Utilizing satellite remote sensing for the assessment and temporal-spatial analysis of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) is vital for overseeing lake water health and devising management plans. This study focused on the saline, turbid and arid Ebinur Lake, located in China’s northwestern region. The Random Forest (RF) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model algorithms were compared to select the one with the highest accuracy. It combined Sentinel-2 remote sensing data and in situ measurement data for the quantitative inversion of CDOM. Monthly CDOM distribution maps were generated with a 10 m resolution for the non-frozen months of May to October from 2018 to 2022, followed by a comprehensive analysis of temporal trends. The primary conclusions are: (1) The XGBoost model yielded highly accurate CDOM estimates, with a training set coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.94, a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.06 mg/L, Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 6.05 %, Relative Percent Difference (RPD) of 4.07; the test set demonstrated an R2 of 0.41 with an RMSE of 0.22 mg/L, MAPE of 22.74 %, RPD of 1.35; (2) Throughout the study period, the main lake portion displayed variable CDOM spatial patterns and trends. The inversion indicated higher CDOM concentrations in the central part than nearshore areas and decreasing CDOM in tandem with seasonable water-surface shrinkage. The findings offer hints for an accurate evaluation of water color parameters of Ebinur Lake and practical references for monitoring arid-region lake water quality via remote sensing.
Miguel Ángel García-Villafuerte, Gerardo Carbot-Chanona
Syninclusions are palaeontological resources that provide palaeoautoecological evidence of fossil species and information on the biological interactions between different organisms that were part of a past ecosystem. Although palaeautoecological interactions in amber have been documented worldwide, interactions between predators and potential prey are rare. Here, we documented the first evidence in Miocene Chiapas amber of predator-predator-prey interaction involving two spider species and one insect: the araneophagous “pirate spider” Mimetus sp., the Theridiidae spider Thymoites carboti, and gall flies (Cecydomiidae). The interaction between Mimetus sp. and T. carboti is documented as a possible case of araneophagy or opportunism. Also, the first evidence of a web built by some members of the Thymoites genus is presented. The taphonomic analysis of the amber piece indicated that they were all captured at the same time under the same resin flow.
In this paper, the legacy of Kenneth Mason (1887–1976) in the geography of the Himalaya-Karakoram (H-K) region has been thoroughly examined. Mason was a distinguished British geographer, surveyor, soldier, and mountaineer. He led the Indo-Russian Triangulation Connection and pioneered the use of stereoscopic photography in the Pamirs, laying the groundwork for precise geographical records. His detailed surveys and mappings of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil Ranges corrected longstanding cartographic inaccuracies and presented accurate topographical details through terrestrial stereo photogrammetry. Mason critically assessed and recommended improvements for the depiction of glaciers and geomorphic features on Survey of India maps, encouraging the training of surveyors in glacial morphology. He contributed significantly to standardising geographical terms and nomenclature within the Karakoram Range. Mason also played a crucial role in founding the Himalayan Club and the Himalayan Journal. His studies on glacier movements and advocacy for monitoring systems to prevent natural disasters exhibit his profound commitment to minimising human life and infrastructure loss. Mason’s comprehensive work boosted scientific investigation in the H-K region and laid a foundation for ongoing and future research in these remote regions, paving the way for future generations of explorers, researchers, and enthusiasts.
Jean-Baptiste André, Nicolas Baumard, Pascal Boyer
Standard approaches to cultural evolution focus on the recipients or consumers. This does not take into account the fitness costs incurred in producing the behaviours or artefacts that become cultural, i.e. widespread in a social group. We argue that cultural evolution models should focus on these fitness costs and benefits of cultural production, particularly in the domain of ‘symbolic’ culture. In this approach, cultural products can be considered as a part of the extended phenotype of producers, which can affect the fitness of recipients in a positive way (through cooperation) but also in a detrimental way (through manipulation and exploitation). Taking the producers’ perspective may help explain the specific features of many kinds of cultural products.
Shigeharu Numao, Ryota Uchida, Takashi Kurosaki
et al.
