Hasil untuk "Modern history, 1453-"

Emanuele Bottazzi, Mikhail G. Katz

We apply Nancy Cartwright's distinction between theories and basic models to explore the history of rival approaches to modeling a notion of chance for an ideal uniform physical process known as a fair spinner. This process admits both Archimedean and non-Archimedean models. Advocates of Archimedean models maintain that the fair spinner should satisfy hypotheses such as invariance with respect to rotations by an arbitrary real angle, and assume that the optimal mathematical tool in this context is the Lebesgue measure. Others argue that invariance with respect to all real rotations does not constitute an essential feature of the underlying physical process, and could be relaxed in favor of regularity. We show that, working in ZFC, no subset of the commonly assumed hypotheses determines a unique model, suggesting that physically based intuitions alone are insufficient to pin down a unique mathematical model. We provide a rebuttal of recent criticisms of non-Archimedean models by Parker and Pruss.

Yakir Aharonov, Guy Hetzroni

This oral history interview provides Yakir Aharonov's perspective on the theoretical discovery of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in 1959, during his PhD studies in Bristol with David Bohm, the reception of the effect, the efforts to test it empirically (up to Tonomura's experiment), and some of the debates regarding the existence of the effect and its interpretation. The interview also discusses related later developments until the 1980s, including modular momentum and Berry's phase. It includes recollections from meetings with Werner Heisenberg, Richard Feynman, and Chen-Ning Yang, also mentioning John Bell, Robert Chambers, Werner Ehrenberg, Sir Charles Frank, Wendell Furry, Gunnar Källén, Maurice Pryce, Nathan Rosen, John Wheeler, and Eugene Wigner.

Federico Laudisa

The Bohr and von Neumann views on the measurement process in quantum mechanics have been interpreted for a long time in somewhat controversial terms, often leading to misconceptions. On the basis of some textual analysis, I would like to show that, contrary to a widespread opinion, their views should be taken less inconsistent, and much closer to each other, than usually thought. As a consequence, I claim that Bohr and von Neumann are conceptually on the same side on the issue of the universality of quantum mechanics: hopefully, this might contribute to a more accurate history of the measurement problem in quantum mechanics.

Agustín González Enciso

Harald Gustafsson

Giulio Talini

Benoît Rittaud, Laurent Vivier

We reconsider the classical equality 0.999. .. = 1 with the tool of circular words, that is: finite words whose last letter is assumed to be followed by the first one. Such circular words are naturally embedded with algebraic structures that enlight this problematic equality, allowing it to be considered in Q rather than in R. We comment early history of such structures, that involves English teachers and accountants of the first part of the xviii th century, who appear to be the firsts to assert the equality 0.999. .. = 1. Their level of understanding show links with Dubinsky et al.'s apos theory in mathematics education. Eventually, we rebuilt the field Q from circular words, and provide an original proof of the fact that an algebraic integer is either an integer or an irrational number.

Matthew E. Quenneville, Christopher M. Liepold, Chung-Pei Ma

Most stellar-dynamical determinations of the masses of nearby supermassive black holes (SMBHs) have been obtained with the orbit superposition technique under the assumption of axisymmetry. However, few galaxies -- in particular massive early-type galaxies -- obey exact axisymmetry. Here we present a revised orbit superposition code and a new approach for dynamically determining the intrinsic shapes and mass parameters of triaxial galaxies based on spatially-resolved stellar kinematic data. The triaxial TriOS code described here corrects an error in the original van den Bosch et al. (2008) code that gives rise to incorrect projections for most orbits in triaxial models and can significantly impact parameter search results. The revised code also contains significant improvements in orbit sampling, mass constraints, and run time. Furthermore, we introduce two new parameter searching strategies -- a new set of triaxial shape parameters and a novel grid-free sampling technique -- that together lead to a remarkable gain in efficiency in locating the best-fit model. We apply the updated code and search method to NGC 1453, a fast-rotating massive elliptical galaxy. A full 6D parameter search finds $p=b/a=0.933^{+0.014}_{-0.015}$ and $q=c/a=0.779\pm0.012$ for the intrinsic axis ratios and $T=0.33\pm0.06$ for the triaxiality parameter. Despite the deviations from axisymmetry, the best-fit SMBH mass, stellar mass-to-light ratio, and dark matter enclosed mass for NGC 1453 are consistent with the axisymmetric results. More comparisons between axisymmetric and triaxial modeling are needed before drawing general conclusions.

