Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Grzegorz Pawłowski

The paper presents the generation process and analysis of Chat GPT-produced terminology, definitions, translation and ontology creation of content derived from a restricted domain of electrotechnology on the basis of German manufacturing instruction (Fertigungsvorschrift) for the assembly and functioning of thermal switches. The first part of the study presents a brief historical sketch of corpus linguistics towards the development of LLMs and their applications. Research steps include the generation of terminology and a basic restricted domain ontology in German and their equivalents in English and Polish as identified in general web resources, followed by the same tasks based on the analysed tool instructions. The tests were first performed on earlier ChatGPTPro, followed by its recent version ChatGPT4, also with regard to their English and Polish equivalents, for different tasks, i.a., relevant thesauri building. An Assistant called SLA (Special Language Assistant) was created for the purpose of analysing prompts, recognising context and intent, and processing data using language models. The tests have been carried out in terms of 4 prompts. First, specialist terms typical of the product and its parts were identified in German and the translation of these terms and of other relevant specialist phrases into English and Polish was performed. Finally, the ontological categorisation and its visualisation were generated. Results indicate areas of fair correspondences with manual intervention needed for the term definition refinement and ontology specification. The presentation emphasizes in the conclusions the effects of AI tasks as a contribution to lexicography, translation and foreign language education. The study can also serve as a reference for NLP researchers to improve the functioning of LLM tools.

Zdenko Jecić

I. A. Martynenko

INTRODUCTION. The lexeme “bedlam” is a striking example of a linguistic phenomenon – the transition of a proper noun into a common noun with complete determinologization and the acquisition of a stable expressive coloring. Its semantic evolution reflects the deep processes of metaphorical transfer and adaptation of borrowings in the Russian language. The aim of the study is to trace the etymology, stages of semantic transformation, and determine the stylistic status of the lexeme “bedlam” in modern Russian.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research material consisted of data from authoritative lexicographic sources of the 20th–21st centuries (dictionaries of foreign words, explanatory, encyclopedic, and specialized dictionaries). Etymological, semantic, and stylistic analysis methods were used, as well as the method of continuous sampling and systematization of dictionary definitions.RESEARCH RESULTS. It has been established that the semantics of the word “bedlam” have evolved from the name of a specific institution (a psychiatric hospital in London) to an expressive designation for extreme chaos and disorder. A mechanism of metonymic transfer (place name → phenomenon characteristic of it) has been identified, leading to the complete loss of its direct nominative meaning. It has been proven that in modern Russian, the lexeme has firmly established itself in colloquial style, functioning as a synonym for the words “chaos”, “mess”, and “confusion”.CONCLUSION. Three key stages in the history of the lexeme have been identified: borrowing, metaphorization, and determinologization. It has been established that its stylistic marking and expressiveness are a direct consequence of the semantic shift that occurred. It is concluded that the history of the word “bedlam” is a canonical example of the interaction between extralinguistic factors (the history of the institution) and intralinguistic processes (semantic shift), which enrich the language with expressive means.

Tena Čajić

Ekaterina A. Krupina

Background. The Old English poem Beowulf is one of the samples of the Anglo-Saxon poetic tradition and the culture. This work keeps secrets that attract attention of culture experts, historians, linguists, including lexicographers. The 19th century became a starting point for making dictionaries to this poem. Both dictionaries as the text can be a valuable source of information about semantic scope of lexical items. Purpose. The article considers the semantic scope and the shades of the meaning of the Old English æðeling. Materials and methods. The research material comprises the text of the Old English poem Beowulf, unindependent glossaries by J. Kemble 1837, B. Thorpe 1855, W.J. Sedgefield 1913, F. Klaeber 1950, A. Wyatt 1898, the glossaries to online projects Beowulf on Steorarume, Gutenberg. The continuous sampling, contextual analysis, dictionary criticism methods were used. Results. The article considers the etymology of the Old English lexeme æðeling, and its etymological parallel lines. On the basis of the text examples the meaning of the noun and the shades of the meaning were determined. They are “king”, “noble man”, “warrior”, “descendants of noble and glorious”, “weak man”, “bold man”, “noble kinsman”. The analysis of the dictionary entries proves the wide semantic meaning and the shades of the meaning of the noun. The dynamics of the development of the definition in the dictionaries of the 19-21th centuries is also fixed. Practical implications. The results of the research can be used in teaching students History of the English Language. Also, they can be used for replenishing the dictionaries to the Old English poem Beowulf.