Abstract Background Circulating fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) is a marker for various diseases. It would be highly useful to have simple and less invasive techniques for the assessment of FABP4 concentrations in the clinical research setting. The purpose of the present study was to assess the concordance of circulating FABP4 concentrations in venous and capillary blood both at rest and immediately after acute exercise in healthy young males. Results Thirty-eight healthy young male adults aged from 19 to 25 years (mean age, 20.8 ± 1.2 years) were recruited. Paired blood samples were taken from the cubital vein (venous) and fingertip (capillary) blood at rest (resting state) and immediately after incremental exercise (exercising state). Blood samples were analyzed to determine the circulating FABP4 concentration using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for circulating FABP4 concentrations between venous and capillary blood samples indicated a strong positive correlation in both the resting and exercising state (resting state: r = 0.982, exercising state: r = 0.989, both p < 0.001). The mean FABP4 concentration was similar between venous and capillary blood in the resting state (p = 0.178), whereas it was significantly higher in capillary blood than in venous blood in the exercising state (p < 0.001). Furthermore, Bland–Altman plots showed a non-significant bias (− 0.07 ± 0.61 ng/mL, p = 0.453) in the resting state, whereas a significant bias (− 0.45 ± 0.61 ng/mL, p < 0.001) was observed in the exercising state. Conclusions These results indicate that capillary blood sampling can slightly overestimate circulating FABP4 concentrations under a physiologically dynamic state. However, the association between the venous and capillary blood in terms of FABP4 concentration was very strong, suggesting that capillary blood sampling can detect changes in FABP4 concentration in both physiologically steady and dynamic states.
Urban green space (UGS) plays an indispensable role in urban spaces, providing important ecological services to compensate for natural environment functions damaged by rapid urbanization. Understanding the impact of the UGS landscape pattern on its environmental benefits in order to evaluate UGS quality is critical for increasing its use efficiency. Previous studies have frequently constructed evaluation indexes based on subjective assessment of UGS landscape patterns using principal component analysis, factor analysis, and other methods without combining the actual environmental benefits in a complex urban environment. We investigated the changes in land surface temperature (LST) under different UGS landscape patterns, which can help clarify the urban thermal environment effect of UGS, and constructed a comprehensive index, the Green Environmental Benefit Index (GEBI), for UGS evaluation. Our results show that: (1) spatial allocation and configuration of UGS impact LST at both landscape and class levels, and the impact varies significantly with different vegetation types and landscape patterns. (2) The influence of each pair of driving factors on UGS thermal environmental benefits is mutually enhanced, indicating that urban greening can be improved across multiple dimensions. (3) UGS evaluation based on GEBI is objective and compelling, where alleyways of the inner-city were identified as areas in need of greening optimization in the study area. Revealing more details of the UGS landscape pattern, this study can help to construct a scientific and objective evaluation model and provide a reference for urban greening optimization and planning.
Accurate and timely crop mapping is essential for global food security assessments; however, conventional crop mapping models are usually applicable to specific spatial or temporal scales, i.e. “one-time, one-place” model. Moreover, the extensive application of a trained model to other regions is challenging when sufficient ground-truth samples used for training process are unavailable. This study exploited Cropland Data Layer (CDL) and Landsat data for Arkansas, United States (US), to train a U-Net model and then extensively tested the generalization ability of the model in the Corn Belt and California in the US, and even further tested in Liaoning, China, on a transcontinental scale. Two temporal images were generated by compositing the median values of images obtained during two crop growing time windows representing the sowing (from March to May) and vigorous growth periods (from June to August). In order to ensure the consistency of the data distribution between the target areas (testing areas) and the training area, we shifted the time windows of the target areas to match that of the training area following the phenological matching principle. Then we can composite the target data (testing data) according to the time windows matched in the target areas. The results showed a satisfactory accuracy. The average optimal Overall Accuracy of crop mapping in all the target areas exceeded 87%. The average optimal F1-score of corn and rice was 0.79. Finally, we compared the generalization performance of U-Net and Random Forest (RF) classifiers. The results showed that U-Net performed better in all the target areas in the US while RF performed better in target areas where the plots were smaller. The procedure and strategy developed will facilitate the realization of high-performance and automated global model transfer.
