Hasil untuk "South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia"

Bin Zhou, P. Perel, G. Mensah et al.

High blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors for ischaemic heart disease, stroke, other cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease and dementia. Mean blood pressure and the prevalence of raised blood pressure have declined substantially in high-income regions since at least the 1970s. By contrast, blood pressure has risen in East, South and Southeast Asia, Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa. Given these trends, the prevalence of hypertension is now higher in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. In 2015, an estimated 8.5 million deaths were attributable to systolic blood pressure >115 mmHg, 88% of which were in low-income and middle-income countries. Measures such as increasing the availability and affordability of fresh fruits and vegetables, lowering the sodium content of packaged and prepared food and staples such as bread, and improving the availability of dietary salt substitutes can help lower blood pressure in the entire population. The use and effectiveness of hypertension treatment vary substantially across countries. Factors influencing this variation include a country’s financial resources, the extent of health insurance and health facilities, how frequently people interact with physicians and non-physician health personnel, whether a clear and widely adopted clinical guideline exists and the availability of medicines. Scaling up treatment coverage and improving its community effectiveness can substantially reduce the health burden of hypertension. In this Review, Zhou and colleagues summarize the current data on the global epidemiology of blood pressure and hypertension and evaluate changes over time. They also present estimates of the mortality effects of elevated blood pressure and discuss interventions that can reduce the burden of high blood pressure. Hypertension is more prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. In 2015, 8.5 million deaths were associated with high blood pressure, 88% of which were in low-income and middle-income countries. Population-level measures, such as increasing the availability and affordability of fresh fruits and vegetables and lowering the sodium content of packaged and prepared foods, can lower blood pressure in the entire population. Effective use of pharmacological treatment for people with hypertension varies substantially globally and is particularly low in low-income and middle-income countries. Scaling up treatment coverage and improving its effectiveness can substantially reduce the health burden of hypertension.

N. Kassebaum, Rashmi Jasrasaria, M. Naghavi et al.

Verchenko A.L.

The article analyzes China's experience in promoting the concept of a Community with a shared future for mankind. The idea was first voiced to an international audience by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013, during his first state visit to Russia. Over the next 10 years, the concept became the major component of China's foreign policy doctrine and was actively used as a part of “soft power” at home and abroad. Its author, Xi Jinping, remained the main propagandist of the concept. His high position allows him to present it in various configurations at the most authoritative international forums. Xi Jinping supplemented the concept with three initiatives (global development, security and civilization), as well as a cultural component. The evolution of the concept indicates a change in China's assessment of its role in the international arena: from a developing state to a world power that claims its right to participate in global governance, propose its own programs for reforming the world order and play the most active role in it. The PRC applies the concept differentially to developed and developing countries, the so called Global South and East. In developing countries it is backed up by a real basis in the form of assistance through the Belt and Road project. Depending on the international situation, China changes the forms of promoting the concept, including economic international, regional and bilateral forums, political party summits, inviting foreign youth to study, assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic, public diplomacy, etc. The concept has not received worldwide recognition, but it has not gone unnoticed. Taking into account the international situation, China will certainly continue to promote it in the world.

Feng Wang, Sixuan Liu, Jianwei Li et al.

<b><i>Background</i>:</b> Employing the most recent dataset from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021, this report sought to delineate the current epidemiologic landscape of breast cancer in Asian women. <b><i>Methods</i>:</b> We examined the evolving trends in disease prevalence and explored the correlations between breast cancer and factors such as age, temporal periods, and generational cohorts. We utilized an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to predict the incidence and deaths of breast cancer in Asia. <b><i>Results</i>:</b> From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR), and age-standardized mortality rate showed an overall upward trend for Asian women with breast cancer. In 2021, the high-income Asia Pacific region had the highest ASIR value, while South Asia had the lowest ASIR value. The highest age-standardized mortality rate and ASDR values in 2021 occurred in Southeast Asia, while the lowest values for these metrics were in East Asia. In 2021, breast cancer incidence and DALYs were highest in the 50–54 age group, with deaths peaking in the 55–59 age group. The leading risk factor attributed to breast cancer deaths in Asia in 1990 and 2021 was a “diet high in red meat”. Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are expected to continue to rise in Asia over the next 10 years. <b><i>Conclusions</i>:</b> The burden of breast cancer in Asian women is increasing, especially in low SDI countries. This study highlighted the differences between populations and regions and predicted the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer in Asia over the next decade using an ARIMA model. An increased awareness of breast cancer risk factors and prevention strategies is necessary to reduce breast cancer burden in the future.

