Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Laura A. Jones

This qualitative study is a systematic literature review (draws on literature primarily published within the last five years) addresses a comprehensive approach to a crucial but often overlooked aspect of cybersecurity: the human factors underlying insider threats. Attention is focused on the so-called “organizational arsonists” – individuals who willfully seek to adversely impact the organization by inducing anarchy aligned with their own motivations, insiders who purposefully damage their companies using digital methods, someone intentionally causing mayhem within a company, which can be criminal in cyber environments. The purpose of the research is to identify how cybersecurity leadership can effectively detect and mitigate the risks associated with insiders, particularly those exhibiting arsonist-like behaviors. Review uncovering that organizational arsonists can escalate cybersecurity risks substantially, with insider incidents costing organizations an average of $16.2 million per incident. These incidents now represent a persistent challenge, increasing in frequency by 68% over the past year according to the 2022 Insider Threat Report. The findings highlight the necessity of leadership strategies that preemptively recognize and neutralize potential insider threats to improve organizational resilience and security posture. This approach not only informs current cybersecurity practices but also aids in the development of targeted policies and refined regulatory measures. By integrating insights from psychology, criminology, and cybersecurity, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the human elements influencing insider threats, essential for enhancing both academic knowledge and practical applications in risk management. The results showed a parallel between the motivations of arsonists who set physical fires to the characteristics and motivations of insider threats who exploit organizational vulnerabilities. The impact of this research can be helpful in assisting cybersecurity professionals, leaders who strategize against cyber threats, and risk managers and analysts who understand and mitigate human factors and insider threats. Leaders and executives may use these insights to improve security resource allocation and culture. Policymakers and regulators may use the study’s results to create more nuanced cybersecurity legislation, while academics and students in related disciplines can use it for future research.

Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay

Given the scarcity of labour observed in several sectors in Quebec, organizations wish to identify the obstacles to maintaining and returning to employment and measures that could promote greater participation in the labour market by experienced workers. Many individuals also wish to remain in the labour market but face obstacles. To address this, we conducted two surveys, one with the workforce and the other with employers, to understand their perceptions of obstacles and measures or policies that could support continued employment. Some obstacles may be difficult to overcome (personal or health problems). Still, others could be addressed, such as workload and fatigue, mental or physical workload, lack of training opportunities after 50 and 60 years of age, recognition of experience, or insufficient compensation. In terms of public measures, in addition to improving taxation, other options can be considered, such as financial support or consulting services for hiring experienced workers, a bank of available candidates, or implementing programs to help organizations develop innovative measures for scheduling work hours.

Pascal Marquet, Max Planck

This is an English (annotated) translation of the German paper by Max Planck (1943) about "The history of the discovery of the physical quantum of action"

Lukáš Likavčan

SETI is not a usual point of departure for environmental humanities. However, this paper argues that theories originating in this field have direct implications for how we think about viable inhabitation of the Earth. To demonstrate SETI's impact on environmental humanities, this paper introduces Fermi paradox as a speculative tool to probe possible trajectories of planetary history, and especially the "Sustainability Solution" proposed by Jacob Haqq-Misra and Seth Baum. This solution suggests that sustainable coupling between extraterrestrial intelligences and their planetary environments is the major factor in the possibility of their successful detection by remote observation. By positing that exponential growth is not a sustainable development pattern, this solution rules out space-faring civilizations colonizing solar systems or galaxies. This paper elaborates on Haqq-Misra's and Baum's arguments, and discusses speculative implications of the Sustainability Solution, thus rethinking three concepts in environmental humanities: technosphere, planetary history, and sustainability. The paper advocates that (1) technosphere is a transitory layer that shall fold back into biosphere; (2) planetary history must be understood in a generic perspective that abstracts from terrestrial particularities; and (3) sustainability is not sufficient vector of viable human inhabitation of the Earth, suggesting instead habitability and genesity as better candidates.

Lorenz Gschwent, Björn Hammarfelt, Martin Karlsson et al.