Abstract The Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 1, the atmospheric component of the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model is described. The model began as a fork of the well‐known Community Atmosphere Model, but it has evolved in new ways, and coding, performance, resolution, physical processes (primarily cloud and aerosols formulations), testing and development procedures now differ significantly. Vertical resolution was increased (from 30 to 72 layers), and the model top extended to 60 km (~0.1 hPa). A simple ozone photochemistry predicts stratospheric ozone, and the model now supports increased and more realistic variability in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. An optional improved treatment of light‐absorbing particle deposition to snowpack and ice is available, and stronger connections with Earth system biogeochemistry can be used for some science problems. Satellite and ground‐based cloud and aerosol simulators were implemented to facilitate evaluation of clouds, aerosols, and aerosol‐cloud interactions. Higher horizontal and vertical resolution, increased complexity, and more predicted and transported variables have increased the model computational cost and changed the simulations considerably. These changes required development of alternate strategies for tuning and evaluation as it was not feasible to “brute force” tune the high‐resolution configurations, so short‐term hindcasts, perturbed parameter ensemble simulations, and regionally refined simulations provided guidance on tuning and parameterization sensitivity to higher resolution. A brief overview of the model and model climate is provided. Model fidelity has generally improved compared to its predecessors and the CMIP5 generation of climate models.
Gunnar Michelsen, Tor Slettebø, Ingunn Brita Moser
This paper describes and discusses factors related to the working environment that promote the inclusion of job seekers with cognitive impairments. Vocational rehabilitation for job seekers with cognitive impairments is undertaken in adapted working environments. The working environment is a synthesis of the practices that are developed in the enterprise, in physical premises and digital spaces.
Job seekers with cognitive impairments, for example Asperger’s syndrome and/or ADHD, have greater challenges in entering the labour market compared with other groups with impaired functional capacity (Hansen 2009). The importance of social skills, a more complex and dynamic working life and modern methods of organizing work, such as groupwork or teamwork in smaller groups with a flat structure, constitute some of the reasons for these challenges (Hawkins 2004, Attwood 2007).
This paper builds on research following two adapted rehabilitation programmes for job seekers with cognitive impairments. Empirical data were collected through ethnographic/praxiographic fieldwork in enterprises offering the rehabilitation programmes (duration 24 months) (Mol 2002). The empirical material from this multiple case study is discussed using the concepts of ‘scenario’ (Callon 1987), and ‘affinity space’ (Gee 2004) from Geography and Science, Technology and Society studies (STS).
The paper describes how the rehabilitation scenario in the enterprises is constructed to help participants to work on something that interests them, in a space where they can develop coping strategies and with access to technology that can enable them to find work as IT professionals in the future. Further, the study points to how development of an individually adapted and familiar digital interface, as well as access to a digital space in which the job seekers can be relatively autonomous, were crucial.
The study finds that factors such as job tasks, the community of a shared diagnosis and interests, and the fact that the working environment includes physical space that can be characterized as affinity space, contribute to inclusion and the development of coping strategies.
François Balaye, Lisa Bienvenu, Gilles Debizet
et al.
Changing energy production patterns are posing a challenge to the relations between rural territories, where production could potentially exceed consumption, and their urban counterparts, where the opposite tends to hold true. Energy flows between places of production and places of consumption have largely been considered from the point of view of networks and less from the perspective of the institutional relations between territories. This article analyses transactions between cities and upland institutions carried out within the framework of the “Territoires à Energie Positive” (Positive Energy Territories) – or TEPOS – process in France’s Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.There is a disconnect between the TEPOS topics and the reality of the flows, and it underlines the gap between the promise of rural/urban complementarity (called by energy transition policies) and the weak position of the TEPOS within a mosaic and juxtaposition of decision-making arenas pertaining to spatial planning or energy carriers. Thanks to its agility and creativity, the TEPOS process could find relevance and sustainability, in addition to institutionalised planning that - variously and slowly - incorporates the energy transition aims.
