ObjectiveThe urban governance of Beijing, the capital of China, not only affects Beijing’s development quality, but also directly impacts China’s international image. Therefore, in the face of the problem of a large amount of bare land generated in urban construction, the Beijing Municipal Government innovatively proposed the special work of “net uncovering for greening” in 2021, aiming to reduce dust pollution, improve the quality of Beijing’s ecological environment, and achieve the beautiful vision of “Green Beijing” by effectively managing the construction sites, temporary storage yards and other areas covered with tarpaulin cover. However, in the process of implementing this special work, how to efficiently and accurately monitor the status of the tarpaulin cover has become an urgent technical problem to be solved. There is still a gap in research in this field both domestically and internationally, and there is an urgent need for a scientific and systematic monitoring system to support the effective promotion of the special work of “net uncovering for greening”.MethodsTaking the special work of “net uncovering for greening” in Beijing as an example, this research combines the technical means of remote sensing interpretation and deep learning with the U-Net model to train the samples of tarpaulin cover. Then, through human-computer interaction mode, the extraction of the tarpaulin cover and the land parcel under management is achieved. Specifically, the research first utilizes high-resolution satellite remote sensing images as the basic data source, and ensures data quality through preprocessing measures such as image correction and enhancement. Subsequently, representative samples of tarpaulin cover are selected for annotation, and a training dataset is constructed. This process is crucial because high-quality sample data directly affects the accuracy and generalization capability of subsequent model training. The U-Net model, with its unique encoding decoding structure, is able to learn and capture the fine features of the tarpaulin cover as shown in corresponding images, thereby achieving precise segmentation. Through training with a large number of samples, the U-Net model can gradually learn how to distinguish between tarpaulin cover and other types of surface cover, such as bare soil and vegetation. In practical operation, in order to improve monitoring efficiency and accuracy, the research team also introduces a human-computer interaction mode. This mode allows professionals to verifies and correct the preliminary segmentation results of the model, especially in complex scenes or areas with fuzzy edges. Manual intervention can significantly improve the reliability of the results. This mode can not only optimize the performance of the model, but also promotes seamless integration between the model and actual operations, making monitoring work more efficient and flexible.ResultsThis research constructs a complete working system of “establishment − implementation − verification − monitoring”. Specifically, “establishment” represents the establishment of annual accounting data and the clarification of annual work tasks; “implementation” refers to the implementation and feedback of the work of uncovering the net and promoting green development, namely the work of uncovering the net of classified land parcels; “verification” refers to the verification of uncovered land parcels. The remote sensing technology department verifies the implementation of uncovered land parcels based on feedback from the location information of uncovered land parcels and the description of uncovering situation provided by the implementation department, with high-resolution satellite images as the data source; “monitoring” refers to the dynamic monitoring of tarpaulin cover, involving the reduction, addition and variation of tarpaulin cover based on the background data of tarpaulin cover. From 2020 to 2024, Beijing has completed 8 phases of city-wide monitoring of tarpaulin cover net using the working system of “net uncovering for greening”, effectively grasping the distribution and dynamic changes of tarpaulin cover across the city, and providing scientific basis for government decision-making. At the same time, with the deepening of monitoring work, the research team has continuously expanded and improved the sample library of tarpaulin cover, with more types of tarpaulin cover materials, environmental conditions, and image data under seasonal changes being incorporated.ConclusionIn summary, the special work of “net uncovering for greening” in Beijing is not only an innovative practice of urban management, but also a successful case of deep integration of satellite remote sensing and deep learning technology. By establishing a scientific working system, efficient and accurate monitoring of land parcels subject to “net uncovering for greening” has been achieved, providing strong support for the ecological environment governance of mega cities. With the establishment and continuous enrichment of the sample library of tarpaulin cover, further support can be provided for intelligent interpretation of remote sensing images. In this research, the working system is expected to be promoted and applied in more fields, contributing to the construction of greener and smarter cities. Meanwhile, it also provides valuable experience and inspiration for similar work at home and abroad, thus upgrading urban management and environmental protection to a higher level.