N. D. Golev

The article introduces translative linguistics as a special branch in the study of natural languages and describes the history of its development. Translative linguistics uses the methods of quantitative linguistics, combinatorial linguistics, associative grammar, lexicography, etc. It focuses on the same aspects of language as historical grammar, phonetics, political linguistics, etc. The ontology of translational linguistics sees the natural language and its units as its research object. Translation (reserve translation, machine translation, and reverse machine translation) acts as a research method that translational linguistics uses to describe the patterns of the translated language. The author reviews various scientific publications to describe the concepts and terms of translational linguistics. The author uses the method of linguistic logic, which is understood as incorporating a new concept in the traditional system of theoretical linguistic concepts.

Mladen Klemenčić

Among traditional Croatian regions Turopolje is one of the smallest, but also one with a widely recognizable name and distinctive characteristics. Between 2018 and 2021, The Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography compiled the edition devoted exclusively to the Turopolje region. One of the basic conceptional issues for its editors was to determine the area of the region and consequently define the area which is to be embraced by the research. This article reviews different territorial definitions of Turopolje as well as changes in administrative-territorial divisions during last century and a half, which preceeded actual situation. Taking into account that encyclopedias generally tend to apply a holistic approach, the editors decided to include present-day administrative units the township of Velika Gorica, communes of Kravarsko, Orle and Pokupsko, as well as parts (particular settlements) of the township of Zagreb and the commune of Lekenik.

Mikel Urquijo, Joseba Agirreazkuenaga

The aim of this paper is to take part in the debate about the future of national biographies today. In this sense, we analyse national biographical dictionaries as instruments for the creation of national memory and as a foundation in the processes of building nation-states. We analyse the origin and development of national biographical dictionaries in the context of the evolution of biography. We initially observe the elements that condition dictionaries: the geographical and chronological framework in which they are developed, the criteria for selecting the personages whose biographies are to be written and for selecting biographers, the structure and sources of the biographies. At present, this model of dictionaries and national memory is being put into question by the emergence of new nationalisms and by the superseding of nations in new supranational bodies like the European Union. Finally, based on the above, we set out a proposal for renovating these works in the XXI century.

Ana Isabel Navarro Carrasco

Analizamos El español en Paraguay de Manuel Alvar. Desentrañamos del Atlas aquellas voces que el hablante de España desconoce, los americanismos, y los cotejamos con el Diccionario de la Academia y con el Diccionario de Americanismos de la misma Institución. Además, las hemos comparado con los diccionarios paraguayos existentes. Todo ello para que salgan a la luz voces desconocidas en España o términos cuya localización es insuficiente en las obras lexicográficas.

Tomislav Krznar, Damir Velički, Silvia Rogošić et al.

In the effort to develop the form and content of the bioethical topics in the programs of the teacher studies, a pilot study was conducted in which the general knowledge of the bioethical issues was sought. The task of this study is to examine, on a sample of students at the Faculty of Teacher Education in Zagreb (N = 212): 1) To what extent is the subject of bioethics as discipline known to students, whether they know certain bioethical terms and what are their aattitudes about some bioethical issues; 2) Is there a difference between students of the first and fifth year of study in attitudes and knowledge of the terms and subject matter of bioethics and 3) Is there a correlation between knowing certain bioethical terms and attitudes of respondents about some bioethical issues (euthanasia, abortion, right to reproduction). The results show that students are not well acquainted with the subject matter of bioethics as well as bioethical concepts and that there is no correlation between their knowledge and their attitudes about some bioethical issues. It is therefore concluded that the attitudes of respondents on bioethical issues (euthanasia, abortion, right to reproduction) are not determined by the knowledge of the subject but their value orientation (traditionalism/ liberalism), and the affective (emotional) dimension of the attitude plays an important role. Also, in the largest number of examined variables, there is no statistically significant difference between the first and fifth year students, suggesting the low presence of bioethical topics in the programs of teacher studies and the need to introduce courses and other content that would have the task of raising the level of competence of students in the field of bioethics.

