Contemporary distributed hydrological models are detailed and mathematically rigorous, but their calibration and testing can be still an issue. Often it is based on the quadratic measure of the calculated and observed hydrographs proximity at one outlet gauge station, typically on the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE). This approach seems insufficient to calibrate a model with hundreds of spatial elements. This paper presents using a multi-dimensional estimator of modeling quality, being a natural generalization of the traditional NSE but which would aggregate data from several hydrological stations using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The method was tested on the ECOMAG model developed for a sub-basin (24,400 km2, with 15 gauges) of the Ussuri River in Russia. The results show that the presented version of the multi-dimensional NSE with PCA in calibration of spatially-distributed hydrological models has a number of advantages compared to other methods: the reduced dimensionality without loss of important information, straightforward data analysis and the automated calibration procedure; objective separation of the deterministic signal from the noise, calibration using the “informational kernel” of data, leading to more accurate parameters’ estimates. Additionally, the introduced notion of the “compact” dataset allow to interpret physical-geographical homogeneity of the basins in mathematic manner, which can be valuable for hydrological zoning of the basins, hydrological fields analysis, and structuring the models of large basins. There is no doubt that further development and testing of the proposed methodology is advisable in solving spatial hydrological problems based on distributed models, such as managing a cascade of reservoirs, creating hydrological reanalyses, etc.
Current machine learning methods for land subsidence susceptibility mapping (LSSM) predominantly focus on the spatial features of land subsidence conditioning factors (LSCFs), overlooking the sequence relationships that merger after the superposition of these factors. This often leads to unreliable LSSM results. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a novel double-branch parallel fusion neural network, termed DBPFNet, which integrates multi-factor sequence and spatial features to improve LSSM accuracy. The Beijing Plain is selected as the study area. InSAR-derived land subsidence data are used as positive samples, and 12 LSCFs are chosen for analysis. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed to learn multi-factor spatial features, while long short-term memory (LSTM) is used to learn multi-factor sequence features. The spatial and sequence features are fuzed by two full connections to generate the LSSM. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DBPFNet model significantly outperforms CNN, LSTM and transformer models in terms of performance, yielding highly accurate LSSM result. The high susceptibility areas are predominantly located in the central region of Beijing Plain. Key factors influencing land subsidence in the study area include groundwater, altitude, build density, precipitation and river density.
Traditional extreme learning machine (ELM) model suffers from instability due to random initialization of input weights and hidden-layer bias, often resulting in suboptimal predictive performance. To address this limitation, the Slime Mould Algorithm (SMA), a bio-inspired optimization strategy, was integrated to refine the initialization of ELM parameters for mapping prospectivity of copper deposits. Based on 15 known ore deposits in the northern part of the Altyn Tagh, China, multi-source remote sensing data, including ASTER, Landsat-8 OLI, and ZY-1 02E imagery as well as geological data were integrated within a geographic information system (GIS) framework. The confusion matrix, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the success-rate curve were employed to evaluate the model’s performance against traditional ELM and multi-layer perceptron. Experimental results demonstrated that the SMA-ELM model exhibited superior overall performance compared to the other two models. Based on the Youden index, high-potential metallogenic zones were delineated which were consistent with known deposits and geological structures. These findings validate SMA-ELM as an effective and promising tool for mineral prospectivity mapping in geologically complex terrains.
Svetlana Malkhazova, Vladimir Tikunov, V. Gaidukov
et al.
The purpose of the work is to assess the current oncological situation in the world and to determine the regional features of the manifestation of oncopathologies. The work was performed using mathematical and cartographic modeling methods based on morbidity and mortality rates among men and women by the main nosoforms in 2020 in 185 countries. A medical and geographical analysis of the spread of oncological diseases in the world has been carried out, and the main regional features of the manifestation of oncopathologies by country have been identified. As a result of the study, it was found that the regions-leaders in cancer incidence are mainly countries with a high level of economic development and a higher proportion of the elderly population. It should be noted that the maximum mortality rate is not observed in those countries that are leading in terms of morbidity. Obviously, this is due to a very high level of medical care for cancer patients in countries where the highest incidence is detected. The main most common forms of malignant neoplasms in men are prostate cancer, trachea, bronchi, lung cancer. Women have breast and cervical cancer. The analysis conducted at the global level allows us to present Russia’s place in the global context in terms of morbidity and mortality from the predominant forms of malignant neoplasms separately for men and women. According to the conducted research, Russia occupies a relatively safe place in the world ranking according to all the considered indicators. The results obtained can be used for further research to identify cancer risk factors in various regions of the world.