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, Architectural drawing and design
ObjectiveAs a special type of heritage, scenic heritage has long existed in China since ancient times, which is dominated by traditional “scenery”. Scenic heritage has a broad spatio-temporal span. Spatially, scenic heritage is formed under the macro landscape space system, and its humanistic and aesthetic values are associated with a wide range of space, which needs to be perceived from the perspective of “overall” landscape environment, rather than the perspective of “local” subject of heritage; temporally, scenic heritage is not a static historical section, but a result of long-term inter-generational inheritance, and its spatial elements, cognitive scope, and cultural values are constantly changing. The wide spatio-temporal span increases the difficulty of comprehensively identifying and recognizing the spatio-temporal characteristics of scenic heritage and its values. As a result, the continuously changing spatial elements and socio-cultural values of scenic heritage cannot be comprehensively identified, leading to a series of problems such as the static protection of heritage space, and the monotonous and fragmented interpretation of cultural values and historical information. In addition, the documents carrying multiple historical information are numerous and scattered, and it is difficult to carry out comprehensive and repeated archaeological excavation of scenic heritage as a living heritage, which further increases the difficulty of collecting and integrating historical information. Therefore, there is an urgent need to construct an appropriate path for research on the spatio-temporal and value characteristics of scenic heritage, so as to effectively deal with the dual fragmentation of spatial environment and historical information that scenic heritage is currently facing.MethodsThe research draws on the theoretical perspective of landscape archaeology, which focuses on the overall environment of heritage and explores the anchoring connection between space and culture, and adopts the multiple evidence method to, through the comparison and mutual verification of multiple historical evidence, construct a path for research on spatio-temporal and value characteristics of scenic heritage based on multiple evidence, in an effort to help resolve the problems of change of spatial environment and fragmentation of historical information faced by scenic heritage. At the same time, Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage is selected as a typical example for the empirical application of the constructed path. Beiyan Scenic Heritage in Fuling, Chongqing is located on the north bank of the Yangtze River, and has gradually become an important humanistic resort through local construction for generations due to its important value as the birthplace of “Yili” (a branch of Chinese philosophy). However, due to the lack of multi-temporal and multi-modal concepts and methods of scenic heritage cognition, the current scope of protection of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage is limited to the cultural relics protection units for Beiyan Inscriptions and their nearby historical building areas, which has led to the aesthetic fragmentation between Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage and surrounding natural environment, as well as the loss of city − landscape relevance. In addition, the failure to fully understand the process of dynamic changes in Beiyan has also resulted in the problems of unclear historical stages of conservation, destruction of key spatial patterns, and monolithic interpretation of cultural values. The research aims to achieve the restoration of historical space, the analysis of spatio-temporal evolution, and the interpretation of cultural associations through the application of landscape archaeology methods such as comparing and contrasting multiple historical evidence regarding Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage, GIS landscape characterization, visual field analysis, and spatial evolution analysis. Firstly, in the step of historical spatial restoration, the historical information of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage is verified based on the comparison and mutual verification of the four types of evidence, namely chronicles, poems, images, and maps; secondly, in the step of spatio-temporal evolution analysis, spatial evolution analysis is adopted to analyze the spatial pattern characteristics of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage and the change law of landscape elements from the perspective of dynamics; and lastly, the cultural life characteristics associated with the spatial representations of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage are summarized and interpreted based on the spatial analysis, so as to infer socio-cultural associations from the space. ResultsThe spatio-temporal characteristics of the overall spatial association of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage presented as “mountain − river − village − yard”, the inter-generational inheritance and expansion process of the key nodes of the core space, as well as the characteristics of the socio-cultural values of the important place of education, the local scenic landmarks, and the places of important local activities are identified.ConclusionThe subsequent conservation of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage should focus on reconstructing the overall structure of “mountain − river − village − yard”, resetting the internal elements and reshaping the value interpretation and dissemination system on the basis of full knowledge of its spatio-temporal and value characteristics, so as to better conserve and pass on the socio-cultural values of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage, with a view to providing a reference for the practice of landscape heritage conservation in China.
Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying, Architectural drawing and design
Drug addiction is one of the most acute modern social issues. The content about drug addiction in the Russian-speaking segment of social media has been analyzed. The types of media and the main topics (news, advertising, humor, etc.) of drug addiction content have been identified, media content features have been highlighted, and audience engagement has been determined. Social media is convenient and easy to use as it allows to share information, but it carries a number of risks. Interactivity, instant distribution of content, uncensored content, and authors’ anonymity are the main factors contributing to illegal materials broadcasting. The Kribrum.Pro Social Media Analysis System was used as a technical tool. Special attention has been paid to the possibilities and limitations of studying deviant phenomena in the Internet environment. For the posts selection, the author’s linguistic query was compiled using a special system of signs, as well as considering alternative names of narcotic substances. The results show that each type of media has its own content, which is explained by the capabilities and moderation policies of specific media platforms. Instant messengers are dominated by advertisements for drug shops and drug couriers, social media is usually dominated by pop culture products about drug addiction (movies, music, and music videos). Blogs have virtually no discussion of drug topics, and the content is multidirectional. Video hosting sites mostly contain materials about “informing and prevention”, “education”, and the content is distributed by rehabilitation centers and medical institutions. In general, the idea of drug addiction in social media can be characterized as ambivalent, that is, there are various, often contradictory images of drug addiction in the media. Platforms are characterized by both normalization and stigmatization, romanticization and idolization of drug addicts from the show business sphere with simultaneous disregard for them.
Lucaogou Formation in the Santanghu Basin is a special lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary deposits rich in volcanic debris and carbonate, with abundant shale oil resources. However, understanding of shale oil characteristics and genesis remains unclear. Lithofacies, sedimentary environment, and formation mechanisms of tuffaceous shale oil are investigated based on core and thin section observations, X-ray diffraction, field emission SEM and geochemical analysis. Results show that three mixed lithofacies types are developed in Lucaogou Formation: blocky tuff, laminated tuffaceous dolomite, and laminated dolomitic tuff. These lithofacies types are characterized by high content of felsic and dolostone, widespread organic matter, and low clay content. Formation of tuffaceous shale oil sweet spots is primarily influenced by four factors: inputting of volcanic ash as a high-quality source rocks and reservoirs provides good material basis; devitrification of volcanic glass, calcitization, and dissolution are crucial for formation of reservoirs; expulsion of source rocks with high-abundance organic matter expulsion facilitates migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon in adjacent reservoirs; fracture development improves reservoir permeability to form highly productive sweet spots. By analyzing characteristics and genesis of tuffaceous shale oil, the main controlling factors of reservoir physical property and oil saturation are clarified, which is of great significance for selection of shale oil exploration zones.