Mislav Grgić, Marko Delimar

Robert K. Headley

Tatyana Aleksandrovna Rychkova

<p class="x------">В работе рассматриваются словосочетания, называющие ритуальные действия <br />в современном русском языке, и их статус в словарях различного типа и разных исторических периодов. Номинации ритуальных действий в современном русском языке ранее не становились предметом самостоятельного филологического исследования, хотя в науке представлен ряд работ, посвященных описанию и рассмотрению ритуальных действий в культурологическом аспекте. <span class="char-style-override-1">Целью</span> данной статьи является определение места и способов представления исследуемых единиц в лексикографии.</p><p class="x------">Были сделаны выводы, что в лексикографии исследуемые словосочетания не имеют определенного статуса в связи с тем, что не являются предметом самостоятельного рассмотрения ни толковых, ни фразеологических словарей. Данные единицы представлены в словарях фрагментарно, преимущественно в иллюстративной части статьи, выполняя функции дополнительного толкования языковой единицы, вынесенной в заглавное слово и демонстрации ее реального семантического потенциала в современном русском языке. Присутствие данных единиц в словарях свидетельствует об их устойчивости, а нерегулярность и фрагментарность описания – об их пограничном характере в системе русского языка. Словари разных типов и периодов издания отличаются составом фиксируемых словосочетаний, называющих ритуальные действия.</p>

Geneviève Girard-Gillet, Catherine Chauvin

Ieva Zuicena

<p class="Default"><strong>THE QUESTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES IN EXPLANATORY DICTIONARIES AND THE DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY LATVIAN LANGUAGE</strong></p><p class="Pa11"><em>Summary</em></p><p class="Pa12">There are two kinds of illustrative examples that are used in explanatory dictionaries: quotations and combination of words (phrases). Quotations are usually included in large dictionaries of many volumes, but phrases are popular in ordinary explanatory dictionar­ies.</p><p class="Pa12">In explanatory dictionaries illustrative examples have several functions: 1) to confirm that a corresponding word really exists in language; 2) to demonstrate how the word is used in a context; 3) to supply with additional information.</p><p>In the Dictionary of Contemporary Latvian Language illustrative examples are mainly given in the form of phrases, although sometimes quotations are also used, because there are several word groups that need a larger context (e.g., words with a figurative meaning, stylistically marked words or meanings, interjections).</p>

