Hasil untuk "American literature"

Sander Connolly, A. Rabinstein, J. Carhuapoma et al.

Juan Manuel Martín-Álvarez, Aida Galiano, Brenda Vázquez-La Hoz et al.

This paper develops a data-driven framework combining fractional cointegration and structural break detection to examine long-run interdependence and market leadership among international tobacco equities. Using weekly data from May 2008 to October 2024 for Philip Morris International, Altria, British American Tobacco, Imperial Brands, and Japan Tobacco, the study applies the Fractionally Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive (FCVAR) model of Johansen and Nielsen (2012) integrated with the Bai–Perron multiple-break methodology. The empirical analysis supports the presence of a single fractionally cointegrated equilibrium relationship characterized by long memory and regime-dependent persistence. Three model-implied regime shifts, which align closely in timing with major regulatory and ESG-related events, such as the 2012 WHO-FCTC harmonization, the 2015 expansion of FDA regulation, and the 2021 post-COVID ESG rotation—mark distinct equilibrium regimes in the global tobacco market. Within these regimes, adjustment dynamics indicate recurrent long-run leadership by Japan Tobacco, more heterogeneous leadership patterns for Altria, and a clearly regime-dependent role for Philip Morris International. The integration of fractional modeling and break detection provides a robust data-science approach to disentangling persistence from structural change, offering new insights into leadership cycles, systemic risk, and sectoral resilience. These findings underscore how regulated and ESG-sensitive industries evolve through adaptive equilibrium processes, contributing to the broader literature on long-memory econometrics and data-driven financial analytics.

Shelly Pranić, Anika Pulumati, Dubravka Vuković

Abstract Background Vitiligo is a disease that affects people of all skin shades and can impact their quality of life. Reliable evidence on the effectiveness and adverse events associated with the recent use of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors to treat vitiligo is needed. This protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis seeks to collect evidence from both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies to determine the effectiveness and patient-centered outcomes concerning treatment with JAK inhibitors. Methods We will conduct a systematic review of the literature for RCTs and observational studies that used upadacitinib, ritlecitinib, brepocitinib, ifidancitinib, cerdulatinib, deglocitinib, baricitinib, tofacitinib, and ruxolitinib JAK inhibitors as treatments for vitiligo compared to placebo, no treatment, or combination therapies. We will systematically search from inception in Epistemonikos, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, PsycINFO, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Web of Science Core Collection, relevant preprint servers, and the gray literature. Ethics approval was not sought as the protocol and systematic review will not involve human participants, but rather summarized and anonymous data from studies. Primary outcomes include quality of life, percentage repigmentation, decreased vitiligo within 1 year or more, lasting repigmentation after a 2-year follow-up, cosmetic acceptability of repigmentation and tolerability or burden of treatment, and adverse events. Secondary outcomes are patient and study characteristics. We will include full-text articles, preprints, and clinical trial data in any language and all geographic regions. For data sources unavailable in English, we will obtain translations from global collaborators via the Cochrane Engage network. We will exclude articles for which sufficient information cannot be obtained from the authors of articles and systematic reviews. At least two investigators will independently assess articles for inclusion and extract data; reliability will be assessed before subsequent selection and data extraction of remaining studies. The risk of bias and certainty of evidence with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation guidelines will be assessed independently by at least two investigators. We will estimate treatment effects by random-effects meta-analyses and assess heterogeneity using I 2. Data that cannot be included in the meta-analysis will be reported narratively using themes. Discussion The proposed systematic review and meta-analysis describe the methods for summarizing and synthesizing the evidence on the effectiveness and patient-centered outcomes concerning the treatment of vitiligo with JAK inhibitors that were recently approved for this indication. To disseminate further the results of our systematic review, we plan to present them at international conferences and meetings. Our findings will provide robust evidence to facilitate decision-making at the policy or practitioner level. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42023383920.

Milton Gorzoni

INTRODUCTION: Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for older adults cause more adverse effects than benefits. The 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria (2019BC) considered five clinical situations as PIM use in older adults. Can drug analysis, according to these situations, assist in the act of making prescriptions for older people? Seeking a practical example for this question, we assessed drugs currently questioned as to their safe use among older people. OBJECTIVE: To check if chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine fit the PIM criteria for older adults and whether this analysis is clinically applicable. METHODS: We systematized the objective based on the five clinical situations defined as PIM use in older adults by the 2019BC. RESULTS: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine fulfill, respectively, four and five of these clinical situations. This evaluation allowed the likely definition of these drugs as PIMs for older adults in a simple way, based on a brief analysis of the available literature. CONCLUSION: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine may be considered PIMs for older adults. We expect that this analysis can be replicated with other drugs and reduce iatrogenesis in older people.