Oils, fats, and waxes, Petroleum refining. Petroleum products
Mohammad amin assarian, hormoz mehrani, zahra alipour darvishi
et al.
Abstract
The main purpose of this research is to develop a native model of social media marketing for online stores, so the current research is in the scope of developmental research. The statistical population of this research included 10 marketing experts and university professors who were selected purposefully and non-randomly, based on reaching theoretical saturation. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data. The data obtained from the interview was done in three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding through database theory. Max QDA version 20 software was used for data analysis. From all the indicators obtained from the qualitative analysis of 10 interviews, 11 categories and 52 indicators have been used to formulate the native model of social media marketing of online stores. The result of data analysis has been presenting a paradigmatic model including six components of causal conditions (information and communication technology, time management and cost management), background conditions (infrastructure of online stores), intervening conditions (sanctions and economic problems, and risk management), strategies (use of expert manpower and the use of influencers), the central phenomenon (social media marketing), and consequences (sustainability in the use of social networks, special value of the brand). A number of indicators were also identified for each of the identified main categories.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The most important event that happened after the development of social networks in the world is a topic called business in social networks, which has many advantages from the point of view of both commercial companies and customers (Iacovou, 2021). Social business has a structure based on social networks, where each business center or each customer is a node of the network (Jacobson, Gruzd & Hernández-García, 2020). Social media marketing has an impact on various aspects of customers' behavioral tendencies, such as brand loyalty and brand trust; therefore, it has been paid highly attention by researchers as well as business owners (Yazdani Kachuei, Korhani, & Kosari, 2022). Online stores have emerged in the country's business environment for more than a decade and have experienced relatively rapid growth. On the other hand, with the expansion of the Internet and especially smart phones inside the country, the desire of customers to buy from online stores has also increased. However, a large part of online stores in Iran have not been able to convince a large part of customers to buy online, and one of the reasons is the lack of an effective online marketing program in most of the online stores in the country. The results of this study can provide opportunities for business leaders to find new ways to use social media to engage their customers, which can lead to job creation and improve the economic situation, and contribute to social change. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of developing a local model of social media marketing for online stores with a qualitative approach. The main question of the current research is: what dimensions and components does the local social media marketing model of online stores include?
Theoretical framework
Social media provides a two-way communication channel between companies and their customers, and is changing the way by which businesses market their goods and services to their customers (Morales, Sosa-Fey & Farias, 2017). A common business problem is that business leaders are not using social media to improve customer engagement, resulting in lost potential profits. A specific business problem is that some business leaders lack social media marketing strategies to increase customer engagement (Islam, Rahman & Connolly, 2021). The past decade has seen the development of complex, diverse and intensified interactions between companies and their customers through the use of social media. On one hand, companies use social media platforms to expand geographic reaching to buyers, strengthen brand evaluations, and create closer relationships with customers (Creevey, Coughlan & O'Connor, 2022). On the other hand, customers are increasingly empowered by using social media and controlling the marketing communication process and are becoming creators, collaborators, and interpreters of the messages sent by business companies.
Alrawad et al, (2023) conducted a study titled customers' perception of the advantages and risks of online stores. A total of 558 participants in three countries (Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) were selected as samples. The results showed that among the types of risks examined, only three had a significant impact on customers' purchase decisions: financial risk, information risk, and privacy risk. Regarding the moderating role of demographic variables, the analysis showed that previous experience has a significant moderating effect.
Liu, Wang, Zhang & Qiao (2023) conducted a study on the effects of social media marketing activities on the travel behaviors of Generation Z in the tourism industry. The statistical population and the studied sample include 384 female tourists. The results showed that generation Z tourists were more sensitive to the four characteristics of social media marketing activities (entertainment, stylishness, interaction, and word of mouth) when choosing destinations, and were more willing to pay more to visit than others.
Yazdani Kachuei, Korhani, & Kosari (2021) conducted a study entitled Investigating the impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty with the mediating role of trust and brand equity in the banking industry. 384 acceptable samples were collected by simple random sampling. Research results shows that social media marketing has an effect on brand loyalty with the mediating role of trust and brand equity, that is, if the bank tries to create content in the virtual space and through it they can attract the attention of the audience in those platforms and encourage readers to share It among the social media, as a result, the loyalty of the bank's customers will be improved.
Methodology
This research is in the field of developmental-applicable in terms of purpose, and it is a qualitative-exploratory research method, which, by means of the qualitative approach of dimensions, components and indicators effective on social media marketing, is identified and design a research model. To design the model, a group of social media marketing experts, online store managers and social media marketing managers have been selected and interviewed. The reason for choosing this community is the dominance of experts on the concept of marketing and knowledge of its status, and having experience and knowledge and responsibilities related to social media marketing and increasing sales in online stores. Therefore, sampling has been done using the snowball method. The sampling of experts in this research has been carried out until the discovery and analysis process reaches the theoretical saturation point; by conducting 10 interviews. In this research, database theory was used for data analysis. In this regard, the content of the interviews was conducted in three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding. Data analysis in the qualitative section has been done using Maxqda v.20 software.