Sven Tarp

&lt;p class="AP"&gt;A frequent and well-known problem within lexicography is the use of various terms to denominate the same phenomenon as well as the use of the same term to denominate various, completely different phenomena. Such a non-systematic terminology may lead to confusion in the discipline and hamper its theoretical and practical development. The problem is especially severe within so-called pedagogical lexicography. A short panoramic review shows that especially the terms "pedagogical lexicography/dictionaries", "didactic lexicography/dictionaries", "school dictionaries" and "learners' dictionaries" are used with a lot of different meanings that vary from author to author, from country to country, from culture to culture. Although publishing houses could hardly be expected to use a strict terminology for their products, this should nevertheless be expected from theoretical lexicography. In order to overcome the present confusion, it is therefore urgent to establish a typology that can be used as reference by scholars dealing theoretically with the subfield of pedagogical lexicography. The article will first show the amazing variety of meanings addressed to the various terms in the theoretical literature. It will then approach the problem along two different lines: 1) establishing a clear definition of the terms "pedagogical", "didactic", "school" and "learner" in a lexicographical perspective, and 2) referring to the existing practice where the terms are frequently used in a much broader sense than in the theoretical literature. Based upon these considerations, a new and strict typology that corresponds to the present practice of pedagogical lexicography will be presented.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords: &lt;/strong&gt;pedagogical lexicography; pedagogical dictionaries; learners' lexicography; learners' dictionaries; school dictionaries; children's dictionaries; desk dictionaries; college dictionaries; dictionaries for foreign-language learners; dictionaries for mother-tongue learners; dictionaries for learners of scientific disciplines<br>&lt;p&gt;'n Algemene en bekende probleem binne die leksikografie is die gebruik van verskeie terme om na 'n enkele verskynsel te verwys, sowel as die gebruik van 'n enkele term om na verskeie, heeltemal verskillende verskynsels te verwys. So 'n niesistematiese terminologie kan tot verwarring binne die vakgebied lei en kan die teoretiese en praktiese ontwikkeling daarvan belemmer. Die probleem is besonder ernstig binne die sogenaamde pedagogiese leksikografie. 'n Kort, wye oorsig toon dat veral die terme "pedagogiese leksikografie/woordeboeke", "didaktiese leksikografie/woordeboeke", "skoolwoordeboeke" en "aanleerderswoordeboeke" gebruik word in baie verskillende betekenisse wat van outeur tot outeur, land tot land, en kultuur tot kultuur verskil. Alhoewel daar allermins van uitgewers verwag kan word om 'n streng terminologie ten opsigte van hulle produkte te gebruik, behoort dit tog van die teoretiese leksikografie verwag te kan word. Om die huidige verwarring te oorkom, is dit dus dringend noodsaaklik om 'n tipologie te vestig wat gebruik kan word deur vakkundiges wat teoreties omgaan met die subveld pedagogiese leksikografie. Hierdie artikel sal eerstens die groot verskeidenheid betekenisse aantoon wat aan die verskillende terme toegeskryf word wat in die teoretiese literatuur voorkom. Daarna sal die probleem van twee verskillende kante benader word: 1) die vestiging van 'n duidelike definisie vir die terme "pedagogies", "didakties", "skool-" en "aanleerder-" vanuit 'n leksikografiese perspektief, en 2) die verwysing na die bestaande praktyk waar die terme dikwels in 'n baie breër sin as in die teoretiese literatuur gebruik word. Gebaseer op hierdie oorwegings word 'n nuwe en streng tipologie wat ooreenstem met die huidige gebruik in die pedagogiese leksikografie voorgestel.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sleutelwoorde: &lt;/strong&gt;pedagogiese leksikografie; pedagogiese woordeboeke; aanleerdersleksikografie; aanleerderswoordeboeke; skoolwoordeboeke; kinderwoordeboeke; handwoordeboeke; woordeboeke vir vreemdetaalaanleerders; woordeboeke vir moedertaalleerders; woordeboeke vir leerders van wetenskaplike dissiplines&lt;/p&gt;

Anna Dziemianko

The primary aim of the article is to compare the usefulness of paper and electronic versions of OALDCE7 (Wehmeier 2005) for language encoding, decoding and learning. It is explained why, in contrast to Dziemianko's (2010) findings concerning COBUILD6 (Sinclair 2008), but in keeping with her observations (Dziemianko 2011) with regard to LDOCE5 (Mayor 2009), the e-version of OALDCE7 proved to be no better for language reception, production and learning than the dictionary in book form. An attempt is made to pinpoint the micro- and macrostructural design features which make e-COBUILD6 a better learning tool than e-OALDCE7 and e-LDOCE5. Recommendations concerning further research into the significance of the medium (paper vs. electronic) in the process of dictionary use conclude the study. The secondary aim which the paper attempts to achieve is to present the status of replication as a scientific research method and justify its use in lexicography.