This paper explores the evolving role of health economics within economic research and publishing over the past 30 years. Historically largely a niche field, health economics has become increasingly prominent, with the share of health economics papers in top journals growing significantly. We aim to identify the factors behind this rise, examining how health economics contributes to the broader economic knowledge base and the roles distinct subfields play. Using a combination of bibliometric methods and natural language processing, we classify abstracts to define health economics. Our findings suggest that the mainstreaming of health economics is driven by innovative, high-quality research, with notable cyclicality in quality ratings that highlights the emergence and impact of distinct subfields within the discipline.

Sha-sha Wu, Ming Jiang, JIANG-LIN Miao et al.

Pleione is an orchid endemically distributed in high mountain areas across the Hengduan Mountains (HDM), Himalayas, Southeast Asia and South of China. The unique flower shapes, rich colors and immense medicinal importance of Pleione are valuable ornamental and economic resources. However, the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the genus have not yet been comprehensively resolved. Here, the evolutionary history of Pleione was investigated using single-copy gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and chloroplast genome datasets. The data revealed that Pleione could be divided into five clades. Discordance in topology between the two phylogenetic trees and network and D-statistic analyses indicated the occurrence of reticulate evolution in the genus. The evolution could be attributed to introgression and incomplete lineage sorting. Ancestral area reconstruction suggested that Pleione was originated from the HDM. Uplifting of the HDM drove rapid diversification by creating conditions favoring rapid speciation. This coincided with two periods of consolidation of the Asian monsoon climate, which caused the first rapid diversification of Pleione from 8.87 to 7.83 Mya, and a second rapid diversification started at around 4.05 Mya to Pleistocene. The interaction between Pleione and climate changes, especially the monsoons, led to the current distribution pattern and shaped the dormancy characteristic of the different clades. In addition to revealing the evolutionary relationship of Pleione with orogeny and climate changes, the findings of this study provide insights into the speciation and diversification mechanisms of plants in the East Asian flora.

Helen Au-Yang, Jacques H. H. Perk

We present our personal histories with Michael Fisher. We describe how each one of us first came to Cornell University. We also discuss our many subsequent interactions and successful collaborations with him on various physics projects.

Peter Galison, Juliusz Doboszewski, Jamee Elder et al.

This white paper outlines the plans of the History Philosophy Culture Working Group of the Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.

Miguel Fajardo-Steinhäuser

The last decades have seen a resurgence of armed conflict globally, renewing the need for durable peace agreements. In this paper, I evaluate the economic effects of the peace agreement between the Colombian government and the largest guerrilla group in the country, the FARC, ending one of the lengthiest and most violent armed conflicts in recent history. Using a difference-in-difference strategy comparing municipalities that historically had FARC presence and those with presence of a similar, smaller guerrilla group, the ELN, before and after the start of a unilateral ceasefire by the FARC, I establish three sets of results. First, violence indicators significantly and sizeably decreased in historically FARC municipalities. Second, despite this substantial reduction in violence, I find precisely-estimated null effects across several economic indicators, suggesting no effect of the peace agreement on economic activity. In addition, I use a sharp discontinuity in eligibility to the government's flagship firm and job creation program for conflict-affected areas to evaluate the policy's impact, also finding precisely-estimated null effects on the same economic indicators. Third, I present evidence that suggests the reason why historically FARC municipalities could not reap the economic benefits from the reduction in violence is a lack of state capacity, caused both by their low initial levels of state capacity and the lack of state entry post-ceasefire. These results indicate that peace agreements require complementary investments in state capacity to yield an economic dividend.

Köz- gazdaság

Impresszum, Szerzők, Tartalom

معداوي نجية

E-commerce has attracted a wide range of Internet users, so its speed and efficiency pushed the traditional consumer to transform into an electronic consumer who depends on the electronic contract and electronic media. Given that the contract is carried out remotely, this consumer is faced with various risks that justify extending protection to him. Perhaps the most prominent mechanism to protect it, given the environment in which the transaction takes place, is its right to information or insight, which is through specifying the personality of the provider and describing the product or service subject of the contract and requiring that it be informed in the national language.An increase in the consumer's right to renounce the contract.

