Metaverse comes from the meta-universe, and it is the integration of physical and digital space into a virtual universe. Metaverse technologies will change the transportation system as we know it. Preparations for the transition of the transportation systems into the world of metaverse are underway. This study considers four alternative metaverses: auto-driving algorithm testing for training autonomous driving artificial intelligence, public transportation operation and safety, traffic operation, and sharing economy applications to obtain sustainable transportation. These alternatives are evaluated on thirteen sub-criteria, grouped under four main aspects: efficiency, operation, social and health, and legislation and regulation. A novel Rough Aczel – Alsa (RAA) function and the Ordinal Priority Approach (OPA) method are used in the assessment model. We also present a case study to demonstrate the applicability and exhibit the efficacy of the assessment framework in prioritizing the metaverse implementation alternatives.
In 2012, Home Secretary Theresa May told a newspaper that she wanted to create a ‘really hostile environment’ for irregular migrants in the UK. Although the phrase has since mutated to refer to generalised state-led marginalisation of immigrants, this article argues that the hostile environment is a specific policy approach, and one with profound significance for the UK’s border practices. We trace the ‘hostile environment’ phrase, exposing its origins in other policy realms, charting its evolution into immigration, identifying the key components and critically reviewing the corresponding legislation. The article analyses the impact and consequences of the hostile environment, appraising the costs to public health and safety, the public purse, individual vulnerability and marginalisation, and wider social relations. We conclude by identifying the fundamental flaws of the policy approach, arguing that they led to the 2018 Windrush scandal and risk creating similar problems for European Economic Area nationals after Brexit.
Modern society is increasingly faced with the need to improve the transparency and accountability of public authorities in order to combat corruption. In many countries, including Ukraine, corruption remains one of the biggest challenges in public administration, negatively affecting economic development, social justice and citizens' trust in the state. Traditional forms of interaction between citizens and public administration, which involve paper-based procedures and direct contact with officials, often create fertile ground for abuse and bribery. In the context of digitalisation and the growing role of information and communication technologies in all spheres of public life, electronic services (e-services) offer an alternative way for citizens, businesses and public authorities to interact. The use of e-services simplifies administrative procedures, reduces the subjective influence of the human factor and speeds up access to necessary information. All this, in turn, contributes to reducing corruption risks and increasing the effectiveness of management decisions. In Ukraine, the fight against corruption is one of the priorities of state policy, enshrined in strategic documents such as the Sustainable Development Strategy "Ukraine 2021-2025". The implementation of digital initiatives, such as the National Agency for Corruption Prevention's electronic declaration system or the ProZorro public procurement platform, demonstrates the potential of technology to reduce corruption risks. However, the digitisation process is accompanied by challenges, including limited technical infrastructure, low levels of digital literacy, and the need to adapt legislation to new realities. Research on this topic allows us not only to assess the current state of digitisation, but also to offer recommendations for its further development in the law enforcement sphere. The aim of the work is to summarise the main scientifically based approaches to defining digitalisation processes and their characteristics as an anti-corruption tool for public administration in modern conditions. The methodology of the article is structured in such a way as to allow for the study of the development of digitalisation as an anti-corruption tool in public administration, the identification of the essential features of digitalisation in the field of public administration, the limitations of digitalisation processes in public administration, digital tools in the fight against corruption, and the identification of directions for anti-corruption strategy in the promising conditions of European integration. The study was conducted based on the principles of dialectical logic. The multifaceted and multifactorial nature of the development of digitalisation as an anti-corruption tool and public administration necessitates the use of a systematic and situational approach to its study. The work also applied methods of systemic, logical, institutional analysis, and forecasting. The development of provisions and conclusions used the possibilities of comparative studies, rational choice theory, and neo-institutionalism. The study demonstrates that digital technologies, most notably electronic registries, big data analytics systems, blockchain solutions, video surveillance, and whistleblowing platforms, possess considerable potential in the prevention and combatting of corruption in law enforcement. The effectiveness of these reforms is clearly demonstrated by Ukrainian examples, such as the NACP electronic declaration system and the ProZorro public procurement platform. These tools help ensure transparency, automate management processes and minimise the human factor, which is particularly important in an area where significant discretionary powers create opportunities for abuse of authority. At the same time, the process of implementing digital solutions is accompanied by a number of challenges, including technical limitations, insufficient digital literacy among employees, gaps in legislation, and growing cyber threats. In the context of martial law and limited resources, these challenges are becoming even more relevant in Ukraine, necessitating a gradual, adaptive approach to the digitalisation of law enforcement. Further development prospects are linked to the following key areas: integration of interdepartmental digital platforms, strengthening cybersecurity, systematic training of specialists, and deepening international co-operation. The adaptation of best international practices, in particular the recommendations of the OECD and the European Commission, as well as the updating of national legislation to take into account innovative technologies, in particular artificial intelligence, play a special role in this process. Digitalisation, provided it is accompanied by appropriate regulatory, organisational and technical support, can become the basis for a systemic transformation of anti-corruption policy, strengthening trust in law enforcement agencies and establishing the principle of the rule of law. Achieving these goals requires coordinated efforts by the state, civil society and international partners, which will enable the full potential of digital tools in the field of law enforcement to be realised.