The article presents a comprehensive approach to the development of modules for a multifunctional cartographic resource for predicting impact zones of separating parts of launch vehicles. The proposed solution is based on the integration of mathematical models, including ballistic, stochastic, and adaptive algorithms, with geographic information systems (GIS), which allows for highly accurate spatial risk analysis. The study developed the architecture of a software package that includes modules for collecting, processing, and visualizing data, as well as algorithms for generating thematic and geocognitive maps. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of further integration of the system with external information platforms meteorological services, digital twins, warning, and monitoring systems. The modeling conducted on various scenarios showed that the use of artificial intelligence and automated map generation can reduce the average forecast error to 60 meters and significantly increase the reliability of risk zone assessment. The results of the work can be used to improve the safety of space launches, support decision-making in emergency situations, as well as in territorial planning and environmental monitoring.
: Since the 20 th century, the Klaipėda region (Lithuania) has undergone significant political, economic, social, and cultural changes related to the disappearance of Prussia (1923), the Soviet occupation (1944) and the restoration of independence (1991). This has led to radical transformations in the spatial system, of which the road network is a key component. Networks could be analysed using space syntax methods by assimilating them to a mathematical graph model, for which quantitative indexes based on topology can be applied to assess their spatial configurations. The ‘Generic City’ approach, by simulating foreground and background urban networks, can be modified innovatively on a territorial scale. Based on historical cartographies and open geographic databases, indexes characterising both networks are derived to describe the length, angularity or accessibility of the pre-Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet networks. The analysis identified four main spatial structures associated with the network by combining the indexes in a K-means machine learning algorithm. They highlight the spatial impacts of collectivisation, industrialisation, and tertiarisation of the economy, post-World Wars and post-Cold War geopolitical events, and their consequences as drivers of the territorial organisation and dynamics such as the metropolisation or peri-urbanisation.
This study examined the spatial distribution of the gold mining site in Iperindo; assessed the spatial pattern of the land condition in the study area; and analyzed the effects of Segilola Gold Mining Site on Landuse and Landcover in the study area. The spatial distribution of the mining site was determined using a differential GPS receiver. The spatio-temporal assessment of the mining sites was done using Landsat imageries spanning six years (2019 - 2024). Digital Image Processing (DIP) was done using a supervised classification method. The spatial extent of gold mining sites in Iperindo was determined through the digitization of the boundary of the mining sites on the classified images of the study years. Spatio-temporal landuse and landcover maps were also assessed from the classified images derived from DIP. The effects of gold mining sites on landuse and landcover in Iperindo was carried out by overlaying and comparing the landuse and landcover of the mining areas before the year of commencement of operation (year 2019) and the years of operation (years 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024). The results showed that Segilola gold mining site has been increasing in spatial extent from the year 2020 (year of commencement of operation) to the year 2024. The spatial pattern of the land condition in the study area revealed that the landuse and landcover dynamics of the study area within the period under review has greatly been altered, while bare land and the built-up area has increased. This study concluded that Segilola Gold Mining site has been able to alter the landuse and landcover within its location, as landuse and landcover types such as rock outcrop, shrub, forest and a little portion of built-up area had been transformed into bare land. It was therefore recommended that a post-impact assessment should be carried out on the Segilola gold mining site due to its expansion and alteration of landuse and landcover in Iperindo as identified in this study, to mitigate the adverse effects of gold mining.
