Hasil untuk "Cattle"

Daniel Mota-Rojas, Alexandra L. Whittaker, Adriana Domínguez-Oliva et al.

Several types of enrichment can be used to improve animal welfare. This review summarizes the literature on the use of mechanical brushes, tactile udder stimulation, music, and visual stimuli as enrichment methods for dairy cows. Mechanical brushes and tactile stimulation of the udder have been shown to have a positive effect on milk yield and overall behavioral repertoire, enhancing natural behavior. Classical music reduces stress levels and has similarly been associated with increased milk yield. A slow or moderate tempo (70 to 100 bpm) at frequencies below 70 dB is recommended to have this positive effect. Evidence on the impacts of other types of enrichment, such as visual stimulation through mirrors, pictures, and color lights, or the use of olfactory stimuli, is equivocal and requires further study.

Ediset Ediset, Imana Martaguri, Amrizal Anas et al.

Desa Padang Cakur, Kecamatan Pariaman Selatan, Kota Pariaman, memiliki potensi untuk pengembangan usaha peternakan sapi. Namun, para peternak sapi lokal menghadapi tantangan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan pakan karena lahan hijauan yang semakin sempit. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, diperlukan sumber pakan alternatif dari limbah pertanian. Permasalahannya adalah peternak-peternak tersebut kurang memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam mengolah limbah pertanian menjadi pakan sapi. Kegiatan alih teknologi ini bertujuan untuk: 1) Meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan peternak sapi dalam memanfaatkan limbah pertanian, seperti fermentasi jerami padi dengan penambahan sagu (Silase), sebagai pakan sapi, dan 2) Meningkatkan pemahaman peternak sapi tentang proses fermentasi batang pisang dengan penambahan dedak padi. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan alih teknologi ini melibatkan penyuluhan melalui ceramah dan sesi pelatihan. Metode ceramah digunakan untuk menyampaikan informasi terkait kedua teknologi pakan tersebut, sementara sesi pelatihan dilakukan untuk memperagakan langkah-langkah pembuatan silase jerami padi dengan penambahan sagu dan fermentasi batang pisang dengan penambahan dedak padi. Hasil dari kegiatan alih teknologi ini adalah peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan peternak sapi dalam aspek pakan, terutama dalam pembuatan teknologi pakan seperti silase jerami padi dengan penambahan sagu (Silase) dan pakan fermentasi batang pisang dengan penambahan dedak padi. Sebagai bukti keberhasilan, para peternak sapi yang berpartisipasi telah menghasilkan secara bersama-sama 50 kilogram Silase dan 30 kilogram pakan fermentasi dari batang pisang dengan dedak padi.

Jakaria Jakaria, Kholijah Kholijah, Sri Darwati et al.

Background and Aim: Coat color variations in cattle are known to be influenced by the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) genes. The presence of coat color abnormalities, such as white spots and albinism, in Bali cattle was the focus of this study. This study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region of MC1R and exons 2 and 3 of KIT associated with coat color abnormalities in Bali cattle. Materials and Methods: The study included the analysis of 48 Bali cattle, including 20 individuals with standard coat color, 15 with white spots, and 13 with albinism. Total DNA was extracted using a DNA Extraction Kit, and MC1R (coding region) and KIT (exons 2 and 3) gene amplifications were analyzed using forward and reverse primers with polymerase chain reaction product lengths of 1071, 234, and 448 bp, respectively. The determination of MC1R and KIT gene diversity was analyzed through direct sequencing. Melanocortin 1 receptor and KIT gene sequence data were analyzed using BioEdit and MEGA6 to identify SNPs associated with standard and abnormal coat color phenotypes (white-spotted and albino) in Bali cattle. Results: No SNPs associated with coat color abnormalities were found in the coding region of MC1R and exons 2 and 3 of KIT genes in Bali cattle. However, the intron two regions of KIT contained the SNP g.70208534A>G, which showed a high degree of diversity. The AA genotype frequency was highest in albino Bali cattle, whereas the G allele frequency was highest and the A allele frequency was lowest in white-spotted Bali cattle. Conclusion: The results indicated that standard, white-spotted, and albino coat colors in Bali cattle could not be distinguished by analyzing the MC1R and KIT genes.

Zhiguo Liu, Zhiguo Liu, Miao Wang et al.