Both the legislation and the doctrinal and jurisprudential creation have begun to recognize the notion of socio-affectivity as a structuring element of family relationships among its members, often granting it primacy over the biological bond or relationships derived from kinship. Although affection has always been a constitutive component of human relations, the classical approach refused and refuses to recognize in it a source of Law and, as such, share the halo of legitimacy that kinship ties have enjoyed since ancient times. This resistance was able to generate many problems in reality, since the lack of legal recognition in some of the figures ruins the advances in the field of human rights. A clear example in Argentine legislation turns out to be the contents of articles 611, 643 and 657 of the Civil and Commercial Code on the prohibition of de facto guardians except the kinship bond between parents and guardians; or the delegation of the exercise of parental responsibility and the granting of custody of a child or adolescent, limiting it only to a relative. Well, while this legal limit occurs, reality prevails and, in some cases, the affective bond overlaps the biological one, owing value to the guiding principle of the best interest of the child to solve the problem raised. From this, the present work will try to demonstrate, through the analysis of the jurisprudence, the solutions reached that combine said guiding principle with the notion of socio-affectivity.
Azim Aghababaei Taghanaki, Mohammad Ja`far Habibzadeh, Hossein Javadi Hossein Abadi
Psychology, in the context of both crime commission and issues related to punishment, criminal responsibility, and criminal capacity, is deeply connected to criminal law. Criminal law and criminology intersect with psychological studies at various stages of the criminal process—ranging from legislation to the enforcement of punishment and beyond. In the legislative stage, certain psychological concepts and values have received criminal protection. During adjudication, issues related to proving mens rea (the mental state) arise, while at the enforcement stage, topics such as criminal responsibility, criminal capacity, rehabilitation, and treatment processes come into play. Even after the execution of punishment, discussions on recidivism remain linked to psychological matters. One of the psychological concepts protected under criminal law is aggression. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Iran’s penal policy in addressing verbal aggression and to analyze the psychological, social, and cultural causes influencing it. The primary objective is to identify the challenges of the current penal policy in controlling this crime and to propose solutions based on social psychology and restorative justice. This article seeks to answer why traditional responses, such as imprisonment and flogging, have not only failed to reduce verbal aggression but, in some cases, have even contributed to its increase. Additionally, the study aims to integrate criminal law and psychology to design an effective model for repairing damaged relationships and preventing reoffending. MethodologyThis research employs a descriptive-analytical method, relying on library sources, Iranian legal documents, and interdisciplinary studies. Data collection is conducted through content analysis of criminal laws related to verbal aggression (such as insult, threats, and defamation) and a systematic review of psychological theories on aggression. A comparative analysis of restorative justice approaches and modern criminal policies is also performed to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the current system. The research methodology is based on a qualitative analysis of psychological and social factors influencing crime commission, alongside a critique of the current punitive policies. After examining the concepts of aggression, verbal aggression, and criminal verbal aggression and their psychological causes, the study evaluates the effectiveness of Iran’s penal policy in responding to these crimes. The article addresses the following key questions: Is the existing penal policy effective? What measures can be taken to enhance the effectiveness of Iran’s criminal justice system in addressing these offenses? FindingsAggression, in behavioral psychology, is an intentional act (physical or verbal) aimed at harming another person and causing distress. Some forms of verbal aggression, including insults, threats, and satire, have been criminalized under Iranian law, establishing a direct connection between criminal law and social psychology. This research introduces the concept of "criminal verbal aggression" for these offenses. The findings indicate that Iran’s criminal policy toward verbal aggression primarily relies on traditional punishments such as imprisonment, flogging, and fines. However, these measures lack the necessary effectiveness in reducing crime rates. Iran’s criminal justice responses not only fail to control this crime but may also, in some cases, contribute to its escalation. Among the reasons for this inefficiency are the neglect of the psychological roots of aggression (such as personality, situational, and cultural factors), the disregard for victims' needs, and the failure to implement preventive strategies. Studies show that punitive sanctions neither rehabilitate offenders nor deter crime; instead, they fuel cycles of anger and vengeance, increasing the likelihood of recidivism. Innovation (Value)The novelty of this research lies in integrating criminal law with findings from social psychology and proposing a comprehensive model for reforming current policies. The article suggests establishing "personality files" for offenders of verbal aggression, implementing developmental and social prevention strategies, and incorporating restorative justice principles such as mediation, victim participation, and compensation. These approaches move beyond traditional punitive measures. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need to align criminal penalties with psychological research by replacing imprisonment, flogging, and fines with alternative sanctions, such as mandatory participation in skill-building programs or psychological treatments. The research critiques the one-dimensional nature of criminal laws and underscores the necessity of redefining verbal aggression within the framework of human interactions and fundamental rights. ConclusionIn social psychology, theories such as drive theory, social learning theory, and the general aggression model explain the causes of aggression. While early psychologists like Sigmund Freud believed that aggression was genetic and hereditary, most contemporary psychologists reject this view, emphasizing that aggression results from various social, economic, cultural, personal, and situational factors.Criminal policy responses to verbal aggression cannot be effective without considering insights from social psychology. Aggression is a behavior with psychological roots, yet Iranian legislators have not sufficiently addressed these psychological factors in drafting and enforcing penalties. Iran’s criminal justice system requires a fundamental transformation in its approach to verbal aggression, shifting from purely punitive measures to rehabilitative and preventive strategies.The study’s primary conclusion is that implementing restorative justice, reducing reliance on imprisonment, and focusing on psychological and social factors—such as personality assessments, ethical training, and economic improvements—can provide effective solutions for reducing verbal aggression. Additionally, the research recommends establishing comprehensive databases, strengthening mediation mechanisms, and training judges in emotional regulation to align criminal policy with societal needs. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the need to revise criminal norms through interdisciplinary research, prioritizing prevention over punishment.
This study examines a social-justice-focused environmental education program serving marginalized students through fostering engagement with local communities and natural environments. It presents a focused ethnographic case study of teachers of color who designed and implemented an ethnic studies and environmental education curriculum intended to address the educational alienation experienced by many students as well as the intersection of social justice and environmental stewardship. The study considers how teachers at two very different urban schools—one a continuation school, the other a traditional college preparatory high school—provided a venue for students to advocate on behalf of oppressed communities with which they identified. Researchers collected qualitative data from a variety of sources: field notes from participant observation of outdoor and classroom activities, document review of curriculum and student projects, focus group interviews with 86 students, and semi-structured individual interviews with teachers and alumni. Students in this innovative program did not fit the classic climate justice activist profile by engaging in climate marches, raising money for environmental organizations, or lobbying Congress for better environmental legislation. However, a key finding from the program and the teachers who lead it is to broaden our understanding of what it means to be a climate activist.
Theta Murty, Sukarmi Sukarmi, Yenny Eta Widyanti
et al.
Indonesia, as a country that adheres to the concept of a welfare state, seeks to achieve social welfare development by implementing a national social security system, particularly health insurance, managed by the Health Social Security Administration Agency (BPJS). It is regulated in Article 19, paragraph 1 of Law No. 40 of 2004 concerning the National Social Security System (SJSN). The fundamental principles of social insurance include mandatory participation, equitable health coverage, and contributions proportional to income. The philosophical issue at hand is whether implementing health insurance via the social insurance mechanism effectively guarantees the interests of the community while upholding the values of welfare and justice, as prescribed by the concept of the welfare state. This paper analyses the philosophical foundation underlying social insurance as a mechanism for implementing health insurance in Indonesia. This study employs normative research methods, utilising legislation as the analytical starting point. A philosophical examination is necessary to understand why, after a decade of implementing national health insurance, the state's goal of achieving welfare and social justice in health services for Indonesian citizens remains unmet. This analysis seeks to identify new mechanisms to fulfil the goals outlined in Law No. 40 of 2004.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Introduction
Tunisia marked a significant milestone in the fight against gender-based violence with the adoption of Organic Law No. 2017-58. This pioneering law in the region enhanced the protection of women and girls’ rights and introduced harsher penalties for perpetrators of sexist violence. However, the journey toward eradicating violence against women is complex and multifaceted.