Maria Papadopoulou, Zacharoula Smyrnaiou

Digital technologies, such as the Internet and Artificial Intelligence, are part of our daily lives, influencing broader aspects of our way of life, as well as the way we interact with the past. Having dramatically changed the ways in which knowledge is produced and consumed, the algorithmic age has also radically changed the relationship that the general public has with History. Fields of History such as Public and Oral History have particularly benefitted from the rise of digital culture. How does our digital culture affect the way we think, study, research and teach the past, as historical evidence spreads rapidly in the public sphere? How do digital technologies promote the study, writing and teaching of History? What should historians, students of history and pre-service history teachers be critically aware of, when swarmed with digitized or born-digital content, constantly growing on the Internet? And while these changes are now visible globally, how is the discipline of History situated within the digital transformation rapidly advancing in Greece? Finally, what are the consequences of these changes for History as a subject taught at Greek secondary schools? These are some of the issues raised in the text that follows, which is part of the course materials of the undergraduate course offered during winter semester 2020-2021 at the School University of Athens, School of Philosophy, Pedagogy, Psychology. Course Title: 'Pedagogics of History: Theory and Practice', Academic Institution: School of Philosophy-Pedagogy-Psychology, University of Athens.

Mateus PEREIRA, Valdei ARAUJO

In this article we discuss two hypotheses related to current forms of temporalization: the Presentism of François Hartog and the Broad Present of Hans-Ulrich Gumbrecht. We argue that certain aspects of the present time can be derived from Heidegger`s descriptions of the temporality of “opening” (Erschlossenheit), in particular from the “inauthentic” or “improper” dimension. On the basis of Google Ngram and other databases, we identify the growth of the semantic field around the word “update” since the early nineteen-sixties. The loss of energy of words like “progress” in similar proportion may indicate some competitive relations between the two fields. Futurism in the first decades of the postwar period seems to give way to what we call an updatist time, with its own forms of past, present and future.

Jason Garver

"Rigor" is an often sought after but ill-defined concept in education. This work reviews several models of rigor from current literature before proposing a tool which is used to analyze science education throughout history. The 20\textsuperscript{th} century science education in the United States was subject to changing sociopolitical motivations about the use of science both in general and for students. These factors as well as developments in theory of learning and broad education reforms had changing affects on the level of rigor in science education. This work analyzes the theoretical level of rigor of science education in the US based on two main motivating factors for science education; science as a social endeavor and science as a discipline, throughout the 20\textsuperscript{th} century.

Jeroen van Dongen

As the History of Science Society, which is based in America, holds its annual meeting in Utrecht, one of the key academic centers on the European continent, one may surmise that the field has returned home. Yet, this hardly reflects how today's world of scholarship is constituted: in the historiography of science, 'provincializing Europe' has become an important theme, while the field itself, as is the case across the world of academia, is centered around a predominantly American literature. At the same time, ever since historians of science have emancipated themselves from the sciences a long time ago, they often have appeared, in the public eye, to question rather than to seek to bolster the authority of the sciences. How has this situation come about, and what does it tell us about the world we live in today? What insight is sought and what public benefit is gained by the historical study of science? As we try to answer these questions, we will follow a number of key mid-twentieth century historians--Eduard Dijksterhuis, Thomas Kuhn and Martin Klein--in their Atlantic crossings. Their answers to debates on the constitution of the early modern scientific revolution or the novelty of the work of Max Planck will illustrate how notions of 'center' and 'periphery' have shifted--and what that may tell us about being 'in Europe' today.

Fernando Durán López

In 1850 the old writer José Joaquín de Mora was appointed Consul General in London. From England he held a correspondence with his Minister of State, Pedro José Pidal, on hispanic literary matters of common interest. In this paper we include three of these letters, unpublished till now.

