Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

Mohsen Mohammadi

Industrial policy has re-emerged as a central concern of economic strategy, yet dominant frameworks − most notably the developmental state and political settlements − still offer only partial explanations of how states pursue industrial transformation under the pressures of globalization. This article develops a multi-level perspective that connects domestic politics, institutional capacity, leadership agency, and transnational forces within a single analytical frame. It argues that the effectiveness of industrial policy depends not on any one of these domains alone, but on how they interact and reinforce − or undermine − one another across scales of governance. Drawing on the experiences of South Korea (1961–1979) and Malaysia (1981–2003), the paper shows how similar developmental ambitions yielded varying degrees of success, reflecting differences in bureaucratic autonomy, coalition cohesion, and the ability to navigate global regimes and value-chain dynamics. The analysis suggests that successful industrial policy in a globalized world requires both embedded and autonomous institutions, adaptive and committed leadership, and the capacity to negotiate a viable policy space within transnational constraints. The framework thus contributes to a broader research agenda on global industrial policy, linking domestic governance to the evolving architecture of globalization that now shapes industrialization itself.

Zhaoya Gong, Bin Liu, Chenglong Wang et al.

The hierarchy and proximity are key dimensions of urban relational processes, but their interplay in shaping intercity interactions and the underlying structures of city systems remain unclear. We develop a novel geometric model of city systems embedding intercity mobility into a latent hyperbolic geometry, which unravels the measures of hierarchy and proximity accounting for their interplay. It is successfully validated against 12 different nationwide intercity mobility datasets. We find a bottom-up emergence of city hierarchies, along which the variations of city-hinterland relations are non-stationary in terms of their nesting and range properties. Such non-stationarity originates from trade-offs between city hierarchy and hinterland range in determining the formation of city-hinterland structures. Hierarchy- and proximity-dominated urban processes can be elucidated from examining dynamics of the trade-offs. The revealed urban relational processes of city systems are at the core of the emerging science of cities and crucial for spatial planning and regional policymaking.

Noha Elsayed

Heritage gardens, imbued with historical significance and meaning, hold a special value due to their rich aesthetic and historical qualities. These qualities are often evident in the distinctive architectural, urban, and design elements of the landscape, creating a unique visual image that reflects the cultural and historical context of the time. Such gardens represent a sustainable cultural asset for future generations. In Egypt, during the latter half of the 20th century, rapid urban development, often disregarding cultural and historical values, led to the neglect of public gardens and green spaces, particularly heritage gardens. These gardens suffered from deterioration and loss of area, resulting in a distortion of their original visual image. This constitutes a significant research problem, as these gardens must be preserved through the development of tailored plans based on their current conditions. This research aims to develop a methodology to revive the visual image of the heritage gardens. In this context, three research methodologies are employed: theoretical, analytical, and applied. Initially, the concept of heritage gardens, the reasons for their deterioration, methods of preservation, and the most important heritage gardens in Egypt are explored. Adopting a case-study approach, Al-Azbakeya Heritage Garden in Cairo is analyzed, examining its historical significance, heritage value, and the changes in its layout over the years. Finally, the applied methodology involves documenting the garden current condition and assessing the extent to which its visual image has been restored by reviving its original design and, ultimately, the proposed methodology is tested.

Mahshid Gorjian

Background: Schoolyard greening has emerged as an innovative approach to enhancing childrens health and environmental equity in urban U.S. cities. Yet, the implications for neighborhood dynamics and social equity are insufficiently understood. Methods: This comparative literature review synthesizes quantitative and qualitative evidence from peer reviewed studies and case analyses of schoolyard greening in major U.S. cities. Results: Schoolyard greening consistently increases utilization and has a positive, though variable, effect on childrens physical activity and well-being. However, the benefits are not always equitably distributed, and greening projects can catalyze neighborhood change, sometimes leading to green gentrification. Conclusions: Greening urban schoolyards offers benefits for childrens health and urban sustainability but poses challenges for equity and social justice. Policies must prioritize inclusive, community driven approaches to ensure the gains of greening are shared by vulnerable populations.