Tuane de Oliveira Dutra, Pedro Antonio Roehe Reginato, Marcos Imério Leão
et al.
This study was fulfilled in the city of Carlos Barbosa, located in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul state, which is supplied exclusively by groundwater from the Serra Geral Aquifer System (SASG). In this municipality it was installed an automated monitoring system, denominated SIGAS in 12 of the 15 wells that capture water from SASG and are used by CORSAN to the public water supply in the municipality. The SIGAS monitors volume, flow rate and pumping time 15 in 15 minutes and level of water in 1 in 1 minute. Were analyzed data collected in 3 wells 12 having the system. The data collected indicated that the 3 wells are working, in most of the monitored period, above the pumping time designed, operated with without pumping time discontinuously. The SIGAS proved to be a satisfactory system for monitoring wells, inserted in the Serra Geral Aquifer System and used for public supply, enabling the identification of the influence demand in the operation thereof, and the reflection of this operation we aquifer water levels well. Due to data collection frequency and easy access thereof by the managing body of the wells, the SIGAS shown to be an odd utility tool in the management of the wells.
River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General), Physical geography
Akihisa Motok , Susanna Eleonora Sichel, Thais Vargas
et al.
Este trabalho apresenta a exumação das rochas mantélicas no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo, Oceano Atlântico
Equatorial, e sua implicação na possível geração de hidrocarbonetos abiogenéticos por serpentinização. Na zona de falhas
transformantes de São Paulo, observam-se duas condições tectônicas contrastadas para exumação do manto: Distensão no centro
de espalhamento amagmático e compressão ao longo da cadeia de transpressão. No fundo do oceano, as rochas ultramáficas
do manto exumado reagem quimicamente com a água do mar gerando energia térmica e hidrocarbonetos abiogenéticos, o
fenômeno denominado serpentinização. O espalhamento amagmático com a formação de megamullion ocorre ao longo dos
segmentos inter-transformantes da cadeia meso-oceânica. As rochas ultramáficas são originadas no manto superficial e possuem
serpentinização avançada e deformação plástica pouco expressiva. Os porfiroblastos de olivina apresentam fraturamento rúptil.
Por outro lado, a cadeia de transpressão ocorre ao longo do trecho da falha transformante em que a direção da falha e o
movimento relativo das placas são oblíquos. Devido à discordância direcional, o movimento transcorrente gera o esforço de
compressão perpendicular à falha. Este esforço levanta o manto profundo subjacente a partir da profundidade de deformação
dúctil até a superfície da Terra. A cadeia de transpressão no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo, denominada Cadeia de
Brachiosaurus, é o único exemplo confirmado exumação do manto acima do nível do mar no Oceano Atlântico. As rochas
do manto têm serpentinização pouco expressiva e deformação plástica extremamente desenvolvida, apresentando textura
milonítica. Os porfiroclastos e a matriz apresentam tanto o fraturamento rúptil quanto a deformação plástica.
While several field investigations have demonstrated significant effects of cool season (winter or spring) warming on phytoplankton development, the role played by large-bodied zooplankton grazers for the responses of phytoplankton to winter warming is ambiguous. We conducted an outdoor experiment to compare the effect of winter warming (heating by 3°C) in combination with presence and absence of <em>Daphnia</em> grazing (<em>D. similis</em>) on phytoplankton standing crops and community structure under eutrophic conditions. When <em>Daphnia</em> were absent, warming was associated with significant increases in phytoplankton biomass and cyanobacterial dominance. In contrast, when <em>Daphnia</em> were present, warming effects on phytoplankton dynamics were offset by warming-enhanced grazing, resulting in no significant change in biomass or taxonomic dominance. These results emphasize that large-bodied zooplankton like <em>Daphnia</em> spp. may play an important role in modulating the interactions between climate warming and phytoplankton dynamics in nutrient rich lake ecosystems.