ABSTRACT Clinical relevance The theoretical basis and evidence-based clinical practice of optometry and vision science are expressed primarily in refereed journals of academic and professional repute. These journals serve as the reference and access point for advances and innovations in the field of optometry. Background Africa has the highest global burden of visual impairment, yet the contribution of African optometry researchers to ophthalmic research has not been assessed. This study examines the scholarly output and publication outlets of the leading African optometry academics to evaluate their contribution to ophthalmic literature. Methods A bibliometric analysis was undertaken using Scopus-indexed publications authored by the leading African optometry researchers. The Scopus records for each of the fifty scholars were extracted and deduplicated, yielding metadata on document types, language, citation counts, journal titles, and metrics (h-index, Impact Factor, Cite Score). The Bibliometrix package in R was used to analyse the research output and publication trends. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to assess the associations between African contributions and global journal metrics. Results African optometry researchers published 1319 papers across 341 journals, accumulating 86,218 citations with an overall h-index of 72. Original research articles comprised 84.4%. Though open access articles had a higher volume (58.7%), subscription-based articles (41.3%) showed a higher citation impact than open access articles (mean rank:641.18 vs 686.73; U = 225,481.50, p = 0.032). Publications were concentrated in 27 core journals. No significant correlations were found between African-authored article counts and Impact Factor (rs = –0.069, p = 0.738) or between African h-index and journal quartile (χ2 (2) = 4.58, p = 0.101). Conclusions African optometry researchers have demonstrated increasing productivity and contribution to ophthalmic research. However, relevance and accessibility drive journal selection more than impact metrics alone, highlighting the need to bridge the gap between research visibility and global recognition.
Large language models (LLMs) have become an essential tool for natural language processing and artificial intelligence in general. Current open-source models are primarily trained on English texts, resulting in poorer performance on less-resourced languages and cultures. We present a set of methodological approaches necessary for the successful adaptation of an LLM to a less-resourced language, and demonstrate them using the Slovene language. We present GaMS3-12B, a generative model for Slovene with 12 billion parameters, and demonstrate that it is the best-performing open-source model for Slovene within its parameter range. We adapted the model to the Slovene language using three-stage continual pre-training of the Gemma 3 model, followed by two-stage supervised fine-tuning (SFT). We trained the model on a combination of 140B Slovene, English, Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian pretraining tokens, and over 200 thousand English and Slovene SFT examples. We evaluate GaMS3-12B on the Slovenian-LLM-Eval datasets, English-to-Slovene translation, and the Slovene LLM arena. We show that the described model outperforms 12B Gemma 3 across all three scenarios and performs comparably to much larger commercial GPT-4o in the Slovene LLM arena, achieving a win rate of over 60 %.
Abstract Background There is a global need for synthetic speech development in multiple languages and dialects, as many children who cannot communicate using their natural voice struggle to find synthetic voices on high‐technology devices that match their age, social and linguistic background. Aims To document multiple stakeholders’ perspectives surrounding the quality, acceptability and utility of newly created synthetic speech in three under‐resourced South African languages, namely South African English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa. Methods & Procedures A mixed methods research design was selected. After the creation of naturalistic synthetic child speech which matched the vocal identity of three children with expressive communication difficulties, those three children answered questions about the quality, acceptability and utility of the synthetic voices using a pictographic three‐point scale. A total of 11 adults who are known to the children participated in subjective quality assessments in the form of mean opinion scores, intelligibility tests and focus group discussions. Outcomes & Results Despite the synthetic adult voices appearing more natural, stakeholders were accepting of all the synthetic voices. Although personalization of the voices is important, intelligibility is prioritized and standard dialects are often preferred. When communication partners have adequate training and are willing to model and support children in all environments, children with expressive communication difficulties thrive, but when augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) use is inconsistent, there is reduced vocabulary development and poor system transitioning, and AAC abandonment is greater. Conclusions & Implications This research suggests that stakeholders from low‐ and middle‐income countries are interested in the development of synthetic voices in their home languages. Our research highlights that children would prefer to incorporate these voices on their high‐tech devices, and adults would prefer them for their children, learners and/or clients’ devices, rather than using British or US English voices. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on this subject Caregivers, service providers, peers and other communication partners play a substantial role in a child AAC user's early communicative success, and their acceptance of AAC ultimately influences the effectiveness of the intervention. When communication partners advocate and support the inclusion of specific speech‐generating devices, AAC applications, and suitable synthetic voices, children are more willing to consistently utilize the technology. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge As literature focusing on stakeholder perspectives from low‐ and middle‐income countries is less common than research from high‐income countries, and often lacks input from multi‐perspective stakeholders, our study offers a unique perspective from South African children with expressive communication difficulties, caregivers of those children, their speech–language pathologists and teachers, about the quality, acceptability and utility of synthetic speech in under‐resourced languages. What are the potential or clinical implications of this work? Our research highlights that stakeholders would prefer South African languages and dialects on South African speech‐generating devices, rather than relying on devices that only incorporate British or US English voices. The development of synthetic speech in under‐resourced languages has the potential to support marginalized AAC communities. Children with expressive communication difficulties would finally be able to participate in class and do so with a voice that matches their age, gender and social and linguistic background. This paper highlights the importance of providing a variety of synthetic voice options and emphasizes the significance of introducing novel voices for high‐tech AAC to children in a manner that respects and aligns with their linguistic and cultural backgrounds.
Postcolonial studies have addressed issues of identity, resistance, and imperial legacy. The book 'Navigating Boundaries: A Comprehensive Study of Postcolonial Theory and Literature' by Dr. Shuchi Agrawal, Professor of English at Amity University, Noida, is an insightful contribution to the field of postcolonial studies, analysing literary works from a variety of geographical regions. The book broadly covers the intersections of cultures, history, and societies and vividly talks about the theoretical frameworks that have risen as the outcome of colonialism. It includes Africa, the Caribbean, and India, and provides in-depth research on key postcolonial theories. The book is rich in its use of vernacular languages practiced by postcolonial critics and theorists representing a new wave of authenticity and originality in writing. The book's title aptly emphasizes the role of navigating boundaries in postcolonial literature, as it explores and reflects the intricacies of identity, history, power, migration, cultural hybridity and resistance in the aftermath of colonialism. The book empowers marginalized voices and give space for alternative perspectives, in order to challenge dominant narratives of power and identity. The book talks about variety of theorists ranging from ancient to modern in a systematic manner. The division of the book into eight chapters along with an introduction and conclusion makes it easier for the readers to select the topic as per their areas of interest.
Regional economic integration has long been recognized as a key strategy for enhancing trade, fostering economic development, and strengthening the bargaining power of developing regions. In this context, the establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) marks a critical juncture in Africa’s economic trajectory. Beyond its aim to expand intra-African trade by harmonizing trade and economic policies across the continent, the AfCFTA also holds the potential of bolstering Africa’s negotiating position with external partners such as the European Union. At present, Africa–EU trade is governed by an overlapping network of bilateral and regional agreements with individual African countries or regional economic communities. The advent of the AfCFTA thus raises a critical question: to what extent can the agreement serve as a platform for a unified, inter-continent trade agreement with external partners such as the EU? Drawing on theories of regionalism, case studies of the EAC, ECOWAS, and Kenya—whose unilateral actions exemplify tensions between national and regional policies—and the history of Africa-EU trade, this article examines whether the AfCFTA can serve as a foundation for a unified African trade policy position. It concludes that while the AfCFTA creates a unique opportunity to consolidate Africa’s voice in global trade, major hurdles must be overcome, including divergent economic interests among member states, the need for deeper policy harmonization, and the complex challenges involved in establishing a unified customs framework.