IntroductionBrucellosis, a serious public health issue affecting animals and humans, is neglected in West Africa (WA).MethodsIn the present study, bio-typing, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), and whole genome sequencing single-nucleotide polymorphism (WGS-SNP) analysis were used to characterize the Brucella abortus (B. abortus) strains from WA.ResultsAll of the 309 strains analyzed in this study were extracted and downloaded from the international MLVA bank and were from 10 hosts (cattle, humans, ovine, buffalo, dromedaries, horse, sheep, zebu, dog, and cat) distributed in 17 countries in WA. Based on the bio-typing, three biovars, dominated by B. abortus bv.3, were observed and reported across seven decades (1958–2019). With MLST, 129 B. abortus strains from the present study were sorted into 14 STs, with ST34 as the predicted founder. These 14 STs clustered into the global MLST data into three clone complexes (C I–C III) with the majority of strains clustering in C I, while C II forms an independent branch, and C III harbors three STs shared by different continents. These data revealed that most cases were caused by strains from native lineages. According to the MLVA-11 comparison, 309 strains were divided into 22 MLVA-11 genotypes, 15 of which were unique to WA and the remaining seven had a global distribution. MLVA-16 analysis showed that there were no epidemiological links among these strains. Based on the MLVA data, B. abortus strains from WA have high genetic diversity, and predominated genotypes were descended from a native lineage. While the MLVA-16 globally highlights that the dominant native and few introduced lineages (from Brazil, the USA, South Korea, Argentina, India, Italy, Portugal, the UK, Costa Rica, and China) co-driving the B. abortus ongoing prevalence in WA. The high-resolution SNP analysis implied the existence of introduced B. abortus lineages, which may be reasonably explained by the movement and trade of dominant hosts (cattle) and/or their products.DiscussionOur results indicated that B. abortus strains in WA consist of native and introduced strains that necessitate control such as vaccination, testing, slaughtering, and movement control by the relevant country authorities to reduce brucellosis in livestock.

Sheng Dang, Humujile Sui, Shuai Zhang et al.

Abstract Background Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease caused by Brucella, which causes enormous economic losses and public burden to epidemic areas. Early and precise diagnosis and timely culling of infected animals are crucial to prevent the infection and spread of Brucella. In recent years, RNA-guided CRISPR/Cas12a(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and its associated protein 12a) nucleases have shown great promise in nucleic acid detection. This research aims to develop a CRISPR/CAST (CRISPR/Cas12a Test strip) package that can rapidly detect Brucella nucleic acid during on-site screening, especially on remote family pastures. The CRISPR/Cas12a system combined with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and lateral flow read-out. Results We selected the conserved gene bp26, which commonly used in Brucella infection detection and compared on Genbank with other Brucella species. The genomes of Brucella abortus 2308, Brucella suis S2, Brucella melitansis 16 M, and Brucella suis 1330, et al. were aligned, and the sequences were found to be consistent. Therefore, the experiments were only performed on B. melitensis. With the CRISPR/CAST package, the assay of Brucella nucleic acid can be completed within 30 min under isothermal temperature conditions, with a sensitivity of 10 copies/μl. Additionally, no antigen cross-reaction was observed against Yersinia enterocolitica O:9, Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella enterica serovar Urbana O:30, and Francisella tularensis. The serum samples of 398 sheep and 100 cattle were tested by the CRISPR/CAST package, of which 31 sheep and 8 cattle were Brucella DNA positive. The detection rate was consistent with the qPCR results and higher than that of the Rose Bengal Test (RBT, 19 sheep and 5 cattle were serum positive). Conclusions The CRISPR/CAST package can accurately detect Brucella DNA in infected livestock within 30 min and exhibits several advantages, including simplicity, speed, high sensitivity, and strong specificity with no window period. In addition, no expensive equipment, standard laboratory, or professional operators are needed for the package. It is an effective tool for screening in the field and obtaining early, rapid diagnoses of Brucella infection. The package is an efficient tool for preventing and controlling epidemics.

Andrea Massaro, Alessandra Tata, Ivana Pallante et al.

The early diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is one of the current challenges of farmers and veterinarians. This work aimed to investigate the changes in metabolic levels associated with natural MAP infection in infected and infectious dairy cattle. The study included sera from 23 infectious/seropositive, 10 infected but non-infectious/seronegative, and 26 negative Holstein Fresian cattle. The samples were selected from a collection of samples gathered during a prospective study. The samples were analyzed by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and routine blood chemistry. The blood indices and the 1H NMR data were concatenated by low-level data fusion, resulting in a unique global fingerprint. Afterwards, the merged dataset was statistically analyzed by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), which is a shrinkage and selection method for supervised learning. Finally, pathways analysis was performed to get more insights on the possible dysregulated metabolic pathways. The LASSO model achieved, in a 10 time repeated 5-fold cross-validation, an overall accuracy of 91.5% with high values of sensitivity and specificity in classifying correctly the negative, infected, and infectious animals. The pathway analysis revealed MAP-infected cattle have increased tyrosine metabolism and enhanced phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. The enhanced synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies was observed both in infected and infectious cattle. In conclusion, fusing data from multiple sources has proved to be useful in exploring the altered metabolic pathways in MAP infection and potentially diagnosing negative animals within paratuberculosis-infected herds.

