Hasil untuk "Religions. Mythology. Rationalism"

In this rejoinder, I engage with the criticism my book Systematic Theology as a Rationally Justified Public Discourse about God receives from Lois Malcolm and Dirk Evers. First, I answer two objections from Malcolm focusing on the comprehensiveness of my vision for theology and my understanding of “public.” As to the comprehensiveness, I defend my stricter understanding of realism based on the notion of theoretical frameworks; I defend my stricter notion of truth as coherence as the most fruitful understanding for academic theology. As to the public character, I reject Malcolm’s critique that my understanding of “public” is too narrow, since I deliberately limit the investigated context to research universities; thus, I have no problem accepting that there are other publics of theological interest at another point. Second, I answer five objections from Evers that are stated as clusters of critical questions: (1) I accept that I see the change in metaphysics as the context that calls for renewed theological answers, but (2), I reject that this is a problem. The institutional problems for theology are related to a changed metaphysical context in the Western world. (3), I defend the place of logic in metaphysics even though it is in a weakened form compared with classical logic. (4), I defend the need for a third-level academic theology that sustains everyday belief. (5), I accept that God is semper maior but reject that this makes theological theories of God superfluous.

Ricardo Mendes, Alessandro Minuzzo, Marco Radeschi

We prove that a compact simply connected manifold $M$ with a variationally complete $G$-action satisfying certain mild conditions (e.g. trivial principal isotropy, or simply connected principal orbits) is rationally elliptic if and only if $M/G$ is flat. This answers several conjectures and problems regarding the rational homotopy of manifolds with symmetries. On the other hand, without the extra conditions we find examples of rationally elliptic $G$-manifolds $M$ where $M/G$ admits a hyperbolic metric.

Jan Stradomski

The complete Slavic cycle of miracles of St Menas, consisting of a prologue and 13 miracles, is based on the edition of the Great Reader Mineia of the Moscow Metropolitan Makary. The text largely corresponds to the Greek version from Ivan Pomyalovsky's 1900 edition, making it a valuable resource for understanding the Greek tradition as well. The Slavic text has been compared with other manuscripts containing the full cycle of miracles and following the same translation (B).

Zetong Liu, Hui Zeng, Junming Chen

The <i>Guanyin/Madonna and Child</i> painting, housed in the British Museum, exemplifies a distinct amalgamation of Catholic and Buddhist elements. This academic study explores the religious syncretism within this artwork, set against the backdrop of Sino-Western cultural dynamics. By integrating socio-religious analysis with iconographic methods, this research highlighted the interplay between the two religious traditions and the broader trends of cultural adaptation and religious amalgamation. It was proposed that the painting, on display at the British Museum, reflects not only the European depiction of the <i>Madonna of Humility</i> but also the Jesuit missionary influence and the clandestine religious practices of Chinese Christians during periods of persecution. This investigation provided new perspectives on the nuances of religious syncretism and the evolution of religious imagery within the contexts of cultural exchanges and missionary initiatives, augmenting scholarly discussions on the dynamics between religious beliefs and societal frameworks.

Khushboo Agarwal, Konstantin Avrachenkov, Veeraruna Kavitha et al.

The classical game theory models rational players and proposes Nash equilibrium (NE) as the solution. However, real-world scenarios rarely feature rational players; instead, players make inconsistent and irrational decisions. Often, irrational players exhibit herding behaviour by simply following the majority. In this paper, we consider the mean-field game with $α$-fraction of rational players and the rest being herding-irrational players. For such a game, we introduce a novel concept of equilibrium named $α$-Rational NE (in short, $α$-RNE). The $α$-RNEs and their implications are extensively analyzed in the game with two actions. Due to herding-irrational players, new equilibria may arise, and some classical NEs may be deleted. The rational players are not harmed but benefit from the presence of irrational players. Notably, we demonstrate through examples that rational players leverage upon the herding behaviour of irrational players and may attain higher utility (under $α$-RNE) than social optimal utility (in the classical setting). Interestingly, the irrational players may also benefit by not being rational. We observe that irrational players do not lose compared to some classical NEs for participation and bandwidth sharing games. More importantly, in bandwidth sharing game, irrational players receive utility that approaches the social optimal utility. Such examples indicate that it may sometimes be `rational' to be irrational.