History of Africa, African languages and literature
This article consists of an intersectional reading of Lynthia Julius’s second volume of poetry Kinderlê, published in 2024. I begin by interpreting the introductory poem in the volume, “1 Gepubliseerdiërs 13”, in which the speaker protests being consistently referred to as a “bruin digter” (a ‘brown’ or ‘coloured’ poet). I read this protest as an invitation to approach the volume through an intersectional (or matrix) rather than an essentialising (or single-axis) lens. The article then identifies aspects of intersectionality theory that will help produce a nuanced reading of Julius’s second volume, namely an understanding of the theory’s origins and the contexts in which it developed, its attention to the tension between dominant and imaginary frameworks, and its use by some researchers as a heuristic instrument and provisional concept. These theoretical vantage points guide a reading that shows how the volume explores the intersections between categories such as race, gender and class, while also adding further layers —including issues of authorship, language, religion and mental health. Special attention is given to Julius’s rewriting of Paul Celan’s famous poem “Todesfuge” in her poem “Bruinfuga” and the cycle of poems titled “Kinderlê”, which creatively re-imagines the historical killing of 32 Nama children by ‘Bushmen’ (the word that the text uses). I conclude that intersectionality can indeed function as a heuristic instrument and prism that illuminates both the complex interwoven identity categories within individual poems and the volume as a whole.
Debora Firmino de Souza, Sonia Sousa, Kadri Kristjuhan-Ling
et al.
The Industry 5.0 transition highlights EU efforts to design intelligent devices that can work alongside humans to enhance human capabilities, and such vision aligns with user preferences and needs to feel safe while collaborating with such systems take priority. This demands a human-centric research vision and requires a societal and educational shift in how we perceive technological advancements. To better understand this perspective, we conducted a systematic literature review focusing on understanding how trust and trustworthiness can be key aspects of supporting this move towards Industry 5.0. This review aims to overview the most common methodologies and measurements and collect insights about barriers and facilitators for fostering trustworthy HRI. After a rigorous quality assessment following the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, using rigorous inclusion criteria and screening by at least two reviewers, 34 articles were included in the review. The findings underscores the significance of trust and safety as foundational elements for promoting secure and trustworthy human-machine cooperation. Confirm that almost 30% of the revised articles do not present a definition of trust, which can be problematic as this lack of conceptual clarity can undermine research efforts in addressing this problem from a central perspective. It highlights that the choice of domain and area of application should influence the choice of methods and approaches to fostering trust in HRI, as those choices can significantly affect user preferences and their perceptions and assessment of robot capabilities. Additionally, this lack of conceptual clarity can be a potential barrier to fostering trust in HRI and explains the sometimes contradictory findings or choice of methods and instruments used to investigate trust in robots and other autonomous systems in the literature.
The South African entrepreneurial sector is essential to the country's economic growth, job creation, and innovation. South African entrepreneurs encounter competitive business environment, limited resources, and socioeconomic gaps. Building resilience is critical for them to overcome challenges, adapt to change, and sustain their businesses in the face of adversity. This paper aims to explore the connection between resilience and emotional intelligence in the context of South African entrepreneurship. A systematic literature review and text analysis was carried out. This systematic literature analysis analysed 37 peer-reviewed sources that explored the impact of emotional intelligence on resilience in the South African entrepreneurial sector. Textual analysis was used to discover themes, patterns, and implications for increasing entrepreneurial resilience. Inclusion criteria included English-language research published during the last decade that focused on emotional intelligence and resilience in entrepreneurship. Non-peer-reviewed papers, grey literature, and those that did not directly address the South African context were excluded. Key findings show that emotionally intelligent leaders are better able to manage stress, build trusted relationships, and adjust to changing circumstances, which improves corporate results and ensures sustainability in a changing economic climate. This paper concludes that emotional intelligence is critical in determining the resilience and success of entrepreneurs in the South African entrepreneurial sector. Recommendations stemming from the results encompass integrating emotional intelligence training courses into entrepreneurial curricula, cultivating a nurturing and emotionally astute workplace, and encouraging self-awareness and emotional regulation proficiencies among prospective and established entrepreneurs in South Africa.
Fakunle Ajewole, Joseph Damilola Akinyemi, Khadijat Tope Ladoja
et al.