J.R.B. Silva, C.A.E. Baumam, A.P.A. Mendonça et al.

ABSTRACT Partial or complete bladder eversion is a rare condition of poor prognosis in cows, commonly associated with intense tenesmus observed in the peripartum period. A 14-year-old obese Nellore cow at 280 days of gestation was referred with 24-hour bladder prolapse. The bladder was complete eversion through the vulvar vestibule showing a thick congested wall and small residual urine volume. After clinical examination, the cow received scopolamine butylbromide and intercoccygeal epidural anesthesia, and the externalized bladder segment was partially reduced, remaining only 10 cm externalized. The cow was maintained with an intravesical human gastric tube number 16 and constant monitoring. The eversion was fully reduced after 12 hours of local treatment, and as the cow presented subclinical ketosis, hypocalcemia and cystitis, antibiotic, glucose, calcium and propylene glycol therapy were performed. We opted for induction of parturition, and after 24 hours, a healthy 52kg calf was born and the placenta was delivered 16 hours after calving. The cow and calf were discharged on the sixth day of hospitalization, with no recurrences or secondary complications after treatment.

K. Meyer

S. Dercon

R. L. Cismondi, C. A. Sánchez

En la Facultad de Agronomía de la UNLPam se realizó una experiencia tendiente a evaluar la aptitud umbi6tica de los siguientes materiales de alfalfa: (1) Anguil INTA. (2) Intacic original, (3) Intacic seleccionada por su aptitud de fijación simbiótica y (4) MN Root (nitro 5887 Dames) seleccionada en la Universidad Minnesota por su aptitud de fijación simbiótica. Los materiales fueron cultivados en invernáculos, utilizando caños de PVC de 6.25 cm de diámetro y 50 cm de largo. En cada caño se cultivó una planta. A los 88 días de la siembra se realizó la extracción de las. plantas, determinándose: (a) altura de plantas, (b) número de hojas desplegadas, (e) nódulos en raíz principal, (d) nódulos en raíces secundarias, (e) peso seco sistema radical, (f) peso seco parte aérea, (g) biomasa total, (h) porcentaje de nitrógeno en el sistema radical, (i) porcentaje de nitr6geno en parte aérea. los materiales seleccionados (3) y (4) mostraron diferencias signi6cativas con respecto a los no seleccionados (1) y (2) en los siguientes parámetros: (a) altura de plantas, (d) nódulos en raíces secundarias, (e) peso seco sistema radical, (f) peso seco parte aérea, (g) biomasa total. Aunque no hubo diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de nitr6geno de los materiales evaluados, llevando los datos a cantidad de nitrógeno presente por planta, las diferencias fueron significativas, tanto en sistema radical como en parte aérea. La información lograda permite estimar que efectivamente, los materiales Intacic seleccionada y MN Root (nitro 5887 Bames) tienen mayor aptitud de fijación simbiótica. Intacic seleccionada se destaca sobre MN Root (nitro 5887 Bames) en n. mero de hojas desplegadas, peso seco parte aérea y cantidad de nódulos en raíces secundarias. Consideramos que Intacic seleccionada tiene posibilidades de ser introducida al cultivo, como un cultivar con buenas características agronómicas y una aptitud de fijación simbiótica que supera a los materiales bajo cultivo en Argentina, y posiblemente en algunos parámetros, también a los materiales extranjeros. Director: Ing. Agr. O. Hernández. Profesor Titular de Forrajicultura y Manejo de Pasturas.

