Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Irakli Iremadze

The access to education as a fundamental human right and a cornerstone of social and political rights represents one of the most significant achievements for the contemporary world. However, until 1917 citizens of Georgia and the broader Caucasus region were denied access to these fundamental rights. After the declaration of Georgia’s independence in 1918 efforts were initiated to establish the universal education system within the newly formed state. This research aims at studying and analyzing the multifaceted process of educational reform during a period marked by military, political, and economic instability. This research addresses the following questions: How were such reforms implemented within the conditions of instability? What forms of political and economic will, as well as the financial resources were requisite for the introduction of a universal education system? Drawing upon archival materials and existing scholarship, this article seeks to explain the dynamics of educational reform, not merely as the construction of an autonomous system, but as an integral component of broader social policymaking. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the historical evolution of education policy in the Caucasus region, highlighting the challenges and opportunities in the pursuit of universal education.

Mushegh Ghahriyan

The study of Oman’s foreign policy attracts scholars because of its unique features. It undoubtedly differs from the foreign policies of other countries in the region. This paper focuses on Oman’s policy in three cases of regional conflicts: the Syrian war, the war in Yemen, and the crisis in Qatar in the context of regional changes and Saudi-Iranian rivalry. Oman pragmatically manoeuvres to mitigate threats emerging from the crises and wars in the countries of the Middle East.

Turgay Gökgöz

Modern Arab theater was born in Lebanon, but due to circumstances, it had the opportunity to develop in Egypt and could be moved until today thanks to important personalities. In Egypt, where the art of theater met for the first time with the Nahda Movement, which started with the invasion of Egypt by Napoleon in 1798, the art of theater later underwent serious development with Ya‘qûb Sannû‘ Egyptian Jew. In this context, George Abyad, a Lebanese immigrant to Egypt, visited North African countries such as Algeria and Tunisia with his troupe to spread the art of theater. In fact, before George Abyad, it was Ya‘qûb Sannû‘ who had laid the foundation of Egyptian theater. It would be appropriate to say that the seeds of theater art were sown in Arab countries thanks to these troupes. George Abyad was a name that brought the musical to Egyptian theater, brought artistic theater to Egypt, and standardized drama. George Abyad has an important place in the history of Arab theater in terms of staging classical and historical plays as well as French plays, contributing to Egyptian Arab theater as a Lebanese theater, and setting an example for the new generation of theater artists. In this article, it aims to provide broad information about the Lebanese theater actor George Abyad and his theater personality, which we have not come across in our country.

Yate Ge, Yi Dai, Run Shan et al.

End-user development allows everyday users to tailor service robots or applications to their needs. One user-friendly approach is natural language programming. However, it encounters challenges such as an expansive user expression space and limited support for debugging and editing, which restrict its application in end-user programming. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) offers promising avenues for the translation and interpretation between human language instructions and the code executed by robots, but their application in end-user programming systems requires further study. We introduce Cocobo, a natural language programming system with interactive diagrams powered by LLMs. Cocobo employs LLMs to understand users' authoring intentions, generate and explain robot programs, and facilitate the conversion between executable code and flowchart representations. Our user study shows that Cocobo has a low learning curve, enabling even users with zero coding experience to customize robot programs successfully.

Derguene Mbaye, Moussa Diallo

In recent years, we are seeing considerable interest in conversational agents with the rise of large language models (LLMs). Although they offer considerable advantages, LLMs also present significant risks, such as hallucination, which hinder their widespread deployment in industry. Moreover, low-resource languages such as African ones are still underrepresented in these systems limiting their performance in these languages. In this paper, we illustrate a more classical approach based on modular architectures of Task-oriented Dialog Systems (ToDS) offering better control over outputs. We propose a chatbot generation engine based on the Rasa framework and a robust methodology for projecting annotations onto the Wolof language using an in-house machine translation system. After evaluating a generated chatbot trained on the Amazon Massive dataset, our Wolof Intent Classifier performs similarly to the one obtained for French, which is a resource-rich language. We also show that this approach is extensible to other low-resource languages, thanks to the intent classifier's language-agnostic pipeline, simplifying the design of chatbots in these languages.