Discussion and Results
In the research process, after collecting data and analyzing and interpreting them, it is time to present the model, conclusion and summarizing the research. In the first step, by examining the current situation, the obtained data are classified into 6 main categories. According to the professors and experts, all indicators obtained from the qualitative analysis of 10 interviews; including 11 categories and 52 indicators, have been used to formulate the native model of social media marketing for online stores. Based on the secondary coding results of the research, the indicators of considering sufficient capital to start a business, the costs of supplying goods and various items, SEO, site design and optimization and etc., producing trust in the internet and virtual space, providing comprehensive and complete information in the case of store products as contextual categories, information and communication technology, time management and cost management as categories of causal conditions, indicators of widespread advertising in social networks, providing after-sales services (providing services before, during and after purchase), long-term strategy or planning (rather than considering short-term and temporary profits), planning to publish content on social networks, listening and interacting with customers (by receiving comments, opinions and complaints from customers), analyzing marketing performance as the central phenomenon category, the use of expert manpower and the use of influential people (influencers) as the category of strategies and actions, sanctions and economic problems, and risk management as the category of intervening conditions, indicators of brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, brand loyalty, repetition of virtual purchases, fanatical shopping behavior, reduction of search time and continuous use of social network, positive word-of-mouth advertising, customer satisfaction were selected as the categories of outcomes in developing the local social media marketing model of online stores.
Conclusion
These findings show that if the native social media marketing model of online stores is formulated correctly, it can have a positive effect on the buying behavior of customers; a problem that has already been mentioned by many researchers (Chatterjee & Kar, 2020; Creevey, et.al, 2022; Harb, et.al, 2019; Nian & Sundararajan, 2022).
It is recommended that in other researches, the effect of endorsement by famous people to brand online stores should be investigated separately.
It is suggested to evaluate the impact of economic sanctions on the performance of domestic online businesses in a separate research format.
It is suggested to develop a model related to social media marketing of online stores using metacombination method in future researches.
Fires in the railway trains are prone to cause large numbers of casualties, serious economic losses, and huge negative social impacts. The railway train carriage is a special confined built environment, where the pyrolysis, combustion, and fire spread process are different from those fire accidents in open space. Identifying the fire characteristics of the railway train carriages is the key issue to determine the fire prevention and control strategy. Therefore, this paper attempts to assess and identify the characteristics of pyrolysis, combustion, and fire spread of railway trains based on the exising research. This review documents the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of single train material and the combustible module, summarizes the heat release rate (HRR) calculation methods and the HRR profile for different types of trains, as well as introduces the research progress in the flame spread and flashover. The main gaps and issues to be solved in terms of the effects of train speed, altitudes, and application of new energy trains are further discussed.
Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, Building construction
Marta Elisa Seoane-Martín, María Carmen Rodríguez-Martínez
(1) Background: The main activity children engage with is learning through play or formal education. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the role of occupational therapy in the school setting for children with additional support needs or disabilities. (2) Method: We conducted a systematic review using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CDR42022314271). The search was performed in the following databases: ERIC, Dialnet Plus, PubMed, OTseeker, Cochrane, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. (3) Results: In total, 1954 studies were identified, from which 18 articles were selected. These studies were heterogeneous and showed different types of intervention of the occupational therapist in school environments. (4) Conclusions: The main conclusions highlighted the effectiveness of the occupational therapist within the school environment, the importance of an interdisciplinary team to cover the special needs students within the school and the need for intrinsic motivation for an active and inclusive participation of the students with special needs. However, there is a need for more homogeneous studies with a larger sample size that specifically focus on the school context and include the involvement of occupational therapists in order to replicate the findings obtained.
Online education, including college English education, has been developing rapidly in the recent decade in China. Such aspects as e-readiness, benefits and challenges of online education were well-researched under normal situations, but fully online language teaching on a large-scale in emergencies may tell a different story. A survey of 2310 non-English-major college students and 149 English teachers from three types of twelve higher education institutions in Wuhan was conducted to evaluate their readiness for online English education during the COVID-19 pandemic, to figure out challenges encountered by them and to draw implications for future online college English education. Quantitative statistics gathered using two readiness scales adapted from previous studies showed that both cohorts were slightly below the ready level for the unexpected online transition of college English education. The overall level of readiness for students was 3.68 out of a score of 5, and that for teachers was 3.70. Individual differences were explored and reported. An analysis of qualitative results summarized six categories of challenges encountered by the students, i.e. technical challenges, challenges concerning learning process, learning environment, self-control, efficiency and effectiveness, and health concern. Though the students reported the highest level of readiness in technology access, they were most troubled by technical problems during online study. For teachers, among three types of challenges, they were most frustrated by pedagogical ones, especially students' disengagement in online class. The survey brought insights for online college English education development. Institutions should take the initiative and continue promoting the development of online college English education, because a majority of the respondents reported their willingness and intention to continue learning/teaching English in online or blended courses in the post-pandemic period. They are supposed to remove technical barriers for teachers and students, and assess the readiness levels of both cohorts before launching English courses online. Institutions should also arrange proper training for instructors involved, especially about pedagogical issues. Language teachers are suggested to pay special attention to students' engagement and communication in online courses.