The paper provides a careful analysis of the Volga River Delta according to Engelbert Kaempfer’s map “Hetsuydelykste gedeelte van de Vliet Wolga” (“Southern part of the Volga River”) dating back to 1697. A comparative-historical analysis of the delta hydronyms was carried out for the first time, showing the similarity of some hydronyms of the western part of the delta with the Olearius’ map (1647) and the present day situation. It was concluded that the Kaempfer’s maps are highly informative in terms of the geographical realities of the Caspian Sea region in the 1670s. Detailed representation of large and small waterways indicates the interest of Europeans to the possibilities of navigation along the Volga-Caspian route. A historical and geographical reconstruction of the traveler’s water route from Astrakhan to the Caspian Sea was performed. The results of the study extend our knowledge of historical and geographical realities of the 17th century, forming new horizons for research in cartography, history and cultural geography.
The current paper aims at spatial presentation in Cinque Terre. The purpose is to reconstruct digital products (maps, statistics, diagrams, 3D models) and the spatial analysis of the five villages. The goals are the presentation of the geomorphology, geography, population, density, and area. Also, the Strength-Weakness-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis creates the region disadvantages advantages of the five villages. The methodology is based on the software (G.I.S Pro, QGIS, Zephyr 3D, Microsoft Excel, Generic Mapping Tool) and the bibliography study. For instance, the construction 3D terrain model shows the buildings, roads, green areas, and land cover of the five villages. The digital products help better “reading” the region and emphasize the measurements and location of the region’s elements. The final results contain a message about new technologies and spatial planning. The new technologies have given spatial solutions in the last few years. The innovative, understanding, attractive cartographical digital products present the geomorphology of the traditional villages in Cinque Terre.
Angélica Soares de Sousa Varela, Raile Mota de Moura, André Henrique de Souza
et al.
Students with visual impairments have great difficulties in understanding geomorphological concepts, as they use vision as their main sense of perception. In this context, the article discusses the process of understanding basic concepts about relevance based on tactile models and the mobilization of geographic principles, with a contribution to the process of teacher training in Geography. The qualitative research is framed as a case study in the Geography Degree course at the Institute Federal of Ceará (IFCE) Iguatu campus, based on the preparation and validation of maps and tactile models. The results show that the concepts of height and shape (elevation and depression) were assimilated by the student, however, the concepts that discuss mathematical notions such as altitude, equidistance between contour lines, transposition from 2D to 3D and feature size associations with the scale were not understood, highlighting the importance of tactile cartographic literacy in the process of training students with visual impairments.
Purpose. The purpose of the research is to study the geoecological potential of the natural anthropogenic landscapes of the north-eastern slope of the lesser caucasus. Method. During the writing of the article, historical, cartographic, mathematical-statistical, comparative analysis methods were used. The northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus was chosen as the research object Result. In the article, the patterns of development of the landscapes of the north-eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus, height differentiation, settlement of the territory and the location of settlements on the height belts, ways of improving the geo-ecological potential are explained. In the region under study, extensive information was provided on natural population growth, expansion of settlement areas, increasing influence of agricultural land, and anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes. Analysis of the distribution of urban and rural settlements by altitudinal landscape zones, the placement of the population, settlements and farms depending on the landscape-altitude-spatial differentiation of the territory, the formation of functional activity under the influence of natural geographical conditions. conditions were analyzed. Methods of an integrated approach have been studied in order to determine and assess the relationship between population settlement and the location of various economic fields with the formation of a more favorable natural-geographical environment in the flat parts of the area, depending on favorable conditions. relief, lithological, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions and the influence of these features on natural landscapes. Scientific novelity. The analysis of the distribution of urban and rural settlements by altitude-landscape zones was carried out, the location and functional activity of the population, settlements and farm areas, depending on the altitude-spatial differentiation of the landscape on the north-eastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus, were formed under the direct influence of natural-geographical conditions, the settlement of the population and It has been studied that the location of different farm areas is related to the more favorable natural-geographical environment. An analysis of the distribution and density of the population and settlements in the area by altitude zones was carried