The task of recognizing the age-separated faces of an individual, Age-Invariant Face Recognition (AIFR), has received considerable research efforts in Europe, America, and Asia, compared to Africa. Thus, AIFR research efforts have often under-represented/misrepresented the African ethnicity with non-indigenous Africans. This work developed an AIFR system for indigenous African faces to reduce the misrepresentation of African ethnicity in facial image analysis research. We adopted a pre-trained deep learning model (VGGFace) for AIFR on a dataset of 5,000 indigenous African faces (FAGE\_v2) collected for this study. FAGE\_v2 was curated via Internet image searches of 500 individuals evenly distributed across 10 African countries. VGGFace was trained on FAGE\_v2 to obtain the best accuracy of 81.80\%. We also performed experiments on an African-American subset of the CACD dataset and obtained the best accuracy of 91.5\%. The results show a significant difference in the recognition accuracies of indigenous versus non-indigenous Africans.
Kétévi A. Assamagan, Mounia Laassiri, Bobby Acharya
et al.
The African School of Fundamental Physics and Applications, also known as the African School of Physics (ASP), was initiated in 2010, as a three-week biennial event, to offer additional training in fundamental and applied physics to African students with a minimum of three-year university education. Since its inception, ASP has grown to be much more than a school. ASP has become a series of activities and events to support academic development of African students, teachers and faculties. We report on the eighth African School of Physics, ASP2024, organized in Morocco, on April 15--19 and July 7--21, 2024. ASP2024 included programs for university students, high school teachers and high school pupils.
Sewade Ogun, Abraham T. Owodunni, Tobi Olatunji
et al.
Recent advances in speech synthesis have enabled many useful applications like audio directions in Google Maps, screen readers, and automated content generation on platforms like TikTok. However, these systems are mostly dominated by voices sourced from data-rich geographies with personas representative of their source data. Although 3000 of the world's languages are domiciled in Africa, African voices and personas are under-represented in these systems. As speech synthesis becomes increasingly democratized, it is desirable to increase the representation of African English accents. We present Afro-TTS, the first pan-African accented English speech synthesis system able to generate speech in 86 African accents, with 1000 personas representing the rich phonological diversity across the continent for downstream application in Education, Public Health, and Automated Content Creation. Speaker interpolation retains naturalness and accentedness, enabling the creation of new voices.
Abstract African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a contagious pathogen that can cause severe acute haemorrhagic fever in pigs. The first occurrence of an ASF outbreak in Asia was reported in China in August 2018. The devastating impacts caused by ASF on the pig industry have strongly focused research on risk factors for the spread of ASFV. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the potential knowledge gap in the English literature on risk factors for the spread of ASFV in outbreaks that occurred in China, 2018–2020. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) was searched as the primary database. Sixty‐four records were screened, and 31 (48%) records were included in data extraction. These records were also assessed for quality of evidence. Frequency tables for reported risks were created, considering quality of evidence. A narrative summary of mortality rate and case fatality rate reported in a small number of records was made. Mortality rate was reported in seven studies, ranging from 3.7% to 84.0% (median 11.9%). Case fatality rate was reported in six studies, ranging from 20.6% to 100% (median 63.3%). Based on 31 reviewed records, live pig transport, swill feeding and vehicles were the three most important risks for spread contributing to the ASF epidemic in China. Bites of infected Ornithodoros ticks was stated in 12 low level of evidence records but only 1 high level of evidence record as a risk factor for transmission. Direct contact with wild pigs was reported to be a risk factor in 8 records with low level of evidence, and 1 record from the high level of evidence group. However, limited evidence was provided to support the tick–domestic pig or wild pig–domestic pig transmission routes in China. Lack of resources to obtain veterinary assistance and to improve husbandry and biosecurity was mentioned four times in the 31 records, especially in remote rural areas. In conclusion, to effectively control the spread of ASF, it is very important to reduce mechanical dissemination of ASFV by vehicles and live pig transport involved in the production cycle and to ensure that transported pigs are always subject to inspection and quarantine. Additionally, despite strict implementation of prohibition on swill feeding often being impractical or nearly impossible, ensuring the safety of pig feed can greatly contribute to disease prevention. Improvement in biosecurity management, specifically environment disinfection, carcass disposal, and decontamination of vehicles and personnel will be most effective in reducing the risk of infection in small‐scale pig farms.
