Antó, J. Sunyer et al.