Kieran Elrod, Katherine Flanigan, Mario Bergés

Designing socially active streets has long been a goal of urban planning, yet existing quantitative research largely measures pedestrian volume rather than the quality of social interactions. We hypothesize that street view imagery -- an inexpensive data source with global coverage -- contains latent social information that can be extracted and interpreted through established social science theory. As a proof of concept, we analyzed 2,998 street view images from 15 cities using a multimodal large language model guided by Mehta's taxonomy of passive, fleeting, and enduring sociability -- one illustrative example of a theory grounded in urban design that could be substituted or complemented by other sociological frameworks. We then used linear regression models, controlling for factors like weather, time of day, and pedestrian counts, to test whether the inferred sociability measures correlate with city-level place attachment scores from the World Values Survey and with environmental predictors (e.g., green, sky, and water view indices) derived from individual street view images. Results aligned with long-standing urban planning theory: the sky view index was associated with all three sociability types, the green view index predicted enduring sociability, and place attachment was positively associated with fleeting sociability. These results provide preliminary evidence that street view images can be used to infer relationships between specific types of social interactions and built environment variables. Further research could establish street view imagery as a scalable, privacy-preserving tool for studying urban sociability, enabling cross-cultural theory testing and evidence-based design of socially vibrant cities.

Tobias Batik, Guillermo Prieto-Viertel, Jiaqi Liang et al.

Urban form plays a crucial role in shaping transportation patterns, accessibility, energy consumption, and more. Our study examines the relationship between urban form and transportation energy use by developing a parametric model that simulates city structures and their impact on travel distances. We explore various urban morphologies, including sprawling, elongated, compact, and vertically concentrated cities, and consider five urban profiles: "needle," "pyramid," "pancake," "bowl," and "ring." We designed an interactive visualisation and calculator that enables the analysis of these effects, providing insights into the impact of various urban configurations. Our model quantifies the average commuting distances associated with these forms, demonstrating that compact and centrally dense cities minimise the total travel distance in cities.

Muhammad Imran Zaman, Usama Ijaz Bajwa, Gulshan Saleem et al.

Vision sensors are becoming more important in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for traffic monitoring, management, and optimization as the number of network cameras continues to rise. However, manual object tracking and matching across multiple non-overlapping cameras pose significant challenges in city-scale urban traffic scenarios. These challenges include handling diverse vehicle attributes, occlusions, illumination variations, shadows, and varying video resolutions. To address these issues, we propose an efficient and cost-effective deep learning-based framework for Multi-Object Multi-Camera Tracking (MO-MCT). The proposed framework utilizes Mask R-CNN for object detection and employs Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) to select target objects from overlapping detections. Transfer learning is employed for re-identification, enabling the association and generation of vehicle tracklets across multiple cameras. Moreover, we leverage appropriate loss functions and distance measures to handle occlusion, illumination, and shadow challenges. The final solution identification module performs feature extraction using ResNet-152 coupled with Deep SORT based vehicle tracking. The proposed framework is evaluated on the 5th AI City Challenge dataset (Track 3), comprising 46 camera feeds. Among these 46 camera streams, 40 are used for model training and validation, while the remaining six are utilized for model testing. The proposed framework achieves competitive performance with an IDF1 score of 0.8289, and precision and recall scores of 0.9026 and 0.8527 respectively, demonstrating its effectiveness in robust and accurate vehicle tracking.

Maria Assunção Gato, Ana Rita Cruz

Annunziata Palermo, Lucia Chieffallo, Sara Virgilio

Cities are vulnerable to the effects of the climate. Building resilience to contain the risks for inhabitants, businesses and infrastructures deriving from the impact of climate change represents a challenge for local planners and public decision-makers. To win it, it is necessary to include the most suitable adaptation actions to contain the conditions of vulnerability in the local urban regeneration processes. To this end, the authors have increased and applied a methodology for defining and mapping climatic vulnerability, with a particular focus on the built environment. The main element of integration and updating concerns the use of Copernicus satellite remote sensing data. The application to the case study demonstrates the adequacy of such data for the research needs and the relative utility in terms of spatial resolution of the results. The vulnerability map into a more accurate definition scale helps the planner to integrate the common regeneration goals with more specific climatic resilience goals. In fact, basing on the results obtained for the case study, the authors define adaptive design solutions aimed at regenerating local resilience in terms of liveability, efficiency and safety.

Francisco Estrada, Veronica Lupi, Wouter Botzen et al.