The article focuses on the problem of media materials bypassing the important requirement for quality journalism - veracity. The purpose of the work was to study the regularities determining the tendency towards information disorder at the stage of global digitalization of media environment. The discourse analysis made it possible to prove that the nature of fake phenomena can be understood not only in a media discourse but also in political, economic, scientific and other types of discourse. The authors systematize the reasons why information anomalies appear, special attention is paid to the ways of adequate response to a fake crisis (improving fact-checking procedure, using effective legal and marketing instruments, developing technological filters, increasing the level of media literacy, observing journalism ethics). The study proves that clip thinking – figurative, synthetic, stimulating instinctive reactions, targeted at emotions and opinions – is part of mental basis of destructive processes in media environment. It blocks the verification mechanisms and actualizes binary mythological oppositions inherent in fakes: life – death, order – chaos, friends – foes, people – power etc. It can be proved by outrageous Russian fake media products: TV news report about a boy crucified in Slavyansk by Kiev security forces; fake news about a Putinburger; unreliable news reports about a fire in the Winter Cherry shopping mall. The analysis of the above mentioned materials detects national specific features of information attacks. This aspect should be taken into consideration when forming a critical thinking culture which will provide an optimal balance between freedom of speech and cybersecurity
The development of electronic communication brings to rapid language and speech-communicative changes. These changes make the scientific task of their timely conceptualization urgent. The purpose of this study is to generalize and analyze the research results on the onyms functioning in the electronic environment and Internet communication. The analysis highlights two the main areas of the research that have developed in science to date. The functioning of the proper name in the Internet discourse is the study object of the first group. The Internet environment is mainly a source of language material according to this group research, which is analyzed considering the electronic communications features (its polycode, informality, interactivity). The feature of this group research is that its’ the main object is represented either by specific linguistic phenomena or special types of discourse, while electronic communication is a secondary feature for its highlight. The second research direction involves the study of new onomastic phenomena that owe their existence to the context of the electronic environment and its communicative, pragmatic, and technical features. This research direction implies both the detection of new types of onyms that were generated by Internet communications, and the description of their characteristic semantic, pragmatic, stylistic, and formal grammatical features. A special status among the objects studied in the second direction is given to such a phenomenon as a nickname, which implements a whole set of features that allow us to talk about its principal novelty and uniqueness. A nickname is the result of autonomy in terms of pragmatic and communication. This contributes to its use as a means of self-presentation and expression; also, a nickname has noticeable formal features that represent the ways of its construction (free choice of motivational bases, language play, active use of non-alphabetic characters). There is also noted an impact of new phenomena in Internet onomastics on the onomastic system and emphasized the need for closer attention to this influence.
Abstract Background Mycofiltration is an environment friendly technology which involves the treatment of contaminated water by passing it through a network of fungal mycelium. This technology has gained momentum over the years, and the systematic review chartered in this protocol will compile and synthesise literature on mycofiltration studies, paying special attention to the types and levels of contaminants removed. The systematic review should provide insight into the removal efficiency of mycofiltration by synthesising the mycofiltration knowledge base. Moreover, the proposed contribution will inform further research and provide comprehensive information to relevant stakeholders, such as municipalities, which might be in need of interventions for alleviating wastewater-related pollution in surrounding water bodies. Methods This systematic review protocol is based on the question, “What is the effectiveness of mycofiltration for removal of contaminants from water?” A thorough search of peer reviewed journal articles and grey literature sources will be conducted on academic journal databases, websites, specialist sources such as environmental organisations as well social and networking sources. A supplemental search will also be performed by forward and backward citation tracing. A two-stage screening process at title, abstract and full text level, will be conducted, against predefined inclusion criteria. Studies that meet inclusion criteria will be subjected to quality assessment. Data will be extracted and compiled into a narrative synthesis and summarised into tables and figures. Meta-analysis will be performed where sufficient evidence-base allows.
Introduction. Ritual, ceremonial and festive events of the Mordovians represent a sphere of concentration and representation of spiritual-moral and value-oriented views of the people. They contain the origins of theatre and scenography as types of art. However, they cannot be considered as independent types of art in its modern meaning, as they used to exist in forms of theatricalization (pretheater) and pre-scenography. The subject of the article is the specifics of the functioning of pre-scenography in ceremonial, ritual and festive events of the Mordovians, as well as the disclosure of its main types: character type, determination of the place of action and game type.
Materials and Methods. The theoretical materials are based on the research in the field of theatre and scenography. The reliability and academic validity of the research are ensured by the sociocultural approach, as well as by research methods, namely system-typological method, analytical method and interpretation method.
Results and Discussion. Having studied the functioning of pre-scenography in ritual, three types of ceremonial and festive events of the Mordovians are revealed. The character type included a variety of components: metaphorical image, nature phenomena and objects, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic images, as well as objects of material culture. The next type determined the place of action which included everyday human environment, as well as production and household spaces. The game type implied conversion of performers of rituals and ceremonies into zoomorphic images, into various human (sometimes imaginary) characters through costumes, makeup and masks.