Louis Esser

A very general hypersurface of dimension $n$ and degree $d$ in complex projective space is rational if $d \leq 2$, but is expected to be irrational for all $n, d \geq 3$. Hypersurfaces in weighted projective space with degree small relative to the weights are likewise rational. In this paper, we introduce rationality constructions for weighted hypersurfaces of higher degree that provide many new rational examples over any field. We answer in the affirmative a question of T. Okada about the existence of very general terminal Fano rational weighted hypersurfaces in all dimensions $n \geq 6$.

Dimas Pratomo, Muhammad Kurniawan, Nur Fitri Handayani

Introduction: In the distribution of financing, the implementation of green banking is outlined in green finance, which is one of the financing schemes or lending to environmentally friendly businesses. Green finance activities focus on risk mitigation in providing financing to sustainable development projects by considering the impact that these projects will have. Objectives: This research aims to find out how the application of green banking implementation analysis mitigates the risk of financing distribution. Method: This research is qualitative research of descriptive type. The data sources in this study are the BSI and BRI Sustainability Reports for the 2021-2022 period. The data collection technique used is the library method. Results: The results of this study are seen based on a comparative study conducted between Bank Syariah Indonesia and Bank Rakyat Indonesia, there are differences and similarities between the two banks. One of the differences between the two banks lies in terms of bank monitoring of the company being financed, BSI monitors its business once every three months while BRI monitors it once a year. In addition, there are also similarities between the two banks, one of the similarities between the two banks lies in providing financing to palm oil companies that must have ISPO or RSPO certificates before financing. Implications: This research is expected to provide implications for the green banking program implemented by Bank BSI and Bank BRI in mitigating the risk of financing distribution to customers. Both banks can complement each other to complement the shortcomings in their respective sectors.

C. Aiswarya, Amaldev Manuel, Saina Sunny

The study of rational relations is fundamental to the study of formal languages and automata theory. A rational relation is conjugate if each pair of words in the relation is conjugate (or cyclic shifts of each other). The notion of conjugacy has been central in addressing many important algorithmic questions about rational relations. We address the problem of checking whether a rational relation is conjugate and show that it is decidable. Towards our decision procedure, we establish a new result that is of independent interest to word combinatorics. We identify a necessary and sufficient condition for the set of pairs given by $(a_0,b_0) G_1^* (a_1,b_1) \cdots G_k^*(a_k,b_k), k \geq 0$ to be conjugate, where $G_i$ is a (not necessarily rational) conjugate relation and $a_i, b_i$ are arbitrary words. This is similar to, and a nontrivial generalisation of, a characterisation given by Lyndon and Schützenberger in 1962 for the conjugacy of a pair of words. Furthermore, our condition can be evaluated in polynomial time, yielding a PTIME procedure for deciding the conjugacy of a rational relation given as a sumfree expression. Since any arbitrary rational expression can be expressed as a sum of sumfree expressions (with an exponential blow-up), decidability of conjugacy of rational relations follows.

N. Grittini

We prove that, in a finite group, if every rational irreducible character has odd degree, then all rational elements are 2-elements, as it was originally conjectured by Tiep and Tong-Viet.

Davide Carpentiere, Alfio Giarlotta, Stephen Watson

All possible types of deterministic choice behavior are classified by their degree of irrationality. This classification is performed in three steps: (1) select a benchmark of rationality, for which this degree is zero; (2) endow the set of choices with a metric to measure deviations from rationality; and (3) compute the distance of any choice behavior from the selected benchmark. The natural candidate for step 1 is the family of all rationalizable behaviors. A possible candidate for step 2 is a suitable variation of the metric described by Klamler (2008), which displays a sharp discerning power among different types of choice behaviors. In step 3 we use this new metric to establish the minimum distance of any choice behavior from the benchmark of rationality. Finally we describe a measure of stochastic irrationality, which employs the random utility model as a benchmark of rationality, and the Block-Marschak polynomials to measure deviations from it.

Sai Gurrapu, Ajay Kulkarni, Lifu Huang et al.

Recent advances in deep learning have improved the performance of many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as translation, question-answering, and text classification. However, this improvement comes at the expense of model explainability. Black-box models make it difficult to understand the internals of a system and the process it takes to arrive at an output. Numerical (LIME, Shapley) and visualization (saliency heatmap) explainability techniques are helpful; however, they are insufficient because they require specialized knowledge. These factors led rationalization to emerge as a more accessible explainable technique in NLP. Rationalization justifies a model's output by providing a natural language explanation (rationale). Recent improvements in natural language generation have made rationalization an attractive technique because it is intuitive, human-comprehensible, and accessible to non-technical users. Since rationalization is a relatively new field, it is disorganized. As the first survey, rationalization literature in NLP from 2007-2022 is analyzed. This survey presents available methods, explainable evaluations, code, and datasets used across various NLP tasks that use rationalization. Further, a new subfield in Explainable AI (XAI), namely, Rational AI (RAI), is introduced to advance the current state of rationalization. A discussion on observed insights, challenges, and future directions is provided to point to promising research opportunities.