The social cost of carbon (SCC) serves as a concise gauge of climate change's economic impact, often reported at the global and country level. SCC values are disproportionately high for less-developed, populous countries. Assessing the contributions of urban and non-urban areas to the SCC can provide additional insights for climate policy. Cities are essential for defining global emissions, influencing warming levels and associated damages. High exposure and concurrent socioenvironmental problems exacerbate climate change risks in cities. Using a spatially explicit integrated assessment model, the SCC is estimated at USD$137-USD$579/tCO2, rising to USD$262-USD$1,075/tCO2 when including urban heat island (UHI) warming. Urban SCC dominates, with both urban exposure and the UHI contributing significantly. A permanent 1% reduction of the UHI in urban areas yields net present benefits of USD$484-USD$1,562 per urban dweller. Global cities have significant leverage and incentives for a swift transition to a low-carbon economy, and for reducing local warming.

A. Deppman, R. L. Fagundes, E. Megias et al.

This study investigates city dynamics employing a nonextensive diffusion equation suited for addressing diffusion within a fractal medium, where the nonadditive parameter, $q$, plays a relevant role. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in determining the relation between the fractal dimension of the city, the allometric exponent and $q$, and elucidating the stationary phase of urban evolution. The dynamic methodology facilitates the correlation of the fractal dimension with both the entropic index and the urban scaling exponent identified in data analyses. The results reveal that the scaling behaviour observed in cities aligns with the fractal dimension measured through independent methods. Moreover, the interpretation of these findings underscores the intimate connection between the fractal dimension and social interactions within the urban context. This research contributes to a deeper comprehension of the intricate interplay between human behaviour, urban dynamics, and the underlying fractal nature of cities.

Bin Jiang, Qianxiang Yao, Huan Qian et al.

This chapter investigates the concept of living structure - which is defined as a structural hierarchy that has a recurring pattern of an abundance of small substructures compared to larger ones - and the application of such structures in creating livable cities within urban informatics. By integrating practical, scientific, and artistic innovations, living structures provide a theoretical framework for designing healing environments and understanding urban complexity. We conceptualize spaces through hierarchical transformations, calculating livingness (L) as L = S * H, where S is the number of substructures and H is the inherent hierarchy of those substructures. Living structure is governed by the scaling law and Tobler's law, and guided by differentiation and adaptation principles, and it fosters vibrant and engaging spaces that enhance human well-being and a sense of place. Urban informatics, urban planning, and architecture must evolve beyond just understanding and prediction to include purposeful design. This new kind of science integrates the theory of living structure and emphasizes creation and design, thus transforming those disciplines. This chapter looks at environments that have high structural beauty, as defined by the 15 properties that Christopher Alexander proposed, and discusses the application of those properties in architecture, urban informatics, and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, with the aim of making built environments more vibrant and conducive to human well-being. Keywords: Livable cities, structural beauty, differentiation, adaptation, architectural design, urban complexity

Anand Sahasranaman, Nishanth Kumar, Luis M. A. Bettencourt

India's urbanization is often characterized as particularly challenging and very unequal but systematic empirical analyses, comparable to other nations, have largely been lacking. Here, we characterize India's economic and human development along with changes in its personal income distribution as a function of the nation's growing urbanization. On aggregate, we find that India outperforms most other nations in the growth of various indicators of development with urbanization, including income and human development. These results are due in part to India's present low levels of urbanization but also demonstrate the transformational role of its cities in driving multi-dimensional development. To test these changes at the more local level, we study the income distributions of large Indian cities to find evidence for high positive growth in the lowest decile (poorest) of the population, enabling sharp reductions in poverty over time. We also test the hypothesis that inequality-reducing cities are more attractive destinations for rural migrants. Finally, we use income distributions to characterize changes in poverty rates directly. This shows much lower levels of poverty in urban India and especially in its largest cities. The dynamics of poverty rates during the recent COVID-19 pandemic shows both a high fragility of these improvements during a crisis and their resilience over longer times. Sustaining a long-term dynamic where urbanization continues to be closely associated with human development and poverty reduction is likely India's fastest path to a more prosperous and equitable future.

Rosa Arma

A partir do relato sobre os processos de realojamento dos moradores do Bairro da Cruz Vermelha (bairro de habitação social em Lisboa) e do Bairro da Torre (bairro autoproduzido em Camarate, Loures), refletimos sobre a abordagem participativa a processos de realojamento de populações vulneráveis, comprometida em garantir o seu Direito à Habitação e ao Lugar, tal como descrito por Borja, que inscreve o Direito à Habitação no Direito à Cidade. O relato passa pela ‘voz’ dos sujeitos do estudo, que expressaram suas perceções e seus anseios em entrevistas, bem como no espetáculo de teatro comunitário Mágua di Nôs Partida (Bairro da Cruz Vermelha) e no mais recente processo de fotografia participativa com as crianças do Bairro da Torre.

