ObjectiveThe Nanjiang Ancient Waterway is a uniquely distinctive ancient waterway among the ancient post roads in southern Guangdong, with settlements along it flourishing in history. Although the scale and prosperity of individual settlements are not comparable to those in other parts of Lingnan, under the influence of multicultural integration, the value of the multicultural landscape characteristics presented by these settlements is prominent. Exploring the landscape characteristics of settlements along the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway and influencing factors thereof from the macro perspective of “cultural routes” can break through the limitations of the point-like research model of “studying individual villages in isolation” and help tap the multi-dimensional value of settlements.MethodsThe cultural routes focus on integrity and emphasizes the cognition of cultural phenomena through dynamic and historical functions, which provides a holistic research perspective for the research on settlement landscape along the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway. Therefore, based on the theoretical framework of “human – land – property” of cultural geography in combination with field investigation and GIS spatial analysis, 65 traditional settlements along the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway are selected as the research object by typology analysis method from the three functional dimensions of human settlement, commerce and culture of cultural routes, and the landscape characteristics of settlements along the ancient waterway and the influencing factors thereof are analyzed.Results1) As an important traffic foundation for the formation and development of settlements, ancient waterway have a significant impact on the differentiation of landscape types. The settlement landscape along Nanjiang Ancient Waterway can be divided into three categories: Human settlement landscape, commercial landscape and cultural landscape, with different spatial distribution, morphological characteristics and cultural characteristics. The settlements along the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway present characteristics of “being rich in layers, mountains and waters embracing each other”, “adapting to the terrain and following the natural flow of wind and water”, and “a crisscross network of canals with dikes and dams encircling”. 2) The commercial function of the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway and the formation of the commercial landscape of settlements have a mutually promoting relationship, forming commercial landscape characteristics of “interconnecting land and water routes, with ferries and crossings interwoven”, and “setting up fairs by the water, and forming markets along streets”. 3) During Ming and Qing dynasties, the “policy of recruiting people to settle and be registered” spurred a large number of immigrants to move in along the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway, and establish clans and set up villages there. The mutual exchange of immigrant cultures gave rise to cultural landscapes featuring “separation of residences and ancestral halls with mixed styles” and “pantheistic worship, and water-based landscape creation”. In Ming and Qing dynasties, the Ming government encouraged people to migrate there, and the policy of granting household registration prompted a large number of immigrants to move in along the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway, and establish clans and set up villages there. This led to the formation of diversified and mixed-style landscapes of residences and ancestral halls as well as religious cultural landscapes, boasting unique regional cultural characteristics of Nanjiang.Conclusion The settlements along the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway, are the spatial carriers of human settlement landscape, commerce, culture and other functions. The population base provided by the immigration policy is the starting point of settlement development. As a key factor, immigration policy provides the necessary population base for the formation of settlements along the ancient waterway, and is the starting point of settlement development. The distribution and rise of immigrant settlements along the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway, benefited from the efficient water transportation system constructed by the ancient waterway network, and the flourishing commercial development of settlements along the ancient Waterway. The mutual fostering between population mobility and trade greatly promotes the exchange and integration of immigrant culture, giving birth to Nanjiang regional cultural landscape. Revealing the landscape characteristics of settlements along the cultural routes and the influencing factors thereof from the perspective of integrity and dynamics can provide a basis for the overall protection of settlements along the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway. Under the background of rapid urbanization, the protection of settlement landscape along the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway has encountered severe challenges such as the decline of traditional features and the imbalance of development. In the reconstruction of settlement landscape, we should adhere to the principles of integrity, dynamics and sustainability of cultural route protection, integrate natural and human landscape resources, and rationally activate and utilize settlement landscape. The researches advocates to well protect the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway through the chain of beads, the implementation of zoning – subsection – grading differentiation development, the establishment of the overall spatial control system for the protection of settlements along the Nanjiang Ancient Waterway, the construction of cultural routes for the integration of ecology, culture and industry, the creation of nostalgic settlement memory scene, and the promotion of the revitalization and development of settlements.