Changes in air humidity in Łódź in the years 1966–2020 in the light of selected indicators
The aim of the study is to present changes in air humidity in central Poland in the years 1966–2000 in Łódź as an example. The values of air temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure from four observation terms, 00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC, were used. On this basis, the saturated vapour pressure, the current vapour pressure, and the saturation deficit were calculated. Then, the variability of these three indicators and relative humidity was examined. The variability of monthly and seasonal average values of humidity indices in four observation periods was presented, the trends in seasonal variability of humidity indices were calculated and the distribution functions of their distributions were compared in the midday period in three 15-year periods: 1966–1980, 1986–2000 and 2006–2020. It has been shown that the pressure of saturated water vapour is the highest in summer, the lowest in winter, and slightly higher in spring than in autumn at all times, except for the night. It increased significantly in the studied period as a result of the increase in air temperature. A comparison of the distributions in three 15-year periods shows a significant increase in the probability of occurrence of high values of saturation vapour pressure, even above 30hPa. The water vapour pressure in the air is highest in summer and lowest in winter, but in spring it is lower than in autumn. All trend coefficients are positive, but only less than half are statistically significant. A comparison of the distributions over three 15-year periods show a slight increase in the probability of higher values of the actual vapour pressure. The saturation deficit, as the difference between the previous two indicators, increases significantly. Its value in spring is significantly higher than in autumn. The trend is positive, especially in spring and summer, and the comparison of distributions shows that in the last 15 years the probability of high values of saturation deficit increased significantly. The course of relative humidity is the opposite of saturation deficit. In autumn, the relative humidity is definitely higher than in spring. The trend is down. To sum up, warming brings an increase in the capacity of the atmosphere for water vapour, a slight increase in the amount of water vapour in the air, but also a significant increase in saturation deficit and a decrease in relative humidity, which is particularly strong in spring in the first half of the growing season.
Keywords: water vapour pressure, saturation deficit, relative humidity, linear trend, probability distribution
Zarys treści: Celem opracowania jest ocena zmian wilgotności powietrza w środkowej Polsce w latach 1966–2000 na przykładzie Łodzi. Wykorzystano wartości temperatury powietrza, wilgotności względnej i ciśnienia atmosferycznego z czterech terminów obserwacyjnych, godzin 00, 06, 12 i 18 UTC. Na tej podstawie policzono ciśnienie pary wodnej nasyconej, aktualne ciśnienie pary wodnej i niedosyt wilgotności. Następnie zbadano zmienność tych trzech wskaźników oraz wilgotności względnej. Przedstawiono zmienność średnich miesięcznych i sezonowych wartości wskaźników wilgotności w czterech terminach obserwacyjnych, policzono trendy sezonowych wartości wskaźników wilgotności i porównano dystrybuanty ich rozkładów w terminie południowym w trzech 15-letnich okresach: 1966–1980, 1986–2000 i 2006–2020. Pokazano, że ciśnienie pary wodnej nasyconej największe jest latem, najmniejsze zimą, wiosną jest nieco wyższe niż jesienią we wszystkich terminach oprócz nocnego. Ciśnienie pary wodnej nasyconej wzrosło istotnie w badanym okresie z powodu wzrostu temperatury powietrza. Porównanie rozkładów w trzech 15-letnich okresach wskazuje na znaczny wzrost prawdopodobieństwa wystąpienia wysokich wartości ciśnienia pary wodnej nasyconej, nawet powyżej 30 hPa. Ciśnienie pary wodnej w powietrzu największe jest latem, najmniejsze zimą, jednak wiosną jest niższe niż jesienią. Wszystkie współczynniki trendu są dodatnie, ale tylko mniej niż połowa jest statystycznie istotna. Porównanie rozkładów w trzech 15-letnich okresach pokazuje nieznaczny wzrost prawdopodobieństwa wystąpienia wyższych wartości ciśnienia pary wodnej. Niedosyt wilgotności jako różnica poprzednich dwóch wskaźników wzrasta wyraźnie. Jego wartość wiosną jest znacząco wyższa niż jesienią. Trendy są dodatnie, szczególnie wiosną i latem, a porównanie rozkładów wskazuje, że w ostatnim 15-leciu prawdopodobieństwo dużych wartości niedosytu wilgotności znacząco wzrosło. Przebieg wilgotności względnej jest odwrotny do niedosytu wilgotności. Jesienią wilgotność względna jest zdecydowanie wyższa niż wiosną. Trend jest spadkowy. Podsumowując, ocieplenie przynosi wzrost pojemności atmosfery na parę wodną, niewielki wzrost ilości pary wodnej w powietrzu, ale też znaczący wzrost niedosytu wilgotności i spadek wilgotności względnej, szczególnie silny wiosną w pierwszej połowie okresu wegetacyjnego.