Ripan Debnath, Christopher Pettit, Simone Zarpelon Leao

In the context of changing global trends and growing uncertainties, creating and evaluating alternative future scenarios is crucial for urban and regional planning. Computational and collaborative approaches are two contemporary options for scenario planning. They have distinct roles and are often applied independently. This study investigates the integration of these two approaches, addressing a knowledge gap by explicitly integrating a Cellular Automata-based model within the collaborative geodesign framework. It assesses the integration process and scenario planning outcomes through a resilience planning case study. The key finding from this experiment is that integrating the information generated by a computational approach with the transparency and reliability inherent in a collaborative approach can enhance the end-user's scenario planning experience. The integration is also perceived to have positive effects on scenario outcomes, which is particularly relevant for joint evidence-based and collaborative resilience planning in cities and regions. However, the study also highlights the need for further investigation into the options for integrating computational methods into collaborative approaches and into the utility of integration in real-world planning with practitioners and the community.

Shubham Mante

The world has been experiencing rapid urbanization over the last few decades, putting a strain on existing city infrastructure such as waste management, water supply management, public transport and electricity consumption. We are also seeing increasing pollution levels in cities threatening the environment, natural resources and health conditions. However, we must realize that the real growth lies in urbanization as it provides many opportunities to individuals for better employment, healthcare and better education. However, it is imperative to limit the ill effects of rapid urbanization through integrated action plans to enable the development of growing cities. This gave rise to the concept of a smart city in which all available information associated with a city will be utilized systematically for better city management. The proposed system architecture is divided in subsystems and is discussed in individual chapters. The first chapter introduces and gives overview to the reader of the complete system architecture. The second chapter discusses the data monitoring system and data lake system based on the oneM2M standards. DMS employs oneM2M as a middleware layer to achieve interoperability, and DLS uses a multi-tenant architecture with multiple logical databases, enabling efficient and reliable data management. The third chapter discusses energy monitoring and electric vehicle charging systems developed to illustrate the applicability of the oneM2M standards. The fourth chapter discusses the Data Exchange System based on the Indian Urban Data Exchange framework. DES uses IUDX standard data schema and open APIs to avoid data silos and enable secure data sharing. The fifth chapter discusses the 5D-IoT framework that provides uniform data quality assessment of sensor data with meaningful data descriptions.

Essam Aldin Ali, Menna Allah Salah Refai Mahmoud, Zienab El-gamily

تمتلک مصر العديد من المناطق التراثية ذات القيمة التي تسعى لرفع کفاءتها الحضرية دون الإخلال بالتوازن الطبيعي بها وتوظيف تراثها التاريخي والثقافي ليکون أکثر فاعلية وجاذبية وتأثيرًا على التنمية السياحية. حيث تسعى الدراسة إلى تطوير المناطق التراثية باستخدام منهجيات التصميم الحضري الشامل لخلق بيئة صحية تلبي احتياجات جميع المستخدمين من مختلف الفئات والأعمار والقدرات ودعم الاستدامة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية معًا، وکذلک استيعاب التغيرات التي يمکن أن تطرأ على المستخدم أثناء حياته اليومية. وتعد عملية تقييم جودة الفراغات الحضرية باستخدام معايير التصميم الحضري الشامل خطوة أولية نحو تفعيل تلک المعايير داخل الفراغ الحضري بهدف تطويره بشکل أکثر کفاءة وملائمة للواقع المحلي. وعليه تناولت الدراسة عرض لمفاهيم ومبادئ ومعايير التصميم الحضري الشامل، وقد تم اختيار جزيرة الالفنتين بأسوان کدراسة حالة نظرًا لما تمتلکه من المقومات الطبيعية والتاريخية بالإضافة إلى الخصوصية الاجتماعية للمجتمع النوبي. ومن خلال استخدام منهج المسح الميداني عن طريق اعداد استبيان ورقي والکتروني لقياس مدى تطبيق معايير التصميم الحضري الشامل داخل جزيرة الالفنتين من وجهة نظر المستخدمين وللوصول لأهم نقاط الضعف والقوه داخل الجزيرة فقد توصلت الدراسة إلى عدم ملائمة الفراغات الحضرية داخل الجزيرة للاستخدام العادل بالإضافة إلى غياب معايير الأمان وحرية الحرکة وغيرها من معايير التصميم الحضري الشامل. کما خلصت نتائج التقييم إلى أن معيار الابتکار من أکثر المعايير تحققًا داخل الجزيرة لما تحمله الجزيرة من طابع نوبي مميز بينما کان معيار إمکانية الوصول موجود ولکن بشکل لا يحقق عدالة الاستخدام. Egypt has many priceless heritage areas that work to improve its urban efficiency without upsetting the country's ecological balance or cultural legacy to boost tourism. The goal of this paper is to improve heritage sites using universal urban design approaches to produce a wholesome setting that satisfies the needs of all users of different groups, ages, and abilities and promotes economic and social sustainability. The process of assessment of urban space quality by using universal urban design criteria is an important step towards improving and activating the urban space more efficiently and appropriately to the local reality. Elephantine Island had chosen as a case study because it has natural and historical components, in addition to the social peculiarity of the Nubian community. the island was evaluated by using a questionnaire to gauge the degree to applied its urban spaces of universal urban design criteria from the user's view as the first step toward the universal development of the island. The results of the assessment concluded that the innovation criterion is one of the most achieved, as the island has a distinctive Nubian character, while the accessibility criterion was present, but in a way that does not achieve equal use.