سحر محمود محمد أحمد

 يهدف البحث إلى رصد تداخل الشعر مع تقنيات السينما، في نص: محاورة غير تاريخية لقصاص أثر سيناوي للشاعر عماد قطري. وقد استخدم البحث المنهج الأسلوبي للوقوف على التقنيات السينمائية ووظيفتها. وقسم إلى مبحثين يسبقهما تمهيد فيه قراءة موجزة عن التداخل بين الشعر المعاصر وتقنيات السينما. المَبحث الأول: تقنيات السينما في نص: محاورة غير تاريخية لقصاص أثر سيناوي: القصة، المبحث الثاني: وظائف التقنيات السينمائية في نص: محاورة غير تاريخية مع قصاص أثر سيناوي، وكانت أهم  النتائج: النص الشعري المدروس حَي مفعَم بتقنيات السينما ممثلة أولا بعناصر المونتاج مثل اللقطات، والمؤثرات السمعية: الموسيقى، الصمت، والمؤثرات البصرية: الديكور، الإضاءة.  وثانيا المكونات السردية. أدى توظيف تقنيات السينما في هذا النص عددا من الوظاىف أهمها ( البنائية والتمثيلية والتسجيلية والأدبية).

Aram Kosyan

In the cuneiform Hittite texts there are attested 21 place-names located on the territory of Išuwa. The investigation of archaeological sites of the region shows that their number was definitely incomparably more. In the article are collected place-names of Išuwa attested by name. The list is assorted according to their appearance in the texts. In numerous archaeological sites there have been registered cultural layers which cover a long period of functioning from the Early Iron Age to Middle Ages that testify in favor of continuity, regardless the ethnic affiliation of their population (Hinzuta-Andzit, Pališna-Palin, Tahhiša-Degiq).

MohammadHosein Kakoei, Abbas Ganjali

The irony comes in different forms and multiple patterns, according to the amount of influence, how it is formed, sides of paradox, appearance and meaning, creator's point of view, function of paradox in presenting image and meaning, etc. The research tried to determine the circle of its study on some paradox patterns such as The structural irony, the irony of conception or visualization and the gestural irony according to their semantic structure in the supplications of the keys to heaven, to show the possibility of this form in using this technique, which is considered a new technique even though it was used in ancient literature since the early ages to shed light on the purpose and establish impact on the recipient. It also tries to show the possibility of supplications in enriching form and meaning by using paradox in these patterns .For this purpose, the present study analyzed the prominent examples of supplications in Mafatih al-jinan and compared them with the studies done in other works outside the research and came to the conclusion that Supplications due to their literary and artistic richness and connection with the world of revelation, many It contains the verbal techniques that made it stand out among the old literary works, and another point is that the contradiction in the supplication was not only a formal presence, but it was also skillfully used in the meaning dimension and helped to present the meaning to be more visible and prominent.

Bansidhar Pradhan

The indiscriminate killing of Palestinians in the occupied Gaza Strip by the Israeli war machine, during July–August 2014, marked yet another phase in the long-drawn-out Palestinian resistance against Israeli occupation. The large-scale death, destruction, and displacement on the Palestinian side underlined a particular pattern of Israeli State behavior vis-à-vis the Palestinians in Gaza. This article argues that the 2014 operation, code named “Operation Protective Edge,” was but a part of Israel’s long-term, well-thought-out, and consistently pursued policy of crushing Palestinian resistance and eliminating Palestinian identity and nationalism.

İsmail Araz, Ramazan Aslan

Bu çalışma, klasik dönem şarkiyatçılığının ileri gelen temsilcilerinden Nöldeke, Ahlwardt, Layll ve Margoliouth’un, günümüzde klasik Arap şiiri uzmanlarını meşgul etmeye devam eden Cahiliye şiirinin otantikliği problemine dair öncü yaklaşımlarını konu edinmektedir. Çalışmada adı geçen müsteşriklerin XIX. yüzyıl ile XX. yüzyıl arasındaki yaklaşık 60 yıllık bir süre zarfında yayımladıkları asıl kaynaklara başvurulmuştur. Bu kaynaklar sorular gündeme getiren ve bu sorulara cevaplar bulmaya çalışan bir tür bilişsel diyaloğa dayanmaktadır. Bunun yanında çalışmada yöntem olarak karşılaştırmalı eleştirel perspektif yöntemi benimsenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda öncelikle mezkûr müsteşriklerin çalışmaları ilmî açıdan değerlendirilmiş; ardından ilke, tez ve hedefler açısından bu çalışmalar arasında karşılaştırmaya gidilmiştir. Nihayetinde çalışmada şu temel sonuca varılmıştır: Adı geçen dört müsteşrik, Cahiliye şiirinin otantikliği problemine bağlı olarak ortaya atılan soruların cevaplandırılmasının ehemmiyeti hususunda aynı görüşteydiler; ancak probleme yaklaşım, problemi çözme ve irdeleme hedefleri noktasında görüş ayrılığına düşmüşlerdir.