Objectives
Our aim is to explore how tunisian women perceive gender-based violence and their attitudes towards it.
Methods
A cross sectional online survey designed using Google Forms and distributed on social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram) was conducted from August 30th to September 25th 2023. The questionnaire, presented in the tunisian dialect, included questions about personal experiences with violence, knowledge of gender-based violence laws as well as their perceptions and attitudes towards gender-based violence. The sample consisted of women from various regions of Tunisia.
Results
In our study, we analyzed a sample comprising 110 tunisian women, with 46.4% falling within the 20 to 30 age bracket and 36.4% belonging to the 30 to 40 age range. Half of the survey participants were unmarried, and the majority of them (97.3%) had attained a university-level education.
Our research revealed that 45.5% of the surveyed women reported instances of gender-based violence in Tunisia. However, only a minority of these individuals (22.2%) initiated legal proceedings, primarily citing a lack of confidence in the judicial system and fear of potential reprisals as their reasons.
A majority of the participating women expressed deep concern regarding the issue of violence against women in Tunisia.
When asked about their perceptions of the most prevalent types of violence in Tunisia, 76.36% believed that psychological violence was the most common, followed by sexual violence (21.3%). Economic and physical violence were perceived as less frequent (9.9%; 12.6%). These women attributed the primary factors contributing to violence against women in Tunisia to cultural norms and laws that they considered inadequately stringent. Indeed, 83.3% of them believed that the current legislation was not stringent enough to deter potential perpetrators, and 37.3% indicated that they were unaware of the existing legal framework.
Conclusions
Despite legislative advancements, gender-based violence remains a pressing concern in Tunisia. These findings underscore the importance of increasing awareness about available resources for victims, educating individuals about women’s rights and mental health, and building trust in the judicial system.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
The problem of the competition between tort compensation and work-related injury insurance in the case of third-party injury is due to the different evaluations and norms of the modern relief system for the same damage. In comparative law, there are four legislative models: choice, substitution, both, and supplementation. China's relevant legislation presents the problems of decentralization, principle, contradiction and localization, which aggravates the complexity of the problem. Focusing on the protection of workers' rights and interests, the current situation of China's social development and the original intention of the design of relevant systems, China should adopt a "limited and beneficial model" in dealing with such competition and cooperation issues in the future.
Francis Acquah, Charles Owusu-Aduomi Botchwey, Prince Owusu Adoma
et al.
<h4>Introduction</h4>Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) and related activities have been a topic of debate and discussion among policymakers and stakeholders, as well as common citizens in the African region, especially in Ghana. The current anti-LGBTI-related bill being put before Ghana's Parliament signifies the intensity of the issue. Even though some studies have looked at some aspects of the issue, no study presently has explored people's opinion on the passage of any future anti-LGBTI and related legislations in Ghana.<h4>Aim</h4>This study examined the perspective of tertiary-level students on the passage of anti-LGBTI legislation, as well as the non-physical factors that influence support for the passage of anti-LGBTI and related legislation in Ghana.<h4>Methods</h4>The study employed a quantitative cross-sectional design using 1,001 tertiary-level students. The study used convenience sampling technique with an online closed-ended, structured survey questionnaire as the main data collection instrument. The data was then analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 29 at a 5% significance level.<h4>Results</h4>The results of the study indicated that majority of the respondents (81%) were in support of the passage of anti-LGBTI and related legislations. Their reasons included the health implications of LGBTI and related activities (63%), cultural and societal values (62%), religious reasons (54%), and western culture (25%). Also, almost half of the respondents (49%) held that health related perceptions about LGBTI have little or no empirical basis. The inferential analysis, further, revealed that even when age and sex assigned at birth are controlled, perceived health implications of LGBTI (β = 0.247, p = < .001), religious beliefs (β = 0.189, p = < .001), and cultural values (β = 0.218, p = < .001) positively predict the support for passage of anti-LGBTI legislation.<h4>Conclusions</h4>People's level of support for the passage of anti-LGBTI legislation is influenced by several factors including religious beliefs, cultural values, and the perceived health implications of LGBTI. There is, however, the need for policy makers and other stakeholders to create awareness and educate the public about the various perceptions about LGBTI and related activities that are not scientifically legitimate.