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, Architectural drawing and design
Reseña del libro:
El Arquitecto José María Manuel Cortina Pérez y la Cerámica Nolla Jorge Girbés Pérez. Tirant lo Blanch (colección Plural). Valencia. 2023 ISBN: 978-84-19632-53-1 215 páginas
The increasing interdependence between cities and economies has led to a rise in mega projects, which are large-scale investment projects aimed at meeting economic and political demands. While they are planned for economic development, they have significant negative impacts on nature, cities, and people. İstanbul is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world and has become a popular location for planning mega projects. The 3rd bridge, 3rd airport, and Canal İstanbul are three mega projects developed by the government for urban development and social welfare. The purpose of the article is to reveal the ecological and spatial effects of mega projects in İstanbul. In order to achieve this aim, an analytical assessment method is applied using positive, neutral, and negative correlations for the selected mega projects in İstanbul. The inputs required for the analytical assessment method have identified in accordance with the fundamental principles of the eco-smart planning approach, which is established on the basis of ecological planning and smart city index. The outputs of the study suggest that ecological, social, and spatial impacts must be taken into account in the planning and implementation of mega projects. The study highlights that projects driven solely by economic priorities tend to result in negative urban, environmental, and social consequences in İstanbul.
Housing plays a key role in the world path to energy transition, and retrofitting buildings is a major asset to this end. Unfortunately, despite the supporting measures and incentives promoted in many countries, the renovation rate is still too slow. This is even more complex within some specific assets, such as social housing, which, especially in Italy, depends on the availability of public funds. The study proposes a predictive tool conceived as an enabler in the decision-making process, capable of considering and comparing the performance levels that different retrofitting actions can reach, according to building features, intervention costs, timing, and resource availability. The tool is tested on a social housing case study in Bologna.
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, Architectural drawing and design
<p>In the early 21st century environmental, social and cultural changes are confronting the traditional relationship one has with technology, space and subsequently architecture. More specifically the tools of design are becoming integrated, whereby the clarity of tradition is becoming overlapped, becoming blurred. With this in mind the research investigates the opportunities of an iterative hand drawing process to develop architectural responses to movement, time and transformation. Highlighting a future which is inevitably changing, it is important to assess the inherent qualities of our design tools, as they too influence the connection and formation of architectural space. The research explores hand drawing through a design process which firstly, challenges drawn representation techniques and secondly, emphasises movement and transformation as key architectural drivers within the 21st century. Due to the continual developments within technology, construction practices and design materials, there is an opportunity to question and reflect our changing built environment and hence, the role of movement in architecture. With reference to the theorists Catherine Ingraham and Robin Evans, the research develops the position that the practice of architecture has become restricted by linear ordering systems. This is reflective in the orthographic representation of architecture alongside the built edges and boundaries of architectural spaces. Therefore, today's transforming conditions are used to validate and further articulate Ingraham's and Evans's theories, outlining a design response, using Wellington as a case study, built upon overlaying environmental, social and cultural relationships. The architectural outcome connects rather than dissociates itself to transforming conditions, creating multiple rather than singular boundary conditions through architectural blurring. Traditional relationships to spatial boundaries and edges are critiqued through the ambiguities and layers of working within an iterative hand drawing process. The influence of hand drawn qualities has provided a way to insert motion into a construct which is perceptually static, hence introducing a means to negotiate and work within a period of transition.</p>
The Architectural Design Studio 2 at the University of Trento, held by professors Mosè Ricci and Sara Favargiotti with the collaboration of Anna Codemo and the writer, is aimed at learning and experimenting with the methods and techniques of analysis and design of a complex architectural space, and offers students the opportunity to confront the design experience of an architectural competition.