محمد عادل شوك

يهدف هذا البحث إلى قراءة تركيب (لاسِيَّما)، مع تحقيق رسالة "كَشْفُ العَمَــــا عن معاني لاسِيَّما" لإبراهيم بن محمد بن عبد الخالق المِزْجاجيّ (ت 1265ه)، ويسعى إلى تجلية القول في تركيب (لاسِيَّما)، من خلال أمور ثلاثة، هي: تحقيق رسالة أفردها أحد علماء زَبِيْد للحديث عن تركيب (لاسِيَّما)، جمع فيها ما ذكره النحاة من آراء عنها، فيما تسنّى له الوقوف عليه من المصادر، والوقوف على استعمالها عند العرب، وعلى آراء العلماء في تركيبها، ومعانيها. وبيان الآراء النحوية للشيخ المِزْجاجيّ التي ساقها في هذه المسألة، من خلال بيانه آراء العلماء، والترجيح فيما بينها، خلوصًا إلى رأي معيّن مال إليه تصريحًا أو تلميحًا. ولقد وقفتُ في هذا البحث على جملة من الفوائد، منها: تجلية القول عن الشيخ إبراهيم بن محمد بن عبد الخالق بن عليّ المِزْجاجيّ، المولود والمتوفَّى في مدينة زَبِيْد (1212- 1265ه)، إذْ جاءت سيرته شحيحةً عند جلّ من تحدّث عنه، ولاسيّما في تحديد سنة وفاته. يرى الشيخ المزجاجي أنّ (لاسِيَّما) ليست من الاستثناء في شيء، فهي تركيب لغوي يفضي إلى معنى الاستثناء، وليست منه حقيقةً، وإنّما تُحمل عليه، وهي تأتي على جهتي: المبالغة والتفضيل، والاشتراط. تعدّ مسألة (لاسِيَّما) من أكثر المسائل النحوية، التي وقف عندها النحاة والعلماء، لقد جاء الحديث عن تركيبها، ومعانيها، واستعمالها في سبعة محاور، فصلنا القول فيها في الدراسة.

HAKOB AVCHYAN

Enclitic pronouns are used in most of New West Iranian languages. They are mainly used for marking the possessor, as well as objects, besides, those Iranian languages and dialects, which show ergative patterns, make use of enclitic pronouns for marking the agent in erga-tive constructions. This paper deals with the enclitic pronouns and their functions in Anbarāni, one of the Northern Talyshi dialects, spoken in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Where it is possible the features of Anbarāni enclitics will be compared with some other West Iranian languages.

Osamu Ishimura, Yoshihide Yoshimoto

The world of HPC systems is changing to a more complicated system because the performance improvement of processors has been slowed down. One of the promising approaches is Domain-Specific Language(DSL), which provides a productive environment to create a high-efficient program without pain. However, existing DSL platforms themselves often lack portability and cost DSL developers great effort. To solve this issue, we propose an Aspect-Oriented Programming(AOP) based DSL constructing platform, enabling developers to build a DSL platform by combining Aspect modules. Aspect modules manage abstracted application flow, data structure, and memory access on our platform. Therefore, developers can create any DSL platform whose target application has the attributes which HPC applications usually have, the abstraction assumes. This study implemented a prototype platform that can handle MPI and OpenMP layers. The prototype supports three types of applications (Structured-Grid, Unstructured-Grid, and Particle Simulation). Then, we evaluated the overheads caused by achieving flexibility and productivity of the platform.

Mathieu De Coster, Dimitar Shterionov, Mieke Van Herreweghe et al.