Sven Tarp

&lt;p&gt;ABSTRACT: Two main camps have been formed with regard to the philosophical and academic status of lexicography: one considering lexicography an independent scientific discipline, and the other opposing such a scientific status. This article discusses some of the arguments from the second camp and argues that lexicography should be considered an independent scientific discipline. The argumentation is based on the fact that the subject field of lexicography is different from the subject fields of any other discipline, including linguistics. In this sense, the concept of a lexicographical work is broader than the more reduced concept of a dictionary. Lexicographical works, including dictionaries, are considered cultural artefacts and utility tools produced in order to meet punctual information needs detected in society. In this way, they have during the millenniums covered almost all spheres of human activity and knowledge. The theory and science of lexicography should not focus on the differences regarding the specific content of all these works, but on aspects that unite them and are common to all of them. In this regard, some of the core characteristics of lexicography as an independent discipline are discussed together with its complex relation to other disciplines. Lexicographical theory is understood as a systematic set of statements about its subject field. Finally, the article argues that the fact that this theory may seem too abstract and difficult to some working lexicographers does not in itself invalidate its independent scientific status, although a close relation between theory and practice is recommended.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;OPSOMMING: Gedagtes oor die akademiese status van die leksikografie. Twee hoofkampe het ontwikkel met betrekking tot die filosofiese en akademiese status van die leksikografie: een wat die leksikografie beskou as 'n onafhanklike wetenskaplike dissipline, en die ander wat so 'n wetenskaplike status teenstaan. Hierdie artikel bespreek sommige van die argumente van die tweede kamp en redeneer dat die leksikografie as 'n onafhanklike wetenskaplike dissipline beskou behoort te word. Die redenasie is gebaseer op die feit dat die onderwerpsveld van die leksikografie verskillend is van onderwerpsvelde van enige ander dissipline, insluitende die linguistiek. Hiervolgens is die konsep van 'n leksikografiese werk breër as die meer beperkte konsep van 'n woordeboek. Leksikografiese werke, insluitende woordeboeke, word beskou as kulturele artefakte en nutsgereedskap geskep om aan die onmiddellike inligtingsbehoeftes te voldoen wat in die gemeenskap vasgestel is. Op hierdie manier het hulle gedurende die millenniums byna alle sfere van menslike bedrywigheid en kennis gedek. Die teorie en wetenskap van die leksikografie behoort nie te fokus op die verskille wat betref die spesifieke inhoud van al hierdie werke nie, maar op aspekte wat hulle verenig en algemeen aan hulle almal is. In hierdie verband word sommige van die kerneienskappe van die leksikografie as 'n onafhanklike dissipline bespreek saam met sy komplekse verwantskap aan ander dissiplines. Leksikografiese teorie word verstaan as 'n sistematiese reeks stellings oor sy onderwerpsveld. Ten slotte redeneer die artikel dat die feit dat hierdie teorie te abstrak en moeilik kan lyk vir sommige praktiserende leksikograwe, nie sy onafhanklike wetenskaplike status ongeldig maak nie, alhoewel 'n noue verwantskap tussen teorie en praktyk aanbeveel word.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sleutelwoorde: LEKSIKOGRAFIE, LEKSIKOGRAFIESE TEORIE, FUNKSIETEORIE, AKADEMIESE STATUS VAN DIE LEKSIKOGRAFIE, ONAFHANKLIKE STATUS VAN DIE LEKSIKOGRAFIE, INTERDISSIPLINÊRE TAAK VAN DIE LEKSIKOGRAFIE, WOORDEBOEKE, LEKSIKOGRAFIESE WERKE, NUTSGEREEDSKAP&lt;/p&gt;