In a double-width building in the historical centre of Haarlem a classicist painted ceiling from the second quarter of the seventeenth century was recently discovered. It is a beam and joist construction in which the beam bays have been smoothly finished, resulting in a panelled ceiling. The areas between the beams boast a painted architectural division into coffers and panels, enriched with bundles of twigs and floral bouquets, festoons, gilded rosettes and two family coats of arms. The ceiling, which has been dated to between 1635 and 1639, was commissioned by Josephus Coymans and his wife Dorothea Berck. Ten years earlier, the Coymans family had been among the earliest patrons of Dutch classicism in Amsterdam when they commissioned Jacob van Campen to design the front facade of the Coymanshuis (1625). In Haarlem a classicist decoration programme, developed specifically for use in a genteel bourgeois domestic interior, was designed for the Coymans’ Groot Salet (large drawing room). It is the earliest known example of such decoration in Haarlem.
The influence of both Sebastiano Serlio and Vincenzo Scamozzi is evident in the design and in the stylistic features of the ceiling. The latter is characterized by a highly effective and painterly application of perspective and shadowing on the flat surface. As such, the decorative programme differs fundamentally from the interior decoration of richly decorated coffered ceilings like the ones used by Jacob van Campen in the grand mansions and residences he designed from the 1630s onwards. By contrast, this ceiling exhibits striking similarities in concept and stylistic execution with the classicist decoration programme for the Vredenburg country house designed in 1639 by the Haarlem painter-architect Pieter Post. At Vredenburg Post demonstrated his mastery of the classic idiom and effectively succeeded in adapting the classicist decoration programme to a genteel bourgeois domestic interior. On the basis of the similarities, the ceiling in Haarlem has also been attributed to Pieter Post. However, the more mature, more elaborate design for Vredenburg must be located later on in the development of this type of interior decoration. With a dating of 1635-1639, the Groot Salet in Haarlem is the earliest known executed work by Pieter Post in Haarlem and must therefore be considered one of the earliest known classicist decoration programmes in a genteel bourgeois interior. This finding offers a firm basis for the dating of comparable discoveries and paintings, which until now has invariably been sought in the second half of the seventeenth century.
Leiden was ooit de belangrijkste textielstad van Europa. In ‘de nieuwe draperie’ (vanaf 1580) werd een scala aan verschillende lakense stoffen geproduceerd. Op het hoogtepunt telde de stad hiervoor zeven hallen. Handelaren, drapiers en wevers werkten veelal vanuit huis en verschenen op gezette tijden al dan niet met een halffabricaat of eindproduct in de hal om dit op kwaliteitsstandaarden te laten controleren. Zo gingen de lakenwevers naar de Lakenhal en de saaiwevers naar de Saaihal. Dit strikte neringstelsel vatte Posthumus samen, als ‘geen nering zonder hal, geen hal zonder nering’. In dit artikel is aan de hand van beroepsvermeldingen in zeven belastingkohieren en twee volkstellingen uit de periode 1498-1748 nagegaan of de ligging van de hallen invloed had op het vestigingspatroon van lakenhandelaren, drapiers en wevers. Anders gezegd: was de huis-halafstand een vestigingsfactor?
Om dit te onderzoeken is de stad opgedeeld in acht stadsdelen. Een concentratie van beroepen is aangeduid als geclusterd wanneer meer dan een derde van de beroepsgroep in het stadsdeel woonde. Daarbinnen is een onderscheid gemaakt tussen matige clustering (33-49%), sterke clustering (50-65%) en zeer sterke clustering (meer dan 66%).
De clustering van lakenhandelaren in Leiden veranderde door de tijd heen. Terwijl in de Middeleeuwen de lakenkopers en wantsnijders sterk geclusterd voorkwamen in het oude stadscentrum waar toen de Lakenhal gevestigd was, hadden de vermogende textielhandelaren (reders) in de vroegmoderne tijd duidelijk geen voorkeur voor vestiging aldaar. In 1581 waren zij geclusterd in de stadsdelen Zuid en Oost-nieuw. Dat was in de nabijheid van de Lakenhal, die op dat moment op het Steenschuur gevestigd was. In 1674 waren zij sterk geclusterd in Noord-nieuw, het stadsdeel waar de Lakenhal vanaf 1640 was gesitueerd. De lakenhandelaren waren dus telkens in de peiljaren in de nabijheid van de hal te vinden.