Automatic translation from signed to spoken languages is an interdisciplinary research domain, lying on the intersection of computer vision, machine translation and linguistics. Nevertheless, research in this domain is performed mostly by computer scientists in isolation. As the domain is becoming increasingly popular - the majority of scientific papers on the topic of sign language translation have been published in the past three years - we provide an overview of the state of the art as well as some required background in the different related disciplines. We give a high-level introduction to sign language linguistics and machine translation to illustrate the requirements of automatic sign language translation. We present a systematic literature review to illustrate the state of the art in the domain and then, harking back to the requirements, lay out several challenges for future research. We find that significant advances have been made on the shoulders of spoken language machine translation research. However, current approaches are often not linguistically motivated or are not adapted to the different input modality of sign languages. We explore challenges related to the representation of sign language data, the collection of datasets, the need for interdisciplinary research and requirements for moving beyond research, towards applications. Based on our findings, we advocate for interdisciplinary research and to base future research on linguistic analysis of sign languages. Furthermore, the inclusion of deaf and hearing end users of sign language translation applications in use case identification, data collection and evaluation is of the utmost importance in the creation of useful sign language translation models. We recommend iterative, human-in-the-loop, design and development of sign language translation models.

Ahmad Kusjairi Suhail

The wisdom of God, Blessed and Most High, required that people be created with different religions, opinions, trends, purposes, understandings, and ideas, and from here comes the importance of dialogue. The Holy Qur’an has paid great attention to dialogue. This research aims to reveal the urgency of dialogue from various perspectives such as within the humanitarian paradigm, from a sharia perspective, and from a contemporary world perspective. Apart from that, this research also explains the basic principles in the Koran relating to dialogue with other people, whether fellow Muslims or with followers of other religions (non-Muslims. This research argues that the Holy Qur’an’s interest in dialogue, that it is a humanitarian necessity, a legal obligation, and a modern need, and that the glorious Book of God includes important foundations that must be adhered to in dialogue with others, all of this is evidence that the nation of the Qur’an have been advocates of dialogue throughout their history.

Ryoma Sin'ya

This paper investigates a new property of formal languages called REG-measurability where REG is the class of regular languages. Intuitively, a language \(L\) is REG-measurable if there exists an infinite sequence of regular languages that "converges" to \(L\). A language without REG-measurability has a complex shape in some sense so that it can not be (asymptotically) approximated by regular languages. We show that several context-free languages are REG-measurable (including languages with transcendental generating function and transcendental density, in particular), while a certain simple deterministic context-free language and the set of primitive words are REG-immeasurable in a strong sense.

Daco Harkes

Our community believes that new domain-specific languages should be as general as possible to increase their impact. However, I argue in this essay that we should stop claiming generality for new domain-specific languages. More general domain-specific languages induce more boilerplate code. Moreover, domain-specific languages are co-developed with their applications in practice, and tend to be specific for these applications. Thus, I argue we should stop claiming generality in favor of documenting how domain-specific language based software development is beneficial to the overall software development process. The acceptance criteria for scientific literature should make the same shift: accepting good domain-specific language engineering practice, instead of the next language to rule them all.

Artjoms Šinkarovs, Hans-Nikolai Vießmann, Sven-Bodo Scholz

Modern machine learning frameworks are complex: they are typically organised in multiple layers each of which is written in a different language and they depend on a number of external libraries, but at their core they mainly consist of tensor operations. As array-oriented languages provide perfect abstractions to implement tensor operations, we consider a minimalistic machine learning framework that is shallowly embedded in an array-oriented language and we study its productivity and performance. We do this by implementing a state of the art Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and compare it against implementations in TensorFlow and PyTorch --- two state of the art industrial-strength frameworks. It turns out that our implementation is 2 and 3 times faster, even after fine-tuning the TensorFlow and PyTorch to our hardware --- a 64-core GPU-accelerated machine. The size of all three CNN specifications is the same, about 150 lines of code. Our mini framework is 150 lines of highly reusable hardware-agnostic code that does not depend on external libraries. The compiler for a host array language automatically generates parallel code for a chosen architecture. The key to such a balance between performance and portability lies in the design of the array language; in particular, the ability to express rank-polymorphic operations concisely, yet being able to do optimisations across them. This design builds on very few assumptions, and it is readily transferable to other contexts offering a clean approach to high-performance machine learning.