Conclusion. Based on the analysis of the ritual, ceremonial and festive events of the Mordovians, a typology of pre-scenography is given, the special features of its functioning are determined.
Jens Hellinger, Peter Jägers, Katharina Spoida
et al.
The flashlight fish Photoblepharon steinitzi inhabit coral reef caves in the Red Sea. During the night they dwell alone or in pairs near their cave entrance, characteristic of territorial like behavior. A special feature of the flashlight fish is a bioluminescent organ located under their eyes, which emits blue green light. This bioluminescence may have various functions including intraspecific communication. To gain a better understanding of how these bioluminescent signals are used during territorial aggression, we investigated the territorial behavior of P. steinitzi in its native environment. Using infrared video recordings at night, we found that P. steinitzi increases its blinking frequency, while attacking intraspecific intruders, different artificial light organs or a fish dummy simulating an intraspecific intruder. All three stimuli presented to P. steinitzi elicited four different types of attack modes (i.e., darting, border crossings, repetitive swimming toward stimuli and aggressive contact with stimuli such as ramming and bites) to varying degrees coupled with high blinking frequencies. These attacks occurred near the entrance of the cave where P. steinitzi mainly resides during the night, suggesting a territorial behavior. Collectively our data show that the intensity of displayed aggression potential in P. steinitzi depends on the signal properties of the intraspecific intruder. A constant glowing light organ dummy increase the aggression level in P. steinitzi whereas a blinking light organ dummy that simulate an intruder and a constant glowing dummy that display the fish shape decrease the aggression level in P. steinitzi.
Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution
With the fierce research on the space and terrestrial network, the satellite network as the main component has received increasing attention. Due to its special operating environment, there are temporary link failures caused by interference and permanent port failures caused by equipment problems. In this paper, we propose a new satellite network routing technology for fault recovery based on fault detection. Based on Bayesian decision, this technology judges the probability of each fault by a priori probability of the two faults to achieve the purpose of effectively distinguishing between two types of faults and locate faulty links and node ports. Then, corresponding to the previous two stages of the fault detection, different stages and different methods are updated for different types of fault. We also combine satellite network data from satellite simulation software to validate our study. The results show that the recovery strategy has good performance, and the effective resource utilization rate is improved significantly.
Mohammed Ali Rashid, karim Rashid Gabashi , Reyam Majid Sardal
Recently, the products of dyes and phenols that effluent into water cause serious environmental complications where they cannot be controlled and sustained in the environment. In this study, a special type of bentonite clay was used to remove two types of reactive dyes (red, green) and 2,4-dichlorophenol from water by adsorption processes, under different operating conditions of pH values between (4-9) contact time (30-180) min, bentonite dose (0.2-1) g/200 ml, initial concentration (5-100) mg/L for reactive dyes, and (5-50) mg/L for 2.4-Dichlorophenol.The adsorption model has been applied to represent fit the experimental data of the adsorption process. The results showed that the Langmuir model was more suitable to represent the removal of reactive dyes (red, green) and the Freundlich model was more suitable to represent the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by bentonite clay.
Baiba Vilne, Baiba Vilne, Heribert Schunkert
et al.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) remain among the leading causes of mortality worldwide, urgently demanding a better understanding of disease etiology, and more efficient therapeutic strategies. Genetic predisposition as well as the environment and lifestyle are thought to contribute to disease risk. It is likely that non-linear and complex interactions occur between these multiple factors, involving simultaneous pathological changes in diverse cell types, tissues, and organs, at multiple molecular levels. Recent technological advances have exponentially expanded the breadth of available -omics data, from genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome to even the microbiome. Integration of multiple layers of information across several -omics domains, i.e., the so-called multi-omics approach, currently holds the promise as a path toward precision medicine. Indeed, a more meaningful interpretation of genotype-phenotype relationships and the development of successful therapeutics tailored to individual patients are urgently needed. In this review, we will summarize recent findings and applications of integrative multi-omics in elucidating the etiology of CAD/MI; with a special focus on established disease susceptibility loci sequentially identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) over the last 10 years. Moreover, in addition to the autosomal genome, we will also consider the genetic variation in our “second genome”—the mitochondrial genome. Finally, we will summarize the current challenges in the field and point to future research directions required in order to successfully and effectively apply these approaches for precision medicine.
Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system
There is growing demand for a clearer understanding of whether precarious work is a social determinant of health (1‒5) and whether non-standard workers with less job security are more vulnerable to adverse safety and health outcomes. In their systematic review published in the current issue of the Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, Koranyi et al (6) define “precarious employment” as a multidimensional set of unfavorable work characteristics experienced in various degrees by workers with the common denominator of loss of security in some domain. Their review makes an important contribution to this area by summarizing the existing scientific research on the relationship between precarious work and risk of occupational injury. As a vulnerable working population, precarious workers have consistently been a topic of concern since the late 1980s (5, 7). Yet the review by Koranyi et al (6) demonstrates unequivocally the paucity of research studies performed over the last two decades addressing the subject. Four dimensions of precarious work were defined in the study and these, along with their corresponding search constructs, form the basis of the review and include (i) length of employment (exposed or not to: temporary employment, casual employment, working for subcontractor or temp agency, hourly pay); (ii) at work characteristics (exposed or not to: work time control, fixed work schedule); (iii) income (exposed or not to: part time, multiple jobs, wages), and (iv) labor rights (exposed or not to: insurance benefits, unionization, job insecurity precarious career). Given the wide range of search terms used, it was surprising that only 80 research articles were identified for full review following searches in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases (articles published 1997‒2017), and only 17 articles were selected following full review to form the scientific basis of the evidence between precarious work and risk of work-related injury. Most of the selected studies demonstrated that there is likely a positive association between these dimensions of precarious work and work-related injury. However, it remains unclear whether the “loss of security” is a characteristic of non-standard work (multiple job holding, or part-time, temporary or contract work) that increases the risk of a work-related injury. Most studies evaluated non-standard work characteristics as implicit of precarious work but did not directly address the question. Three studies were found that focused on factors directly related to “loss of security”: lack of insurance benefits (8), job insecurity (9), and precarious career (10). Of these factors, two had statistically significant associations with work-related injury [eg, insurance benefits, risk ratio (RR)/odds ratio (OR) 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19‒1.88), and precarious career RR/OR 1.41 (95% CI 1.34‒1.48)]; however, job insecurity showed a positive, but non- significant association, RR/OR of 1.55. Work in multiple jobs and working for temporary agencies were the two areas of non-standard work arrangements providing the strongest evidence of elevated risk of work-related injury. All four studies on multiple job holding (11‒14) reported increased risk of work-related injury when working in multiple jobs as compared with single jobs (with 3 of the 4 being statistically significant). Dong et al`s longitudinal study (12) demonstrated a strong dose‒response relationship where every additional job resulted in increased risk to a cohort of construction workers. Both of the two studies on work in temporary agencies (15, 16) reported increased risk when working in temporary agencies compared to all industry (Finland and Washington State, USA). Although work in temporary employment was the most common exposure studied (6 of 17 articles) and is believed by Koranyi et al (6) to be the “central dimension” of precarious employment, only one of the studies looking specifically at this work group found a significant association. The article by Bena et al (17) was perhaps the most relevant and convincing article in the review. This study investigated how working as a subcontractor (versus a contractor) and length of employment contract were associated with risk of work-related injury in a cohort of 9000 construction workers employed on a high-speed train construction site in Italy. The shorter the length of a worker’s employment contract, the higher the risk of injury: the RR was over twice as high for those with a 6-month contract (as compared with a 2-year contract), 1.7 times higher for 1-year contract, and 1.5 times higher for 1.5-year contract. The associations were strong and CI narrow and there also appeared to be a strong dose‒response relationship. Additionally, length of contract is an objective exposure metric and likely related to job insecurity. Other studies evaluated only very broad exposure categories of work in temporary versus permanent employment (with no detail on the type of work), which may be why only weak associations were found (ie, we don’t know whether there may be unbalanced occupational hazards in the temporary versus permanent employment groups). Despite the publicity and reporting of fatalities of workers in temporary work assignments (18, 19) the research evidence to date has been inconclusive on whether this work group is at elevated risk for injury. Much stronger studies in this area are needed which better control for the role of occupational exposures or other job characteristics (such as job tenure, socioeconomic status) known to be related to temporary work and work-related injury to avoid confounding or mediating risk. Alali et al (9) was the only study to simultaneously investigate job insecurity and temporary versus permanent contract work status. The RR for both these risk factors, in their study of Belgium workers, was statistically insignificant: job insecurity had a positive association while temporary contract work appeared protective. This may indicate that job insecurity mediates or confounds the relationship between holding a temporary work contract and work-related injury or possibly is on the causal pathway or these risk factors may be too highly correlated to study together. The majority of the 17 studies focused on only a single aspect of non-standard work; however, a worker frequently experiences many, simultaneous non-standard work exposures. For instance, multiple job holders are more likely than single job holders also to be on-call workers, independent contractors, and those working the evening shift or some other non-regular schedule (13). Therefore, while some of these workers may be at very high risk due to being exposed to multiple exposures known to be related to work-related injury (eg, long work hours, working the night shift, insufficient wages in a primary job) others may be working in a second part-time job to pursue a hobby or special interest and may not be exposed to job insecurity, high work demands or be at elevated risk at all. Currently, these two multiple job holder exposure groups with very different exposure dimensions are being grouped together, which may obscure the true magnitude of risk for the more vulnerable work group. The “at work characteristics” dimension of precarious work, which includes the constructs of work time control and fixed work schedule, did not appear to be comprehensively addressed in this review. There were only two search terms related to this topic, “inconvenient hours” and “part-time work.” Many workers are now exposed to many different kinds of precarious work schedules such as just-in-time scheduling, fluctuating work hours (20) or work in the early morning or overnight. While the relationship between