Het vermoeden dat niet alleen sprake was van ‘geen nering zonder hal, geen hal zonder nering’, maar dat ook van ‘geen hal zonder geclusterde beroepsgroep’ wordt versterkt door de verspreiding van lakendrapiers, lakenwevers, saaidrapiers en saaiwevers. In 1674 waren zowel de lakendrapiers als de lakenwevers sterk geclusterd in Noord-nieuw. De saaidrapiers en saaiwevers kwamen in dit stadsdeel daarentegen niet voor, zij waren geclusterd in de stadsdelen die dichter bij de Saaihal lagen (Oost-oud en Zuid).
Dit onderzoek toont voor zeven textielberoepen een clustering in een stadsdeel aan.Telkens was er een clustering in of aangrenzend aan de locatie van de hal. Elk beroep afzonderlijk zou te weinig grond bieden om te concluderen dat de huis-halafstand een vestigingsfactor was, maar de zeven beroepen tezamen geven in het tijdvak 1498 tot 1674 voldoende aanwijzing in die richting. Deze tendens om nabij de hal te wonen wil overigens niet zeggen dat welstand in het geheel geen rol speelde als vestigingsfactor, want ook binnen een beperkte loopafstand tot de hal kon op stand worden gewoond.
Virtual reality (VR) provides unique tool to conduct leading-edge research in several areas with the overarching mandate of providing innovative solutions in a manner, which ensures connectivity and adaptability of interdisciplinary research such as, architectural and medical research to changing technologies. The Patient safety movement is creating a “culture” where the omission and commission of clinical actions are minimized. Thereby, reducing risk of harm often related to such events as medication errors and falls. With great increase in older adults’ health care expenses, assessing physical environment is becoming essential to reduce patient’s injuries during hospitalization and optimally reduce the cost of health care resulting from these injuries. This review focuses on the usefulness of using virtual reality in assessing the effect of architectural design on mental health disorders. It also suggests future directions for the use of virtual reality so it can be implemented to improve hospital physical design to mitigate injuries sustained by older patients suffering from dementia. Furthermore, major virtual reality test mediums, and the critique over using them in the assessment of architectural environments will be discussed.
The refurbishment design is a well-known strategy to mitigate environmental impacts of the built heritage, but it is not environmentally neutral. A deep knowledge of the building is required in order to maintain the greatest amount of materials – depending on its residual technological performances – and thus containing the consumption of new resources and the production of demolition wastes. Following up existing tools, a method to analyse environmental impacts and support the design at the executive level is presented. Possible intervention alternatives are evaluated from a life cycle perspective, through the embodied energy and CO2 equ indicators, aiming at re-using as much material as possible and preferring new materials with low environmental impact.
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, Architectural drawing and design
Lavinia Chiara Tagliabue, Angelo Luigi Camillo Ciribini
BIM-based technologies can be strongly beneficial for construction sites management through platforms collecting data and providing analytics. These can be used to manage and control the people, materials and vehicles flows which create the complex organization of a medium and big construction site. IoT enables monitoring, controlling and actuating devices that are crucial to manage the site. Different typologies of sensors are available and some experimentations about how to simulate and thus predict critical issues in the construction site have been conducted. The experimentations, that are not presuming to be exhaustive, consider both indoor conditions and external situations verifiable through standard procedures. In the paper, four tests, developed in the virtual environment. The adopted workflow assumes the connection of the BIM (Building Information Modeling) authoring tool through a VPL (Visual Programming Language) to a database where data coming from the sensors are stored. The simulations shows the possible actuation of specific devices to correct possible critical situations that are commonly recurrent in construction sites and in the advanced one are implemented. The virtual experimental setups are show how to accomplish the work steps organization and how to visualize alerts and signals enabling the optimization and control of the construction site in a BIM environment. The advantages of this approach are strongly connected to risk and clash reduction in the construction site, increased safety for the workmen and environmental quality. Moreover, the possibility to control the warehouse conditions is highly beneficial to reduce the number of deteriorated materials with economic gains.