AAVV

Número completo

Antonio Moreno Juste

Europa acabó el siglo XX –recuerda Tony Judt- con una estabilidad y prosperidad sin precedentes. Atrás habían quedado las guerras, las dictaduras y los tiempos de odios, superados la mayoría de los conflictos étnicos y disputas territoriales que la habían conducido al abismo entre 1939 y 1945; la consolidación de la democracia fue acompañada de notables avances económicos, derechos civiles y libertades; los ciudadanos dejaron de estar discriminados por su raza, género o condición y disfrutaban de un amplio sistema de beneficios sociales. Ciertamente, como afirma Julián Casanova   “(…) no era el paraíso, pero comparado con el pasado y con lo que se veía en otros continentes, muchos tenían la sensación de estar viviendo en el mejor de los mundos posibles”. Sin embargo, la Europa surgida de la Segunda Guerra Mundial no se planteó a sí misma como un sistema político, económico y social propio. 

Matías Maggio Ramírez

Both Francisco Cabello y Mesa Telégrafo Mercantil, Rural, Político, Económico e Historiográfico del Río de la Plata (TM) as Juan Hipolito Vieytes the Semanario de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio (SAIC) addressed the emergence of a new time that differed from a past marked by the «barbarism». Fashion and luxury were two of the axes that marked distances in shaping the ideal which appealed the public press. Customs and practices of the past needed to be identified to remove them because they were in dissonance in times of «public happiness» and the rational utility as rule. Buenos Aires increased the pace of trade and the press encouraged the way of fashion, both clothing and customs, to be in tune with European cities.

Lili Zách has received her Masters Degrees in English (with specialization in Irish Studies) and History at the University of Szeged, Hungary, in 2006. She completed a PhD at the National University of Ireland, Galway, focusing on Irish perceptions of the small successor states of Austria-Hungary, 1914-1945. Her primary research interest lies in the field of Irish and Central European history in a transnational framework, with special attention to Irish links with Continental Europe in the first half of the twentieth century.

Although far from the centres of conflict on the Continent, interwar Ireland was also exposed to the influence of extreme left and right-wing political movements. Overall, most Irish nationalists adopted an uncompromisingly anti-Communist stance and used the lack of political stability in East-Central Europe to emphasise the significance of Catholic values following the 1917 Bolshevik revolution. The present paper examines the attitude of Irish intellectuals to extreme political changes in post-war Hungary. It also aims to highlight the complexity of the “red scare” and its legacy in relation to anti-Semitism and even the border question throughout the 1930s.

B. Lee Roberts

I discuss the history of the muon $(g-2)$ measurements, beginning with the Columbia-Nevis measurement that observed parity violation in muon decay, and also measured the muon $g$-factor for the first time, finding $g_μ=2$. The theoretical (Standard Model) value contains contributions from quantum electrodynamics, the strong interaction through hadronic vacuum polarization and hadronic light-by-light loops, as well as the electroweak contributions from the $W$, $Z$ and Higgs bosons. The subsequent experiments, first at Nevis and then with increasing precision at CERN, measured the muon anomaly $a_μ= (g_μ-2)/2$ down to a precision of 7.3 parts per million (ppm) The Brookhaven National Laboratory experiment E821 increased the precision to 0.54 ppm, and observed for the first time the electroweak contributions. Interestingly, the value of $a_μ$ measured at Brookhaven appears to be larger than the Standard Model value by greater than three standard deviations. A new experiment, Fermilab E989, aims to improve on the precision by a factor of four, to clarify whether this result is a harbinger of new physics entering through loops, or from some experimental, statistical or systematic issue.

Antonio Sánchez Jiménez

Book review

Arrioja Díaz Viruell, Luis Alberto

Este artículo analiza la manera en que las autoridades –políticas y religiosas- de dos espacios indianos –la capitanía mayor de Guatemala y el virreinato de Nueva España- percibieron y entendieron las plagas de langosta entre 1700 y 1805; asimismo, se analizan una serie de instrumentos -temporales y espirituales- que ponen de relieve las nociones e ideas que existían sobre dichos fenómenos. A lo largo del texto se examina el contexto –ideológico y fáctico- en que surgieron y evolucionaron dichas ideas. Primeramente, aquellas que se basaron en argumentos bíblicos y providencialistas. En segundo lugar, las que se anclaron en el pensamiento racionalista e ilustrado.