Abstract Over the centuries, summative assessment has entrenched itself as a powerful socio-political and educational tool for determining success, or a lack thereof, and is thus critical for shaping a learner’s life. This was particularly prevalent during the apartheid era in South Africa when racially differentiated curricula were crafted. This led to severely dysfunctional assessment practices. However, in recognition of the diversity of the nation, with its 11 official languages, and in an attempt to afford all languages equal status, at its inception in 2009, the Department of Basic Education (DBE) established a common language curriculum and guidelines for the high-stakes Grade 12 National Senior Certificate (NSC) examination. This so-called ‘equality’, however, is scrutinised in this paper, with specific reference to the assessment of poetry, a literary genre that is generally thought to be cognitively demanding. This paper investigates the similarities and dissimilarities in the Grade 12 NSC summative examination practices of four selected dominant languages studied at the Home Language (HL) level of proficiency, i.e., English HL, Afrikaans HL, isiZulu HL and Sesotho HL. Drawing on Moodley’s (2018) skills-specific knowledge for validity in the assessment of poetry, Barrett’s Taxonomy of Reading Comprehension for cognitive levels, and Umalusi’s (Council for Quality Assurance in General and Further Education and Training) criteria for determining the comparability of NSC examination papers, this paper analyses the poetry component of Paper 2 (Literature) from three sets of examinations: October/November 2019, 2020 and 2021. The paper concludes on the degree of comparability and incomparability among the four languages regarding structural and technical presentation; mark allocation and cognitive weighting; cognitive levels and scaffolding of questions; instructional verbs and degree of difficulty; validity; and the washback effect.
Building on a comparative literary analysis of two translated African short stories, this article examines whether culture-specific metaphors and symbolisms effectively enrich the texture of a translated text or detract the reader from following the narration. Then, it takes into account critical reception of such culture-loaded stories, for developing an effective translation theoretical framework. Considering that the source texts are written in Arabic and Amharic, both Semitic languages with long literary traditions, the article particularly sets out to adopt a translation approach that focuses on power and means to keep their literary and cultural integrity. The decision to adopt Deleuze and Guattari’s minor literature as a basis for translation theory is highly influenced by Reta’s, the Amharic author’s Hitsinawinet narrative theory. The maze-like framework that Hitsinawinet uses is inspired by the concept of ‘rhizome’ to effectively map out the complex and fragmented history of Ethiopia. The first draft of the Amharic translation is done based on a translation framework formulated by adopting the concept of rhizome as a map. This concept enables constant modifications, incorporating readers’ views through focus group discussions. These complementary methods can facilitate a broader, more dynamic depiction that does not undermine the integrity of the source text.
AbstractIn a context where many African populations are excluded from the traditional banking system, financial inclusion appears to be a determining factor in enabling agents in need of financing, notably producers and consumers, to have easy access to financial services in order to contribute to the multiple efforts of economic and social progress of nations. However, to date, the literature remains silent on the optimal level of financial inclusion that can boost growth. Consequently, this paper aims to verify whether there is a non-linear relationship between economic growth and financial inclusion in the WAEMU zone. Econometric applications based on the PCSE (panel-corrected standard error) model on a panel of eight countries for the period 2014–2018 reveal a U-shaped relationship between the extended banking rate and economic growth. Economic growth shows two different behaviours depending on whether one is on the side of one or the other of the regimes inherent to the inflection point. In view of these results, we suggest that the public authorities: i) intensify campaigns to open accounts in local languages, ii) promote the development of online sales applications for goods and services, iii) pursue the dematerialisation of financial operations within public administrations. Finally, this paper paves the way for future research on the microeconomic component and a similar treatment of the subject, but taking into account the occurrence of the Covid pandemic19.
Walter Hernandez Cruz, Kamil Tylinski, Alastair Moore
et al.