shift work, long work hours and work-related injury have been well studied and shown to increase risk of injury (21‒31), they need to be included as covariates in studies along with other non-standard work characteristics in order to control for confounding or effect modification. While there appears to be enough evidence to conclude that non-standard and precarious work described by Koranyi et al (6) is associated with work-related injury, critical areas still need to be addressed in order for interventions to be developed. Etiologic evidence on specific populations and mechanisms (fixed and transient factors) leading to work-related injuries for these populations (4) is needed. We also need to understand the interaction between risk associated with “job insecurity” or job dissatisfaction and structural components of non-standard working creating vulnerability (such as fragmentation of the working day, flexible work schedules or job tenure). Many of these non-standard work characteristics are correlated and, therefore, the highest-risk groups are likely to be only small subsets of the work groups studied (ie, multiple job holders who are working in temporary assignments and where their second job is at night). These high risk groups may be difficult to study and find statistical associations due to sample size constraints. Low prevalence of high risk exposures as well as relatively rare incidence of some work-related injuries pose challenges as well. One potential approach may be a case‒control design with nested case crossover, which would have the added benefit of studying both fixed and transient risk factors (such as work scheduling) and controlling for confounding or effect modifying factors (eg, age, gender, education, income, tenure, employer size). The benefit of the nested case-crossover design would allow for easily identified cases (through emergency departments or trauma centers) to efficiently be used as their own controls and allow for studying transient exposures, which could include the transitions to new job schedules and job forms. National-level surveillance of the ever-growing precarious workforce will require: (i) defining a set of standard characteristics that should be collected simultaneously which cover all aspects of non-standard work and precariousness, (ii) changing how we collect employment information, (iii) implementing surveillance systems which are able to also collect characteristics of workers with outcomes in this same format; and (iv) designing and carrying out research that can identify enough cases and optimize power to properly study all potential factors simultaneously. Currently, we have only very imprecise and/or local estimates of the prevalence of new forms of work. Annual employment estimates are collected using antiquated systems designed to gather employment data with the primary objective of tracking and understanding unemployment in societies. Typically, workers are asked if they were employed in the last week, and then, if yes, what was the industry and occupation that they worked in for their primary job. In order to gather employment data on the many new forms of work, as well as on multiple jobs and the precarious nature of work, more questions are required. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (32) US Contingent Worker Supplement to the Current Population Survey is a supplemental survey that does address some of the issues. However, this is treated as a supplemental intermittent survey and has only been issued very sporadically; last year (2017) was the first time it was administered since 2005. Questions need to be developed to provide understanding at a detailed level on both non-standard work and the level of precariousness for those with work-related injury. Since workers can be working in multiple non-standard ways, questions need to be asked in a very direct manner (with yes/no options) for both non-standard employment (33) and levels of job insecurity. It is evident from this review that a direct measure of job insecurity was missing in many of the prior studies. This exposure element is difficult to objectively assess, although low wages and length of contract may be close markers. The Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES) (34), which Koranyi et al employed, appears to be a useful and tested tool for assessing job insecurity going forward. This tool has demonstrated high sensitivity to worker vulnerability, employment instability, and levels of precariousness. For about the last 30 years, vast changes in the world of work have occurred at an incredibly rapid pace. As developing nations have been industrializing, modern western nations have been de-industrializing. Globalization, along with de-industrialization, has resulted in rapid growth of the service sector and a decline in manufacturing in advanced economies. Even more recent and impactful has been the dramatic shift away from stable, fixed and permanent employment arrangements to “flexible “and precarious work forms ‒ the most recent of that being work in the “gig” economy, a term borrowed from the music industry which refers to a job with no long‐term connection to a particular business (35). With the participation of as many as 25‒40% workers in European/Scandinavian countries (36‒37) and 15‒20% of US workers and growing (33) in such employment, there is a real need to understand risk factors unique to these new forms of employment. In this new phase of flexible employment, workers are working in hazardous jobs without the appropriate protections in place. 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Our work is based on an analysis of data on all births in Romania during 2006-2010 and attempts to draw some major types of situations in which the mothers of children there are born in those previous five years. Based on information from official records made at birth, we were able to build a total of five categories of mothers, using as criteria occupation, schooling and environment (urban or rural) in which they live. Validity of the distinctions between these categories results from their relationship with other factors not included in the classification, i.e. the fact that the five classes differ after many other relevant indicators, such as extramarital birth weight, mean age at birth, state the child’ father, ethnicity and so on. The practical importance of the study is that, based on different profiles of types found, we can imagine different policies for supporting birth rates, with appropriate solutions to each of these situations. Or, on the contrary, we will prove that a single measure is not appropriate for all women or couples. We also mention that special attention must be paid to extramarital births, demonstrating one again that this phenomenon takes in Romania very different forms than in Western (especially in the Northern) countries.
The paper studies the ropeways as a special subgroup of land traffic system from the interdisciplinary aspect of the traffic sciences and geography. The ropeways have seen a propulsive technical and technological development over the last several decades. Therefore, the paper gives an overview of the types of ropeways with special emphasis on the technologically most advanced ropeways. Regarding the lack of studies on the ropeway issues in Croatia, the space distribution of ropeways in the Republic of Croatia has been analysed. The ropeways, as well as other transport modes, affect the space, and since ropeways are considered environmentally friendly traffic modes, their impact on the environment is analysed, both in the mountains and in the cities. Moreover, the economic influence of ropeways on the surrounding area is studied as well.
KEY WORDS: ropeway, surface lift, aerial ropeway, chairlift, gondola, funicular