B. Borlykova, E. Omakaeva

The article deals with the issues of folk lexicon as a system, employing the notion of clusters and cluster analysis for the detection of national and cultural identity of nominal lexicon of the Kalmyk historical songs recorded by A.V. Burdukov. A cluster is represented as a system of interrelated subclusters, which frame an integral character of a certain fragment of worldview expressed in a song. The article is based on the corpus of clustered nominal lexemes identified in the lyrics of the songs, recorded in Kalmykia in 1937 by a renowned mongolist A.V. Burdukov. The manuscript resides in the sound archive of the Institute of Russian Culture (Pushkin’s house) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The data collected has been generalized and classified in keeping with the cluster approach. The paper employs ethnolinguistic approach to folk text studies. Our key objective has been to carry out a lexical analysis of Kalmyk historical texts, recorded in 1930s, and identify the nouns that constitute such clusters as sociofact ‘social and marital status, profession, occupation, sociometric status’, naturfact (natural object), artifact (any material culture object), and mentifact (product of the mind) in their contextual environment, accompanied with their significance evaluation and the proportion of every (sub)cluster in the worldview expressed in the songs. The clusters that prevail in the analyzed song corpus are ‘naturfacts’ (6 subclusters, 36 lexemes) and ‘sociofacts’ (5 subclusters, 67 lexemes). Among other clusters found are ‘artifacts’ (12 lexemes) and ‘mentifacts’ (3 subclusters, 9 lexemes). The results obtained may serve as a basis for further analysis of lexical structure of song lyrics.

Bayrta B. Mandzhieva

The article studies the Kalmyk heroic tale Khar ϒalzn Mӧrtӓ Khadr Khar Avγin Khan Sӧnӓk (Khadyr Khara Avgi Khan Senaki Who Rides a Black Horse with a Star) recorded by N. Ts. Bitkeev from the talented Kalmyk taleteller Sandzhi Butaev in 1974. Khadyr Khara Avgi Khan Senaki Who Rides a Black Horse with a Star is distinguished through its artistic perfection, depth of content, archaic motifs, style and poetic formulas, as well as the significant size of the fairy tale. It terms of plot and composition, the fairy tale consists of twelve structural elements. The main character is Khadyr Khara Avgi Khan Senaki who manifests himself as a miraculously born hero (Mong. baatar) with all heroic qualities required, namely: strength, courage, agility, the magic ability to turn into different creatures, and other 'ninety nine erdems' (Kalm. 'skills'). Constituent elements play a significant role in the depiction of the hero's image: his marvelous horse, weapons and other miraculous objects considered to be subordinate and secondary in relation to the physical strength of the hero. The theme of the hero's matchmaking proves an exclusively artistic device, since it has a sufficiently developed and sequential scheme, both in the heroic tale and in the heroic epic of Jangar: the hero arrives in the country of his supposed bride, turns into a lousy boy, encounters members of the khan's retinue, gets summoned to appear in the khan's court to be found innocent by the latter, comes to grips with a rivalling fiance, participates in three competitions, marries the khan’s daughter, receives a dowry, and returns to his native nomadic territory. The three competitions - rifle shooting, wrestling, and the delivery of three red apples (in classic texts - horseracing, archery, wrestling) - constitute a significant element in the structure of the heroic tale for there are many contenders, and only the strongest one to have coped with all the tasks must win. The news about a devastation of the hero’s nomadic territory by mangas (Kalm. 'demons') invaders gives another way to the narrative's development - Khadyr Khara Avgi Khan Senaki’s military expedition to the country of Usun Shara. The hero crushes the mangases, delivers his parents and enslaved people from captivity, bringing them back to their ancestral lands. In the finale of the heroic tale Sandzhi Butaev uses formulas of the feast which introduce the narrator into the circle of characters, depicting him as a participant of the narrated events. The place where the events took place is defined by the narrator as a border territory between the worlds of the dead and the living. Thus, the storyteller reappears among his listeners after having crossed the border. And the very fact is supposed to guarantee the veracity of the narrated tale. Variability, unreality of fairy-tale happiness for human beings inhabiting the material world are contrasted with the well-being of fairy-tale heroes. A peculiar ending also serves as a means to somewhat discharge the intense attention of listeners. The final formulas constitute the concluding stage of the hero's actions - from his crossing the border between the worlds of the living and the dead, subsequent heroic deeds, to his return to the native nomadic territories and, thus, to the real world. Khadyr Khara Avgi Khan Senaki Baatar acts as a 'guardian of the hearth and protector of the clan/tribe, heir and master of myriad herds and vast lands (mountains, rivers) of his father, he who multiplies this heritage (receiving a dowry), destroys enemies (mangases, rivalling fiances)', and returns his enslaved people to their nomadic areas.