Callum Rhys Tilbury

Agent-based computational economics is a field with a rich academic history, yet one which has struggled to enter mainstream policy design toolboxes, plagued by the challenges associated with representing a complex and dynamic reality. The field of Reinforcement Learning (RL), too, has a rich history, and has recently been at the centre of several exponential developments. Modern RL implementations have been able to achieve unprecedented levels of sophistication, handling previously unthinkable degrees of complexity. This review surveys the historical barriers of classical agent-based techniques in economic modelling, and contemplates whether recent developments in RL can overcome any of them.

Aránzazu de Juan, Pilar Poncela, Vladimir Rodríguez-Caballero et al.

In this paper, we survey recent econometric contributions to measure the relationship between economic activity and climate change. Due to the critical relevance of these effects for the well-being of future generations, there is an explosion of publications devoted to measuring this relationship and its main channels. The relation between economic activity and climate change is complex with the possibility of causality running in both directions. Starting from economic activity, the channels that relate economic activity and climate change are energy consumption and the consequent pollution. Hence, we first describe the main econometric contributions about the interactions between economic activity and energy consumption, moving then to describing the contributions on the interactions between economic activity and pollution. Finally, we look at the main results on the relationship between climate change and economic activity. An important consequence of climate change is the increasing occurrence of extreme weather phenomena. Therefore, we also survey contributions on the economic effects of catastrophic climate phenomena.

Treb Allen, D. Donaldson

How much of the spatial distribution of economic activity today is determined by history rather than by geographic fundamentals? And if history matters for the distribution, does it also affect overall efficiency? This paper develops a tractable theoretical and empirical framework that aims to provide answers to these questions. We derive conditions on the strength of agglomeration externalities, valid for any geography, under which temporary historical shocks can have extremely persistent effects and even permanent consequences (path dependence). We also obtain new analytical expressions, functions of the particular geography in question, that bound the aggregate welfare level that can be sustained in any steady-state, thereby bounding the potential impact of history. Our simulations—based on parameters estimated from spatial variation across U.S. counties from 1800-2000—imply that small variations in historical conditions have substantial consequences for both the spatial distribution and the efficiency of U.S. economic activity, both today and in the long-run.

M. Diamond, R. Wood

Following the emergence of a novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China instituted shutdown measures starting in late January and continuing into February 2020 to arrest the spread of disease. This resulted in a sharp economic contraction unparalleled in recent Chinese history. Satellite retrievals show that nitrogen dioxide pollution declined by an unprecedented amount (~50% regionally) from its expected unperturbed value, but regional‐scale column aerosol loadings and cloud microphysical properties were not detectably affected. The disparate impact is tied to differential economic impacts of the shutdown, in which transportation, a disproportionate source of nitrogen oxide emissions, underwent drastic declines (~90% reductions in passenger traffic), whereas industry and power generation, responsible for >90% of particulate emissions, were relatively less affected (~20% reductions in electricity and thermal power generation). A combination of anomalously warm and humid meteorological conditions and complex chemical interactions further decreased nitrogen dioxide concentrations but likely enhanced secondary aerosol formation.

S. Sewell, S. Desai, E. Mutsaa et al.

Abstract The history of Apartheid in South Africa presented the new democratic South Africa with numerous challenges such as poverty, inequality and inadequate access to basic services. These challenges are more prevalent in rural areas, leading to the need for rural development strategies aimed at poverty alleviation and the empowerment of rural societies. Limited access to social and economic opportunities is a common challenge faced by rural dwellers due to inadequate rural road infrastructure. Empirical evidence suggests that poverty is directly linked to isolation, inaccessibility and poor infrastructural development. Hence, the need for the development of adequate rural roads. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the perceptions of rural communities regarding the role of roads as a poverty alleviation strategy. This study explored the influence of rural roads on the socio-economic conditions of rural communities. In addition, the research examined the impacts associated with inadequate rural road infrastructure on the access needs of rural dwellers. Thus, the study attempts to analyse issues relating to rural road infrastructure and its impact on poverty alleviation. Research was undertaken in two rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal: Ntshaseni and Njane. The study employed a mixed-method approach, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative research techniques. The findings from the study revealed that there was a relationship between the presence of adequate rural road infrastructure and improved access to basic services. The research findings revealed that there are differences in socio-economic conditions between a community with better access (Njane community) and a community that is isolated (Ntshasheni community) due to inadequate road infrastructure. In addition, research findings revealed that inadequate road infrastructure is an indication of the insufficient access the poor have to basic services such as healthcare and education.