Marina Bondi, Matteo Di Cristofaro

The article discusses the on-going process for the creation of the MoReThesisCorpus, outlining its major characteristics and offering an account of the considerations and issues involved so far. The corpus, composed of the theses submitted to the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia between 2011 and 2020, is being developed as part of the project CAP (‘Comunicazione Accademica e Professionale;’ Academic and Professional Communication), and is meant to foster research into academic language in a cross-disciplinary discourse perspective, as well as to facilitate the production of educational materials aimed at university students. It aims at supporting the acquisition of discipline-related vocabularies and styles to improve the learning of academic writing through corpus tools and resources, following a data-driven learning approach. Technical details surrounding the acquisition and subsequent processing of the data are discussed, along with considerations on a number of issues pertaining both to computer science and linguistics, directly impinging on the capability of the corpus to correctly support an investigation of academic discourse across different languages and disciplines.

Danielle Ponder, Roberto Cagliero

Traduzione a cura di Roberto Cagliero

I Putu Budiarta

Number of international tourists visiting Bali, Indonesia, keeps increasing. They usually come from different countries and cultural background. Objective of this research is to introduce some cultural characteristics of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Australian, American, German, Indonesian, and Balinese. Data of this literature review was based on some academic books and electronic data from internet. Data was collected by reviewing some books and articles and by observing the characteristics of resident’s culture. The result showed that the culture of tourists and the culture of residents are very different. Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Indonesian, and Balinese prefer collectivism or group to individualism but, Australian, American, and Germany prefer individualism to collectivism. Indonesian and Balinese like asking about religion, age, salary, and possession but Australian, American, and Germany don’t like asking about them. It is recommended that all tourism employees should know about the tourist’s cultural aspects so that no misunderstanding between the tourists and the residents.

Sabereh Siavashi

This article aims at examining how the phenomenon of "war" is reflected as a social harm in the poetry of Bahar and Shawqi, two eminent contemporary Persian and Arab poets, in a descriptive-analytical study, relying on the American school of comparative literature. The theoretical framework includes the main questions, the identification of the significance of the subject, the review of literature, and a biography of the two mentioned poets. The purpose of this research is to reach a new understanding of political, social, and cultural similarities and differences between the two countries of Iran and Egypt in the times of the Iranian Constitutional revolution and the Arabic renaissance. Some of the findings were as follows: a) Advice on the avoidance of warmongering is observed in their poetry. b)The way the phenomenon of is reflected in their poetry is, to a large extent, under the influence of their environment, culture, race, and geography. c) The consequences of war are almost the same from both poets’ points of view.

Dian Natalia Sutanto

American Transcendentalism was a unique movement in the country’s history as it had a vitalizing effect on the development of American identity and fostered the development of American democracy, liberalism, art and literature. Its basic tenet is the belief on the dignity of human as the manifestation of the divine. Emerson, Thoreau and Whitman, the three main exponents, share this basic tenet. They believe that iindividual virtue and happiness depend on self-realization which is achieved through self reliance on one’s intuition and imagination, rather than on social conventions and religious dogma. However, these three figures disagree on what specific course of actions to actualize individual virtue and happiness. Thoreau believes that to achieve the highest virtue, one must detach oneself from one’s dependency on materiality and practice simple, solitary life in nature. Different from Thoreau, Whitman views that flesh was also necessary for self-actualization, and thus must not be neglected. Emerson’s position, on the other hand, is somewhat caught between the two. Different from Thoreau who emphasizes the primacy of one’s duty to oneself to attain highest virtue through solitary life in nature, Emerson concept’s of self realization is balanced by the duty to others through voluntary participation in social reform. Unlike Whitman who celebrates carnality as the source of human virtue, Emerson’s view is more austere. 

Marina Dossena

English historical linguistics has changed considerably over the last twenty years: not only has it devoted more attention to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but it has also developed new approaches to historical pragmatics and historical sociolinguistics by taking into consideration such genres as diaries, correspondence and schoolbooks. Within this framework, Native American studies can be shown to have great potential to contribute useful interdisciplinary takes on the investigation of Late Modern times; in particular, innovative insights and findings may derive from such connections in the study of vocabulary, of teaching materials, and of cultural representations.

Andrés Cadena

El cuento “La doble y única mujer” (1927) de Pablo Palacio, puede dar pie a una lectura orientada a una reflexión metarreflexiva, en donde la cualidad de dualidad/unicidad puede interpretarse como la relación entre el texto literario y su lectura. Esta propuesta –de leer a cada texto como productor y dependiente de su propia exégesis, bajo la hipótesis de que cada discurso contiene sus propias claves de interpretación– dialoga con otras búsquedas estéticas latinoamericanas; de modo que el presente análisis abre una vía de comunicación entre la obra palaciana y la de otros autores de la región.