Architectural drawing and design, Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying
This proposal is based on an examination of abandoned church buildings in Saskatchewan, one of Canada’s prairie provinces, that were built during the second wave of immigration to that province. It proceeds with an inquiry into their architectural purpose at a time when they are no longer in use, and examines the meaning of these places as ruins, as mnemonic devices for contemporary man, and as a reminder of loss. For one of these sacred structures, the Swedish Covenant Church, the theory of the cycle of history formulated by the eighteenth century philosopher Giambattista Vico is used as a conceptual model to investigate a way of resolving the disunity that has developed between matter, memory and spirit. It concludes with an outline for a project that provides an architectural response to the questions posed.
Architectural drawing and design, Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying
This scientific project – developed over the past two years by Sapienza University’s PDTA in Rome, in partnership with the Technische Universität München, funded by the German DAAD – took as its starting point the differences between the buildings found in the consolidated/ historic city’s districts and the city’s continually evolving environmental, energy, technological, functional and social needs, creating urban situations where it becomes clear that it is not enough to regenerate individual buildings in environments that are gradually changing; rather it is necessary to take action on districts and widespread city clusters. The pilot case studied was the regeneration of two districts that were part of consolidated, yet neglected, areas in the city of Rome, the result was mainly geared towards determining the level of transferability of the results of this experiment.
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, Architectural drawing and design
The aim of this contribution is to discuss the funerary architecture of the body of the architect in its moment of transition between the space of the living to the space of the dead and in its more or less eternal final destination. The encompassing cemetery of those who design cemeteries for everybody else is fragmented in a myriad of differences and loci. Yet this space has its symbols and its imaginary. Who is the architect who designs the cemetery for all the others, and how does she/he see her/his own death and tomb? The ambition of this paper is to violate the intimate space of the “last desires” of the architect. Are there some expectations, some commonplaces, some appropriate or shared intents that might give to the architect a specific dignity in relation to the dignity we imagine for the death of the others?
Architectural drawing and design, Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying
In the present paper an apparatus of tools and methods is presented to evaluate, at the design stage, the risks over a set of objectives through buildings lifetime. To this purpose a tool is first presented to relate technological requirements of each technical elements to the pertinent maintenance interventions. Then a process is also proposed to estimate the risks on user requirements runningMonte Carlo simulations. The risk management process proposed in the present work aims to support designers and promoters in making predictions on the outcomes of long, not standardized, multivariable dependent processes – as the building process is – in order to indicate the attitude of a designed building to meet a framework of important objectives through its lifetime.
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, Architectural drawing and design
Il nostro obiettivo è quello di individuare e integrare una serie di tecnologie e strategie operative per la creazione di un’architettura digitale di ultima generazione, in grado di fornire un archivio informativo multimediale (A.I.M.) virtualmente illimitato e scalabile per files multimediali multi formato (foto, disegni ecc.) e modelli 3D. Sostanzialmente, si tratta di applicazioni di Database: tutti i beni considerati devono essere “inventariati” in modo opportuno e queste schede di inventario devono essere organizzate in modo utile. L’obiettivo dello strumento A.I.M. è dimostrare che è possibile integrare diverse fonti d’informazioni, continuamente aggiornabili e dotate di una specifica interfaccia di gestione e di ricerca, destinate a supportare dinamicamente il livello divulgativo e informativo e vuole rappresentare, per restauratori, conservatori e gestori in genere dei beni culturali, un valido strumento di monitoraggio dei restauri.