ان مناط الرقابة القضائية على اعمال الادارة وحق الادارة في التقاضي ازاء المتعاملين معها تزداد قوة في مواجهة الجوانب المالية في الدول الرافضة للاستمرار بالمنهاج الاشتراكي- التدخلي والالتجاء الى المنهج الجديد القائل بحيادية الدولة مما يستدعي فيما الوقوف على جوانب التشريعات التي تتعامل معها وزارة العمل وحقها في التقاضي والاجراءات السابقة للاستحقاقات خاصة المالية منها للمشمولين بها, حيث ان الظروف العالمية الناشئة في ربع القرن الماضي اعادت طرح مسألة دور الدولة الاقتصادي والاجتماعي، بعد ان نجح الاقتصاديون لكن لا يكون (الحد) في تسويق افكارهم التي تبنتها الدول والمؤسسات الاقتصادية للخلاص من الاختلالات الاقتصادية الهيكلية التي نشأت عن تدخل الدولة في الشأن الاقتصادي مما يحدو به ان يحذف دور الدولة في كثير من جوانب الشأن الاقتصادي وصولا الى المنشود ان لم يصل الى الغاء تدخل الدولة في نمط المساعدة الاقتصادية الاجتماعية لطبقات المجتمع التي كانت غالبا ما تدعمها التوجهات السياسية للدول القائلة بالمساعدة كنمط للتخلص من حالات التهميش والبطالة والعيش بحد الكفاف، ان ما تقدم ادنى الى انتهاج الدول النهج الاكثر تشددا في اعادة استيراد اموالها ومحاسبة المنتفعين منه ان سمحت له بذلك القوانين الاجتماعية الى اقصى حد بما ياتلف مع اقتصاد السوق ان تعبير مركز الوزارات المسؤولة عن العمل على مر السنين واصبحت مجالات مسؤولية العديد من وزارات العمل الان ضيقة نسبيا وكثيرا ما لا تكون ذات توجه جمهوري فيما يتعلق بالمسائل الاوسع المتعلقة بالسياسات الاقتصادية الاجتماعية وخاصة فيما ترافق ذلك من تغييرات في بعض البلدان كالعراق مثلا مع غياب الموارد المالية ونقص مستلزمات العمل وضعف تدريب الكوادر (او وجود الفساد الاداري) ناهيك عن التلاعب بالتعليمات المفسرة والمنفذة للقوانين المختصة وبما يتلائم مع توجهات محددة مما يخرج القوانين من قوتها الملزمة وهدفها المحدد لها عند التشريع ان مناط الرقابة القضائية على اعمال الادارة وحق الادارة في التقاضي ازاء المتعاملين معها تزد او قوة في مواجهة الجوانب المالية في الدول الرافضة للاستمرار بالمنهاج المتقدم التدخلي والالتجاء الى المنهج الجديد القائل بحيادية الدولة مما يستدعي فيما الوقوف على جوانب التشريعات التي تتعامل معها وزارة العمل وحقها في التقاضي والاجراءات السابقة للاستحقاقات خاصة المالية منها للمشمولين بها.
Sustainable finance represents an important concern of the European Union lately, having an essential role in achieving the political objectives of the European Climate Pact. It is interpreted that it supports the sustainable development of economy, simultaneously reducing the pressures on environment and taking into consideration social and governance aspects.
The scope of sustainable finance is to improve the financial sector in the context of fighting against climate changes. Considering this purpose, the ESG factors (Environmental, Social and Governance) must be considered in the decisional process regarding the investments of the financial entities, promoting long-term investments in sustainable economic activities and projects.
There are many legislative actions at the European level, transposed into national legislation or with direct applicability in Romania for determining developing sustainable economies that beneficially impact the environment and climate changes. The action plan of the European Commission regarding developing a strategy for the sustainable finance contains ten initiatives grouped into three chapters: reorienting cash flow to a more sustainable economy, including sustainability elements in risk management, encouraging transparency and long-term vision.