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) faces increasing environmental scrutiny, particularly concerning the energy consumption of the Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism and broader Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) issues. However, existing systematic literature reviews of DLT rely on limited analyses of citations, abstracts, and keywords, failing to fully capture the field's complexity and ESG concerns. We address these challenges by analyzing the full text of 24,539 publications using Natural Language Processing (NLP) with our manually labeled Named Entity Recognition (NER) dataset of 39,427 entities for DLT. This methodology identified 505 key publications at the DLT/ESG intersection, enabling comprehensive domain analysis. Our combined NLP and temporal graph analysis reveals critical trends in DLT evolution and ESG impacts, including cryptography and peer-to-peer networks research's foundational influence, Bitcoin's persistent impact on research and environmental concerns (a "Lindy effect"), Ethereum's catalytic role on Proof of Stake (PoS) and smart contract adoption, and the industry's progressive shift toward energy-efficient consensus mechanisms. Our contributions include the first DLT-specific NER dataset addressing the scarcity of high-quality labeled NLP data in blockchain research, a methodology integrating NLP and temporal graph analysis for large-scale interdisciplinary literature reviews, and the first NLP-driven literature review focusing on DLT's ESG aspects.
With the constant spread of misinformation on social media networks, a need has arisen to continuously assess the veracity of digital content. This need has inspired numerous research efforts on the development of misinformation detection (MD) models. However, many models do not use all information available to them and existing research contains a lack of relevant datasets to train the models, specifically within the South African social media environment. The aim of this paper is to investigate the transferability of knowledge of a MD model between different contextual environments. This research contributes a multimodal MD model capable of functioning in the South African social media environment, as well as introduces a South African misinformation dataset. The model makes use of multiple sources of information for misinformation detection, namely: textual and visual elements. It uses bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) as the textual encoder and a residual network (ResNet) as the visual encoder. The model is trained and evaluated on the Fakeddit dataset and a South African misinformation dataset. Results show that using South African samples in the training of the model increases model performance, in a South African contextual environment, and that a multimodal model retains significantly more knowledge than both the textual and visual unimodal models. Our study suggests that the performance of a misinformation detection model is influenced by the cultural nuances of its operating environment and multimodal models assist in the transferability of knowledge between different contextual environments. Therefore, local data should be incorporated into the training process of a misinformation detection model in order to optimize model performance.
The rely-guarantee approach is a promising way for compositional verification of concurrent reactive systems (CRSs), e.g. concurrent operating systems, interrupt-driven control systems and business process systems. However, specifications using heterogeneous reaction patterns, different abstraction levels, and the complexity of real-world CRSs are still challenging the rely-guarantee approach. This article proposes PiCore, a rely-guarantee reasoning framework for formal specification and verification of CRSs. We design an event specification language supporting complex reaction structures and its rely-guarantee proof system to detach the specification and logic of reactive aspects of CRSs from event behaviours. PiCore parametrizes the language and its rely-guarantee system for event behaviour using a rely-guarantee interface and allows to easily integrate 3rd-party languages via rely-guarantee adapters. By this design, we have successfully integrated two existing languages and their rely-guarantee proof systems without any change of their specification and proofs. PiCore has been applied to two real-world case studies, i.e. formal verification of concurrent memory management in Zephyr RTOS and a verified translation for a standardized Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) to PiCore.
This article offers a systematic and comprehensive account of vowel changes that take place in the inadmissible phonological sequence /VV/ within a word in Zulu. Instead of discussing vowel changes in terms of vowel coalescence, vowel elision and glide insertion (as is conventionally done) this approach discusses the vowel changes with regard to the position of the two juxtaposed vowel phonemes on the vowel chart. The resultant form is predictable in terms of five basic combinatory possibilities, namely that the first vowel is a higher vowel than the second; the first vowel is a lower vowel than the second; the first vowel is a front vowel while the second is a back vowel; the first vowel is a back vowel while the second is a front vowel or the two vowels in the inadmissible sequence /VV/ are identical vowels. This article furthermore demonstrates that palatalisation is triggered by a semi-vowel generated by the inadmissible phonological structure /VV/ in the case of diminutives and locatives derived from nouns containing a bilabial or alveolar consonant in the final syllable.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, Philology. Linguistics