Mikael Kajova, Tamim Khawaja, Katariina Kainulainen et al.

Background: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are increasing worldwide, with strains associated with difficult-to-treat infections. We previously reported that international travel is a major source of CPE acquisition in the Helsinki region, Finland. To clarify the extent of importation, we investigated the epidemiology and associated risk factors of foreign-acquired CPEs. Methods: We revisited two earlier cohorts. Cohort A (n = 187 after a one-year extension) comprised patients from 2010 through 2024 presumed to have acquired CPE abroad; CPE types were categorized by travel region. Cohort B included 3029 patients screened for CPE from 2010 through 2019 within 12 months after hospitalization abroad. Multivariable analysis identified factors that predispose to colonization. Results: Among patients hospitalized abroad (Cohort B), CPE rates were particularly high for South Asia (14.6 %) and North Africa (13.7 %). Across the 24 individual countries with data, the highest CPE colonization risks were observed for Egypt (20.8 %) and India (16.4 %). In addition to destination, independent risk factors included antibiotic use, travel type, short interval between discharge from a foreign hospital and screening (within one week or one month) and male sex. For South/Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, over 70 % of CPE carriers (Cohort A) had metallo-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales, predominantly NDM, whereas OXA-48–like enzymes predominated in North Africa and the Middle East. Conclusions: Hospitalization in high-prevalence countries and antibiotic use emerged as key risk factors for CPE acquisition. Regional variation was evident: OXA-48–like enzymes dominated among CPEs linked to the Middle East and North Africa, whereas NDM was prevalent elsewhere in Eurasia and Africa.

M. Jesswein, V. Lauther, N. Emig et al.

<p>The Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) is a seasonal weather pattern characterized by heavy rains and winds, mainly affecting South and Southeast Asia during the summer months. The deep convection within the ASM is an important transport process for pollutants from the planetary boundary layer up to the tropopause region. This study uses in situ observations of <span class="inline-formula">CH₂Cl₂</span> from the PHILEAS (Probing High Latitude Export of Air from the Asian Summer Monsoon) aircraft campaign in late summer 2023 to examine the transport pathways and timescales for polluted air from the ASM to the extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). <span class="inline-formula">CH₂Cl₂</span> mixing ratios of up to 300 <span class="inline-formula">ppt</span> (<span class="inline-formula">≈</span> 500 % of the Northern Hemisphere background) were measured in the upper troposphere in the subarctic region. The three largest observed pollution events were analyzed with the help of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART, both in terms of their origin and their potential entry into the lower stratosphere. The results show that the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) is the key pathway for transporting uncontrolled short-lived chlorinated substances (Cl-VSLSs) into the tropopause region, which contributes to an increase in tropospheric background levels with the potential to enter the lower stratosphere. The transport analysis of elevated mixing ratios shown here suggests that transport to the upper troposphere in the subarctic region did not occur through transport into the Asian Summer Monsoon Anticyclone (ASMA) with subsequent eddy-shedding events but rather by large convective transport contributions from the EASM. The projected entry into the lower stratosphere in the following days amounts to a few percent, indicating that the direct influence of these particular events on the lower stratosphere is probably minor.</p>

Ghulam Mustafa Bozdar

This study examines various aspects of the tourism industry in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The perspectives of these facets comprise archaeological, historical, religious, cultural, and natural attractions. In this context, Sindh stands out as a key destination for tourists offering a blend of attractions. Tourism is a vital component of the global economy and a significant source of revenue generation. The rich history, diverse culture, and picturesque landscapes stimulate domestic as well as international tourist attractions. Two UNESCO World Heritage sites Mohenjo-Daro the oldest civilization in the world (district Larkano) and Makli Nacropolis (district Thatto) exist in Sindh. However, tourism industry of Sindh has remained underdeveloped. The Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Antiquities, Government of Sindh along with Private Public Partnership (PPP) could play an effective role in boosting tourism by taking lessons from many of the Southeast Asian countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. Pakistan, Malaysia, and Indonesia are Muslim-dominated countries whereas Hinduism is the largest minority. Both Malaysia and Indonesia have developed their religious, cultural, and ecotourism, which attracts millions of domestic and international tourists. Therefore, the collective resolve would exploit better potential for the development of tourism in Sindh for yielding financial benefits by applying successful strategies as employed by the Southeast Asian countries.