Boris Safin

This article discusses two versions of elliptic equations obtained from a system of equations describing a rational cuboid. Analysis of elliptic equations shows that they are equivalent, and that there are rational points on the elliptic curves, but they do not belong to any right triangle with rational sides.

Gene Callahan

Benedetto Neola

With my article, I try to show how the Neoplatonist Hermias of Alexandria (c. 410-455 AD) elaborated on Plato’s arguments on the immortality of the human soul in order to forge a coherent psychological and ontological system which is in tune with a precise ethics of salvation. In the final Appendix, I propose that these doctrines of the soul were not just erudite theories but turned out to be an actual and effective tool for coping with the threatening moments of the everyday life (notably for coping with the loss of the beloved ones and for facing death).

Noga Ganany

Around the turn of the seventeenth century, the prolific writer-editor Deng Zhimo produced three illustrated books narrating the lives of Lü Dongbin (<i>The Flying Sword</i>), Xu Xun (<i>The Iron Tree</i>), and Sa Shoujian (<i>The Enchanted Date</i>). This article focuses on the textual hybridity of Deng Zhimo’s hagiographic <i>Saints Trilogy</i> and argues that it offers encyclopedic, practical, and entertaining guidebooks for worshipping the three immortals and pursuing Daoist attainment. The cultic lore woven into the fabric of Deng’s <i>Saints Trilogy</i> reflects the important contribution of authors and publishers to popular reverence, highlighting the close interplay between “literature” and “religion” in late-imperial China.

Francesco Naccarato

Let $E/\mathbb{Q}$ be an elliptic curve over the rational numbers. It is known, by the work of Bombieri and Zannier, that if $E$ has full rational $2$-torsion, the number $N_E(B)$ of rational points with Weil height bounded by $B$ is $\exp\left(O\left(\frac{\log B}{\sqrt{\log\log B}}\right)\right)$. In this paper we exploit the method of descent via $2$-isogeny to extend this result to elliptic curves with just one nontrivial rational $2$-torsion point. Moreover, we make use of a result of Petsche to derive the stronger upper bound $N_{E}(B) = \exp\left(O\left(\frac{\log B}{\log\log B}\right)\right)$ for these curves and to remove a deep transcendence theory ingredient from the proof.

Shiyu Chang, Yang Zhang, Mo Yu et al.

Selective rationalization improves neural network interpretability by identifying a small subset of input features -- the rationale -- that best explains or supports the prediction. A typical rationalization criterion, i.e. maximum mutual information (MMI), finds the rationale that maximizes the prediction performance based only on the rationale. However, MMI can be problematic because it picks up spurious correlations between the input features and the output. Instead, we introduce a game-theoretic invariant rationalization criterion where the rationales are constrained to enable the same predictor to be optimal across different environments. We show both theoretically and empirically that the proposed rationales can rule out spurious correlations, generalize better to different test scenarios, and align better with human judgments. Our data and code are available.

Nicolas Boullé, Yuji Nakatsukasa, Alex Townsend

We consider neural networks with rational activation functions. The choice of the nonlinear activation function in deep learning architectures is crucial and heavily impacts the performance of a neural network. We establish optimal bounds in terms of network complexity and prove that rational neural networks approximate smooth functions more efficiently than ReLU networks with exponentially smaller depth. The flexibility and smoothness of rational activation functions make them an attractive alternative to ReLU, as we demonstrate with numerical experiments.

Nedžad Grabus

Muslims and Christians share common values of belief in the One God. Theological foundations in Islam found in the Qur'an and Sunnah encourage Muslims to have a special respect for the Christian devotion and piety shown by priests in their beliefs. A special respect is shown to Mary, Jesus's mother, praise Jesus's ethical dimension and his prophetic wisdom. The Qur'an critically speaks of the Christians' belief in Jesus as a god and the worship of Isa /Jesus. The Qur'an also critically talks about the belief of Muslims who say they are believers but have only accepted formal Islamic teaching. Critical speech and aproach do not mean denying the concept of religiosity or faith in God. In this text, we are going to present theological foundations that support interreligious dialogue between Muslims and Christians.