Lokuthula Msimanga, Geoffrey Mukwada

Rural livelihoods will continue to face the consequences of climatic change in the short and long term, and the outlook is likely going to deteriorate further with the increasing frequency and intensity of weather extremes. This paper aims to investigate the common traits and heterogeneity of climate change impacts on rural livelihoods across the globe. This study focused on systematically reviewing 86 publications using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The review of these articles resulted in the identification of 4 main themes and 11 sub-themes. The results indicate that the substantial body of literature on climate change and rural livelihoods emphasizes the vulnerability of natural-resources based livelihoods to climate-related impacts. Our analysis found that worldwide, the indicators of climate change and variability vary in terms of how climate change affects rural livelihoods and accordingly how rural communities cope with or adapt to climate change also differ. Based on the analysis, the study concludes that these differences are attributed to exposure to various climate change conditions and non-climatic factors, namely social, economic, cultural, and political factors. To employ effective and sustainable rural livelihoods in the face of climate-induced events, it is crucial for internal and external institutions to recognize such heterogeneity, making the formulation of adaptation plans and policies context-specific.

Diego Ortega, Javier Rodríguez-Laguna, Elka Korutcheva

Half of the world population resides in cities and urban segregation is becoming a global issue. One of the best known attempts to understand it is the Schelling model, which considers two types of agents that relocate whenever a transfer rule depending on the neighbor distribution is verified. The main aim of the present study is to broaden our understanding of segregated neighborhoods in the city, i.e. ghettos, extending the Schelling model to consider economic aspects and their spatial distribution. To this end we have considered a monetary gap between the two social groups and five types of urban structures, defined by the house pricing city map. The results show that ghetto sizes tend to follow a power law distribution in all the considered cases. For each city framework the interplay between economical aspects and the geometrical features determine the location where ghettos reach their maximum size. The system first steps shape greatly the city's final appearance. Moreover, the segregated population ratios depends largely on the monetary gap and not on the city type, implying that ghettos are able to adapt to different urban frameworks.

Jaqueline Silveira, Germain García, Afonso Paiva et al.

Extracting relevant urban patterns from multiple data sources can be difficult using classical clustering algorithms since we have to make a suitable setup of the hyperparameters of the algorithms and deal with outliers. It should be addressed correctly to help urban planners in the decision-making process for the further development of a big city. For instance, experts' main interest in criminology is comprehending the relationship between crimes and the socio-economic characteristics at specific georeferenced locations. In addition, the classical clustering algorithms take little notice of the intricate spatial correlations in georeferenced data sources. This paper presents a new approach to detecting the most relevant urban patterns from multiple data sources based on tensor decomposition. Compared to classical methods, the proposed approach's performance is attested to validate the identified patterns' quality. The result indicates that the approach can effectively identify functional patterns to characterize the data set for further analysis in achieving good clustering quality. Furthermore, we developed a generic framework named TensorAnalyzer, where the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed methodology are tested by a set of experiments and a real-world case study showing the relationship between the crime events around schools and students performance and other variables involved in the analysis.