Swarndeep Singh, Yatan Pal Singh Balhara

Rumi Aoyama

Akihiko Tanaka

Reshmita Nath, Debashis Nath, Wen Chen

Abstract 40% of global population, who resides in Asian monsoon region is at high risk from extreme hot summer events, which is expected to increase by 25%/30 years under RCP8.5 scenario. Using Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large-ensemble simulations we assess the relative contribution of external forcings and internal variability on hot extremes over South and East Asia. Climate change projects surface mean temperature to reach 2.0 °C and 5.0 °C by ~2050 and ~2100, respectively, making the region uninhabitable under exposed conditions. Internal variability will partly obscure anthropogenic warming over South and Southeast Asia; however, East Asia will experience a 4–6 fold rise in record breaking hot events in later periods. Nevertheless, beyond 2.35 °C warming internal variability will decrease over South Asia due to weaker albedo feedback on unforced internal variability. Our results contradict the existing hypothesis that warming will increase volatility in weather patterns everywhere, particularly the Asian monsoon regions.

Toshihiko Aono

Yanyou Wu, Yansheng Wu

Karst landforms, which account for approximately 15% of the world’s total land area, are mainly concentrated in low latitudes, including Southeast Asia, the European Mediterranean, the east coast of North America, the west coast of South America, and the marginal areas of Australia [...]

Alexandrova M.V., Sun Fanxi

The epidemic of COVID-19 in China has caused the worst public health emergency since the formation of the PRC. At the international level, there is a general pattern of the impact of such situations on employment and income of the population, which remains relevant in different periods and national contexts. The spread of COVID-19 has provoked a higher risk of negative consequences for farmers in poor areas. Some of them have limited development opportunities and cannot cope with sudden life difficulties. Despite the successes of the PRC in the fight against absolute poverty and the implementation of the targeted approach, the coronavirus epidemic showed the bottlenecks of this policy. The reduction of poverty in rural areas through the industrial complex formation remains a difficult task. Currently, most industries in the areas freed from poverty are still supported by the government and the political leadership, and not through sustained productivity growth. In terms of project selection, due to the tight deadlines and heavy burden of poverty eradication, most of the poor households chose industries with short industrial chains and low added value of products, which led to a more serious problem of homogeneity and identity of industrial products produced in villages. In poor areas, wage of the migrant workers accounts for the bulk of rural household income. During the coronavirus epidemic, due to the multiple restrictions, it was extremely difficult for migrant workers to return to big cities where they had jobs. As a result, their families in the villages suffered. Migrant peasants are mainly employed in the unstable urban informal sector. Since the epidemic has limited mobility and the informal sector has not been able to fully resume operations and production, the wages of migrant workers have declined due to unstable employment, which has increased fluctuations in the incomes of peasant households.

Pei-Wen Ong, Ya-Ping Lin, Hung-Wei Chen et al.

While the domestication process has been investigated in many crops, the detailed route of cultivation range expansion and factors governing this process received relatively little attention. Here, using mungbean (Vigna radiata var. radiata) as a test case, we investigated the genomes of more than 1000 accessions to illustrate climatic adaptation’s role in dictating the unique routes of cultivation range expansion. Despite the geographical proximity between South and Central Asia, genetic evidence suggests mungbean cultivation first spread from South Asia to Southeast, East and finally reached Central Asia. Combining evidence from demographic inference, climatic niche modeling, plant morphology, and records from ancient Chinese sources, we showed that the specific route was shaped by the unique combinations of climatic constraints and farmer practices across Asia, which imposed divergent selection favoring higher yield in the south but short-season and more drought-tolerant accessions in the north. Our results suggest that mungbean did not radiate from the domestication center as expected purely under human activity, but instead, the spread of mungbean cultivation is highly constrained by climatic adaptation, echoing the idea that human commensals are more difficult to spread through the south-north axis of continents.

Raden Ajeng Rizka Fiani Prabaningtyas, Tri Nuke Pudjiastuti, Athiqah Nur Alami et al.