Weiping Shen, Yong Wang, Weijie Luo

Given the constraints of energy, environment, and climate change in the process of economic development, transitioning to a low-carbon economy by such means as the construction of low-carbon cities is a feasible approach to a sustainable development pattern that balances energy conservation, environmental protection, and economic growth. Utilizing the data of listed companies in China A-shares market over the period 2007–2016, we treat China’s low-carbon city pilot policy (LCCPP) as a quasi-natural experiment and adopt a difference-in-differences approach to explore the effect of LCCPP on the total factor productivity (TFP) of firms. Firm TFP is found to be negatively associated with the implementation of LCCPP. Our mechanism analysis reveals that the LCCPP stimulates innovation by firms in China, consistent with the weak Porter hypothesis. Moreover, the negative relationship between the LCCPP and TFP holds more strongly in larger firms or those located in the eastern region.

I. Belyaev, G. Carboni, N. Harnew et al.

In this paper we describe the history of the LHCb experiment over the last three decades, and its remarkable successes and achievements. LHCb was conceived primarily as a b-physics experiment, dedicated to CP violation studies and measurements of very rare b decays, however the tremendous potential for c-physics was also clear. At first data taking, the versatility of the experiment as a general-purpose detector in the forward region also became evident, with measurements achievable such as electroweak physics, jets and new particle searches in open states. These were facilitated by the excellent capability of the detector to identify muons and to reconstruct decay vertices close to the primary pp interaction region. By the end of the LHC Run 2 in 2018, before the accelerator paused for its second long shut down, LHCb had measured the CKM quark mixing matrix elements and CP violation parameters to world-leading precision in the heavy-quark systems. The experiment had also measured many rare decays of b and c quark mesons and baryons to below their Standard Model expectations, some down to branching ratios of order 10-9. In addition, world knowledge of b and c spectroscopy had improved significantly through discoveries of many new resonances already anticipated in the quark model, and also adding new exotic four and five quark states.

Hisashi Hayakawa, Yusuke Ebihara

This section shows an overview of a recent development of the studies on great space weather events in history. Its discussion starts from the Carrington event and compare its intensity with the extreme storms within the coverage of the regular magnetic measurements. Extending its analyses back beyond their onset, this section shows several case studies of extreme storms with sunspot records in the telescopic observations and candidate auroral records in historical records. Before the onset of telescopic observations, this section shows the chronological coverages of the records of unaided-eye sunspot and candidate aurorae and several case studies on their basis.

Arthur Genthon

Interest in Brownian motion was shared by different communities: this phenomenon was first observed by the botanist Robert Brown in 1827, then theorised by physicists in the 1900s, and eventually modelled by mathematicians from the 1920s, while still evolving as a physical theory. Consequently, Brownian motion now refers to the natural phenomenon but also to the theories accounting for it. There is no published work telling its entire history from its discovery until today, but rather partial histories either from 1827 to Perrin's experiments in the late 1900s, from a physicist's point of view; or from the 1920s from a mathematician's point of view. In this article, we tackle the period straddling the two `half-histories' just mentioned, in order to highlight continuity, to investigate the domain-shift from physics to mathematics, and to survey the enhancements of later physical theories. We study the works of Einstein, Smoluchowski, Langevin, Wiener, Ornstein and Uhlenbeck from 1905 to 1934 as well as experimental results, using the concept of Brownian velocity as a leading thread. We show how Brownian motion became a research topic for the mathematician Wiener in the 1920s, why his model was an idealization of physical experiments, what Ornstein and Uhlenbeck added to Einstein's results, and how Wiener, Ornstein and Uhlenbeck developed in parallel contradictory theories concerning Brownian velocity.