Johan Nilsson

Jay Willoughby

On March 12, 2015 Emad Hamdeh, a specialist in modern Muslim reform movements, Islamic intellectual history, historical pedagogical methods, and Islamic law, discussed “Between Salafism and Traditionalism: The Case of Nasir al-Din Albani and His Detractors” at the IIIT headquarters in Herndon, VA. He currently serves as an adjunct professor of Arabic and Islamic studies in the Department of Modern Languages and Literature at Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ. His doctorate (Exeter University, 2014) “The Emergence of an Iconoclast: Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani and His Critics” traced the origins of this controversial figure’s anti-madhhab polemic. Hamdeh began by presenting a brief overview of al-Albani’s life. He was born in Albania in 1914 at a time of increasing secularism. When he was nine years old his father, a traditional Hanafi, moved the family to Syria. While growing up, he studied under his father and with local religious schol- 156 The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences ...

Alice Balestrino

This article deals with second-generation Holocaust literature, i.e. writings belonging to the generation born after the Holocaust and grown up in its aftermath. Specifically I dwell on two considerably different Jewish-American novels, which reflect two different natures of Holocaust inheritance and, hence, two distinct paths, featuring second-generation Holocaust literature: Thane Rosenbaum’s Second-Hand Smoke (1999) and Irene Dische’s Pious Secrets (1991). My understanding of these narratives is grounded in the cultural distinction between particularist and universalist second-generation Holocaust writers outlined by Alan Berger in Children of Job, American Second-Generation Witnesses to the Holocaust (1997). The argument that I present interprets Rosenbaum’s novel as a particularist depiction of the Holocaust legacy, whereas Dische’s book is associated to a universalist perspective towards this event and its inheritance.

Jane Mattisson Ekstam

Sacvan Bercovitch

Elaine H. Kim

H. Gates, Nellie Y. Mckay

R Beynon, J Hawkins, R Laing et al.

Background: Diagnostic selective nerve root block (SNRB) involves injection of local anaesthetic, sometimes in conjunction with corticosteroids, around spinal nerves. It is used to identify symptomatic nerve roots in patients with probable radicular pain that is not fully concordant with imaging findings. Objectives: (1) Determine the diagnostic accuracy of SNRB in patients with low back and radiating pain in a lower limb; (2) evaluate whether or not accuracy varies by patient subgroups; (3) review injection-related adverse events; and (4) evaluate the cost-effectiveness of SNRB. Data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, Bioscience Information Service (BIOSIS), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and grey literature databases were searched from inception to August 2011. Reference lists of included studies were screened. Methods: A systematic review (SR) of studies that assessed the accuracy of SNRB or adverse events in patients with low back pain and symptoms in a lower limb for the diagnosis of lumbar radiculopathy. Study quality was assessed using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS)-2 checklist. We used random-effects meta-analysis to pool diagnostic accuracy data. Decision tree and Markov models were developed, combining SR results with information on the costs and outcomes of surgical and non-surgical care. Uncertainty was assessed using probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses. Results: Five studies assessed diagnostic accuracy: three diagnostic cohort and two within-patient case– control studies. All were judged to be at high risk of bias and had high concerns regarding applicability. In individual studies, sensitivity ranged from 57% [95% confidence interval (CI) 43% to 70%] to 100% (95% CI 76% to 100%) and specificity from 9.5% (95% CI 1% to 30%) to 86% (95% CI 76% to 93%). The most reliable estimate was judged to come from two cohort studies that used post-surgery outcome as the reference standard; summary sensitivity and specificity were 93% (95% CI 86% to 97%) and 26% (95% CI 5% to 68%), respectively. No study provided sufficient detail to judge whether or not accuracy varied by patient subgroup. Seven studies assessed adverse events. There were no major or permanent complications; minor complications were reported in 0–6% of patients. The addition of SNRB to the diagnostic work-up was not cost-effective with an incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year of £1,576,007. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that SNRB was unlikely to be a cost-effective method for diagnosis and planning surgical therapy. Limitations: We identified very few studies; all were at high risk of bias. The conduct and interpretation of SNRBs varied and there was no gold standard for diagnosis. Limited information about the impact of SNRB on subsequent care and the long-term costs and benefits of surgery increased uncertainty about cost-effectiveness. Conclusions: There were few studies that estimated the diagnostic accuracy of SNRB in patients with radiculopathy and all were limited by the difficulty of making a reference standard diagnosis. Summary estimates suggest that specificity is low, but results are based on a small number of studies at a high risk of bias. Based on current weak evidence, it is unlikely that SNRB is a cost-effective method for identifying the symptomatic nerve root prior to lumbar spine surgery. Future research should focus on randomised controlled trials to evaluate whether or not SNRB improves patient outcomes at acceptable cost. Funding: The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

Dana D. Nelson