The protracted refugee situation in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased refugee children's vulnerability due to the non-fulfillment of their fundamental rights, including the right to education. Drawing on data collected through interviews and observation of refugee children during fieldwork in the cities of Batam and Makassar, this paper aims to investigate how and why their access to education has changed during the pandemic. This study finds that, shortly before the pandemic, the Indonesian government provided access to education for refugee children through the issuance of the Circular Letter from the Secretary General of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology Number 752553/A.A4/HK/2019 dated on 10 July 2019. However, the pandemic complicated the accessibility of education for refugee children suggested by the Circular Letter due to lockdown policy and mobility restrictions. The complication is apparent in four aspects of accessibility, namely: access to information, activities in the learning process, environmental support, and the motivation of refugee children. Notwithstanding, this study also finds that the pandemic has induced developments of adaptation strategies through the adoption of online learning among refugee communities to enable wider access to education for refugee children. Therefore, the pandemic may have revealed the urgency for a more rights-based policy on refugee treatment in Indonesia.

K. A. Nikiforov

Yersinia pestis strains of the 1.ORI lineage originate from China as a result of evolution of the 1.ANT phylogenetic branch. Strains of the biovar orientalis are divided into three major lines of evolution: 1.ORI1, 1.ORI2, 1.ORI3. Lines 1.ORI1 and 1.ORI2 originated in China and then spread across the east and west coasts of India, respectively. Strains of the biovar orientalis have widely spread throughout the world, mainly as a result of introduction by sea. This way, the 1.ORI1 line was imported onto the territory of North America. 1.ORI2 line has spread to Southeast Asia, Africa, Europe, and South America. In addition, the strains of the biovar orientalis were brought to the territory of Australia, however, the formation of natural foci did not occur. The spread of strains to new territories during the third plague pandemic, as a rule, took place with the participation of one strain, which caused epizootics among synanthropic rodents. After that, outbreaks were recorded among the population of port cities, followed by drifting into the countryside and the formation of natural foci under suitable natural conditions. In the absence of such, the plague pathogen was eliminated from natural biotopes, and the formation of a natural focus did not occur. In recent decades, most cases of human plague in the world have been caused by strains of the biovar orientalis (1.ORI). However, the emergence and spread of the evolutionary line “1” is insufficiently studied. Currently, there is a lack of both historical data and strains that are ancestors of modern strains in many countries to clarify the details of the irradiation of strains of the biovar orientalis. As a result, the concepts of dissemination of many evolution branches of the strains, biovar orientalis are in the form of hypotheses to date. In this work, the collection and analysis of literature data on the history and epidemiology of plague over the third pandemic, a search for a connection between epidemic manifestations and the appurtenance of the strains that caused them to certain phylogenetic lineages was carried out.

Bagari RAMAKRISHNA, Chelmala SRINIVASULU

Asian forest scorpions belong to the subfamily Heterometrinae and include some of the poorly known scorpion fauna in India in general and Telangana State in particular. The Asian forest scorpions occur in South Asia and Southeast Asia and are known from Pakistan in west to the Philippines in the east. There are 27 species of Asian forest scorpions belonging to seven genera Chersonesometrus, Deccanometrus, Gigantometrus, Heterometrus, Javanimetrus, Sahyadrimetrus and Srilankametrus known from India. These are the large-bodied scorpions that are subjected to killing and local collections. Information on their distribution and current taxonomy is not complete. We provide the updated taxonomy, description and distribution maps of four species of Asian forest scorpions known to occur in Telangana State, India.

Mayukh Mondal, F. Casals, Tina Xu et al.

Kazakov O.I.

The article examines the data on Japan’s inbound tourism from the East Asian countries and other regions in the course of 2019, i.e. on the eve of the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The author assesses the risks that may hinder the Japanese side to achieve the task of hosting 40 mln foreign tourists in 2020 such as the outbreak of coronavirus pneumonia in China. The paper considers the situation in the field of the Russian-Japanese mutual tourist exchange, which in general shows positive dynamics, though with weak indicators. The preliminary goal to achieve a key figure of 400 thousand guests in the mutual tourist exchange is far from being attained. The author suggests some measures to enhance mutual tourism between Russia and Japan, which is an important indicator in the development of the Russian-Japanese relations.