Background. In the modern conditions of building a legal and social state, the problems of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen are of particular relevance. There is no doubt that the creation of a stable social security system, as well as mechanisms for its implementation, will contribute to the achievement of the pur-poses proclaimed in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the concept of social and economic transformations of N. von Bunge is of particular importance. The purpose of the study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of social and economic views. Bunge is one of the outstanding reformers in the field of economics, finance and social policy, a scientist-economist, an experienced practitioner-financier, publicist, profes-sor, who advocated the implementation of his social and economic ideal in the political and legal life of the country. Materials and methods. The research methodology involves the use of a wide range of methods of scientific knowledge. It is based on the dialectical ap-proach, general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, system-structural approach), as well as private legal methods, among which special attention is paid to the historical-legal and formal-legal approaches. Bunge was a specialist in the field of police (administrative) and tax law, the author of many scientific works, among which special attention is paid to the following: “Police Law”, “Theory of Credit”, “Foundations of political Economy”, etc. Results. The author reveals the state-historical concept of N. von Bunge, his views on topi-cal issues of the form of government, peasant, worker, and social issues. The social and economic transformations of the scientist, the key aspects of the factory legislation are ana-lyzed. Conclusions. N. von Bunge was a progressive innovator of social and economic transformations in Russia, who implemented the ideas of resolving peasant, worker and social issues in law-making activities. With his direct participation, the first Russian factory laws were adopted. N. von Bunge was a supporter of maintaining the balance of labor rela-tions between the employee and the employer, control of labor relations by the state through the appropriate state body (labor inspections); compensation for workers for inju-ries through the development of insurance. The statesman considered charity an effective measure to combat poverty, thanks to the functioning of personal unions, the church, and communities with the direct participation of the state.
Brian D. Titus, Kevin Brown, Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari
et al.
Abstract Forest biomass harvesting guidelines help ensure the ecological sustainability of forest residue harvesting for bioenergy and bioproducts, and hence contribute to social license for a growing bioeconomy. Guidelines, typically voluntary, provide a means to achieve outcomes often required by legislation, and must address needs related to local or regional context, jurisdictional compatibility with regulations, issues of temporal and spatial scale, and incorporation of appropriate scientific information. Given this complexity, comprehensive reviews of existing guidelines can aid in development of new guidelines or revision of existing ones. We reviewed 32 guidelines covering 43 jurisdictions in the USA, Canada, Europe and East Asia to expand upon information evaluated and recommendations provided in previous guideline reviews, and compiled a searchable spreadsheet of direct quotations from documents as a foundation for our review. Guidelines were considered in the context of sustainable forest management (SFM), focusing on guideline scope and objectives, environmental sustainability concerns (soils, site productivity, biodiversity, water and carbon) and social concerns (visual aesthetics, recreation, and preservation of cultural, historical and archaeological sites). We discuss the role of guidelines within the context of other governance mechanisms such as SFM policies, trade regulations and non-state market-driven (NSMD) standards, including certification systems. The review provides a comprehensive resource for those developing guidelines, or defining sustainability standards for market access or compliance with public regulations, and/or concerned about the sustainability of forest biomass harvesting. We recommend that those developing or updating guidelines consider (i) the importance of well-defined and understood terminology, consistent where possible with guidelines in other jurisdictions or regions; (ii) guidance based on locally relevant research, and periodically updated to incorporate current knowledge and operational experience; (iii) use of indicators of sensitive soils, sites, and stands which are relevant to ecological processes and can be applied operationally; and (iv) incorporation of climate impacts, long-term soil carbon storage, and general carbon balance considerations when defining sustainable forest biomass availability. Successful implementation of guidelines depends both on the relevance of the information and on the process used to develop and communicate it; hence, appropriate stakeholders should be involved early in guideline development.
Renewable energy sources, Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade
Mircea Constantin ȘCHEAU, Ștefan Zaharie POP, Andreea Valentina ȘOIMU
Migration is most often generated by dramas lived by a population in a particular area.
It also provokes other dramas in the chosen destination area. Economic imbalances, intercultural
problems and different levels of education can cause long-term or short-term conflicts. The time
required to adapt to new living conditions may vary according to the strength of the accepting
society and the malleability of requesting groups. Smoothing the differences may take several
generations. Population mutations can bring benefits to applicants and host population, but can
also provide exported crime samples. Leaders are the ones who will make the difference and those
who will manage to print the general picture of phenomenon.