Yake Basulira, Susan A Olet, Paul Erasmus Alele

<h4>Introduction</h4>In most developing countries like Uganda, antimicrobials including β-lactams and tetracyclines are used indiscriminately in livestock. When livestock get sick and treatment is necessary, some producers and veterinarians use these drugs with minimal controls to prevent residues from occurring in the beef sent to markets. This study was done to determine the presence of drug residues above acceptable limits of two commonly used antimicrobials in Uganda's rural and urban beef.<h4>Methods</h4>A cross-sectional study was conducted of 134 cattle carcasses from eight different slaughter slabs over twelve weeks. This study entailed 81 samples of rural and 53 samples of urban origin. To enable detailed analysis these samples were categorized according to age (maturity), breed, and sex. For each of the 134 carcasses, three samples of liver, kidney and muscle were taken and homogeneously mixed into one sample, which was tested for β-lactam and tetracycline drug residues.<h4>Results</h4>The results were statistically significant for β-lactam levels (χ2 = 22.10, df = 10, p = 0.0146) with average concentration (μg/kg) of 2.93:29.3 (rural: urban), though not for tetracycline levels (χ2 = 3.594, df = 10, P = 0.9638) with average concentration (μg/kg) of 5.028:12.83 (rural: urban). Age (maturity) had significant effect at all values of antibiotic level (F(1, 68) = 5.06, p = 0.0278). Age effect was extremely significant (F(1, 68) = 15.51, p = 0.0002).<h4>Conclusion</h4>A significant difference existed in drug residue proportions of β-lactam and tetracycline antimicrobials among Uganda's rural and urban beef. A significant difference also occured in drug residue proportions of these two commonly used antimicrobials related to age (maturity), but neither breed, nor sex, of Uganda's rural and urban beef.

K. Kocan, J. de la Fuente, A. Guglielmone et al.

F. Marshall, E. Hildebrand

G. Bó, P. Baruselli, M. Martínez

Valentina Monistero, Hans Ulrich Graber, Claudia Pollera et al.

Staphylococcus aureus is recognized worldwide as one of the major agents of dairy cow intra-mammary infections. This microorganism can express a wide spectrum of pathogenic factors used to attach, colonize, invade and infect the host. The present study evaluated 120 isolates from eight different countries that were genotyped by RS-PCR and investigated for 26 different virulence factors to increase the knowledge on the circulating genetic lineages among the cow population with mastitis. New genotypes were observed for South African strains while for all the other countries new variants of existing genotypes were detected. For each country, a specific genotypic pattern was found. Among the virulence factors, fmtB, cna, clfA and leucocidins genes were the most frequent. The sea and sei genes were present in seven out of eight countries; seh showed high frequency in South American countries (Brazil, Colombia, Argentina), while sel was harboured especially in one Mediterranean country (Tunisia). The etb, seb and see genes were not detected in any of the isolates, while only two isolates were MRSA (Germany and Italy) confirming the low diffusion of methicillin resistance microorganism among bovine mastitis isolates. This work demonstrated the wide variety of S. aureus genotypes found in dairy cattle worldwide. This condition suggests that considering the region of interest might help to formulate strategies for reducing the infection spreading.

Stacey N. Meyers, Tara G McDaneld, Shannon L Swist et al.

BackgroundOsteopetrosis is a skeletal disorder of humans and animals characterized by the formation of overly dense bones, resulting from a deficiency in the number and/or function of bone-resorbing osteoclast cells. In cattle, osteopetrosis can either be induced during gestation by viral infection of the dam, or inherited as a recessive defect. Genetically affected calves are typically aborted late in gestation, display skull deformities and exhibit a marked reduction of osteoclasts. Although mutations in several genes are associated with osteopetrosis in humans and mice, the genetic basis of the cattle disorder was previously unknown.ResultsWe have conducted a whole-genome association analysis to identify the mutation responsible for inherited osteopetrosis in Red Angus cattle. Analysis of >54,000 SNP genotypes for each of seven affected calves and nine control animals localized the defective gene to the telomeric end of bovine chromosome 4 (BTA4). Homozygosity analysis refined the interval to a 3.4-Mb region containing the SLC4A2 gene, encoding an anion exchanger protein necessary for proper osteoclast function. Examination of SLC4A2 from normal and affected animals revealed a ~2.8-kb deletion mutation in affected calves that encompasses exon 2 and nearly half of exon 3, predicted to prevent normal protein function. Analysis of RNA from a proven heterozygous individual confirmed the presence of transcripts lacking exons 2 and 3, in addition to normal transcripts. Genotyping of additional animals demonstrated complete concordance of the homozygous deletion genotype with the osteopetrosis phenotype. Histological examination of affected tissues revealed scarce, morphologically abnormal osteoclasts displaying evidence of apoptosis.ConclusionsThese results indicate that a deletion mutation within bovine SLC4A2 is associated with osteopetrosis in Red Angus cattle. Loss of SLC4A2 function appears to induce premature cell death, and likely results in cytoplasmic alkalinization of osteoclasts which, in turn, may disrupt acidification of resorption lacunae.

John E. George, J. Pound, Ronald B. Davey

J. Ellis-Iversen, A. Cook, E. Watson et al.

M. Gilbert, A. Mitchell, D. Bourn et al.

M. Bustamante, C. Nobre, R. Smeraldi et al.