The Guacimal River catchment has an area of 181 km2 and is located in the NW of Costa Rica, between the coordinates 84.745° W-10.016° N and 84.909° W-10.325° N. In this territory, as in most of the country, detailed geomorphological studies are scarce; therefore, the objective of this paper is to present the geomorphological mapping at a scale of 1:25,000 of the Guacimal River, which allows us to explain the dynamics of the agents involved in the modeling of the catchment. The work methodology consisted of three stages: pre-mapping, field activity and post-mapping, which resulted in a map in which ten relief forms are represented, ordered according to their morphogenesis in endogenous modeled and exogenous (fluvial, gravitational and littoral). This document will be the base line for land use planning, both continental and coastal, and for local risk management.
To deal with problems of traditional geographic information collection, such as low real-time, poor authenticity of the data, and unclear description of detailed areas, a design scheme of remote sensing-based geographic information system is proposed. The system mainly consists of information collection, imaging processing, data storage management, scene control and data transmission module. By use of remote sensing technology, the reflected and radiated electromagnetic waves of the target area are collected from a long distance to form an image, and the hue–intensity–saturation (HIS) transformation method is used to enhance the image definition. Weighted fusion algorithm is adopted to process the details of the image. The spatial database stores and manages the text and image data respectively, and establishes the attribute self-correlation mechanism to render the ground objects in the picture with SketchUp software. Finally, using RS422 protocol to transmit information can achieve the effect of multi-purpose, and enhance the anti-interference of the system. The experimental results show that the practical experience of the proposed system is excellent, the geographic information image presented is clear, and the edge details are clearly visible, which can provide users with effective geographic information data.
Context and background:
Land is a source of wealth in terms of the economic and socio-cultural value it represents. Land resources are the basis of any economic activity or development project, which is why they are at the centre of multiple covetousness. However, social exclusion leads to numerous land conflicts observed in Cameroon.
Goal and objectives:
This study therefore aims to show how social exclusion can cause and sustain land disputes in Cameroon. The study is based on both a qualitative and quantitative approach.
Methodology:
The methodology adopted consisted of a documentary research that allowed us to consult various documentary resources dealing with the issue of social exclusion and land conflicts in libraries and on the Internet. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with administrative and judicial authorities and officials from the Ministry of Lands, Cadastre and Land Affairs in order to collect information on the frequency and nature of land disputes registered and settled in their respective departments. This data was complemented by participant observations and questionnaire surveys in selected localities experiencing land disputes to understand the basis, identify the different parties involved and assess their magnitude. The documentary data collected was synthesised and analysed and the empirical data was processed to produce figures useful for illustrating the phenomenon under study.
Results:
The results obtained showed that the populations face various forms of social exclusion that sustain recurrent land disputes in Cameroon. These concern gender inequalities between men and women, social class rivalries between rich and poor or young and old, as well as the hostility of indigenous populations to non-indigenous people. They are reinforced by the land tenure system, which pits customary law against modern law and regularly creates social tensions over access to and control of land. Given the fact that land insecurity and land disputes in Cameroon are largely due to this social exclusion, it is therefore necessary for the harmonious and sustainable development of the country to set up an inclusive land policy that integrates all social components, in order to guarantee equal rights of access to land for all, to abolish land conflicts and to preserve social peace.
Keywords: Social exclusion, land disputes, land rights, access to land, Cameroon
In the present study, friction damper, an energy dissipating passive device is explored to reduce the response of open ground storey building under lateral loading due to earthquake. This damper is installed in the selected bays of open ground storey so that the response is reduced. The masonry infill wall is macro-modeled in the form of compression only diagonal members. Three different types of bracing system were installed along with Pall friction damper – single diagonal tension – compression brace with friction damper, tension only cross brace with friction damper and chevron brace with friction damper were modeled using Wen’s plastic link element in SAP2000. G+4 storey buildings were analyzed using nonlinear time history analysis. The storey displacement and inter-storey drift for all the cases were compared in the study.