Motlokwe Clifford Mphahlele

&lt;p&gt;Abstract: Dictionaries have in the past used a word-based approach in which sublexical and multilexical items were not regarded as lemmata. Metalexicography as the theoretical component of lexicography requires that sublexical and multilexical items be lemmatized and treated as independent lemmata in the macrostructure of dictionaries. One of the greater challenges for compiling a better and user-oriented Northern Sotho monolingual dictionary is to treat sublexical and multi-lexical items as macrostructural elements. Treating these items, the lexicographer faces quite a number of challenges. This article proposes possible ways in which sublexical and multilexical elements could be successfully treated in a Northern Sotho monolingual dictionary. Taking stock of these challenges, the writer comes with suggestions that would assist lexicographers in the compi-lation of a user-friendly, lexicon-based monolingual dictionary that would lead users to successful information retrieval.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keywords: SUBLEXICAL ITEMS, MULTILEXICAL ITEMS, AFFIXES, PREFIXAL MOR-PHEMES, SUFFIXAL MORPHEMES, INTEGRATED MICROSTRUCTURE, WORD-BASED APPROACH, LEMMATIZATION, COLLOCATIONS, COMPOUNDS, COMPLEXES, GROUP PREPOSITIONS, FIXED EXPRESSIONS, MORPHEMES, METALEXICOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS, WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES, WORD-INTERNAL FUNCTION, USER-ORIENTED MONO-LINGUAL DICTIONARY, GRAMMAR, HOMONYMOUS LEMMA, POLYSEMOUS LEMMA, DECODING, ENCODING, SEMANTIC COMMENT, SEMANTIC TRANSPARENCY&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Opsomming: Die leksikografiese behandeling van subleksikale en multi-leksikale items in 'n Noord-Sotho- eentalige woordeboek: 'n Uitdaging vir leksikograwe. Woordeboeke het in die verlede 'n woordgebaseerde benadering gevolg waar-by subleksikale en multileksikale items nie as lemmas beskou is nie. Die metaleksikografie as die teoretiese komponent van die leksikografie vereis dat subleksikale en multileksikale items gelem-matiseer word en as onafhanklike lemmas in die makrostuktuur van woordeboeke behandel word. Een van die groter uitdagings in die samestelling van 'n beter en gebruikersgerigte Noord-Sotho- eentalige woordeboek is om subleksikale en multileksikale items as makrostrukturele elemente te behandel. By die behandeling van hierdie items word die leksikograaf met 'n hele aantal uitdagings gekonfronteer. Hierdie artikel stel moontlike maniere voor waarop subleksikale en multileksikale elemente suksesvol in 'n Noord-Sotho- eentalige woordeboek behandel kan word. Deur hierdie uitdagings in oënskou te neem, kom die skrywer met voorstelle wat leksikograwe sal help met die samestelling van 'n gebruikersvriendelike, leksikongebaseerde eentalige woordeboek wat gebrui-kers tot suksesvolle inligtingsherwinning sal lei.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sleutelwoorde: SUBLEKSIKALE ITEMS, MULTILEKSIKALE ITEMS, AFFIKSE, PREFI-GALE MORFEME, SUFFIGALE MORFEME, GEÏNTEGREERDE MIKROSTRUKTUUR, WOORD-GEBASEERDE BENADERING, LEMMATISERING, KOLLOKASIES, SAMESTELLINGS, KOM-PLEKSE, GROEPVOORSETSELS, VASTE UITDRUKKINGS, MORFEME, METALEKSIKOGRA-FIESE ASPEKTE, WOORDVORMINGSPROSESSE, WOORDINTERNE FUNKSIE, GEBRUIKERS-GERIGTE EENTALIGE WOORDEBOEK, GRAMMATIKA, HOMONIMIESE LEMMA, POLISE-MIESE LEMMA, DEKODERING, ENKODERING, SEMANTIESE KOMMENTAAR, SEMANTIE-SE DEURSIGTIGHEID&lt;/p&gt;

Cynthia L. Hallen, Tracy B. Spackman

Noah Webster’s primary source for the first edition of the 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language (ADEL) was Samuel Johnson’s 1799 eighth edition of the Dictionary of the English Language (DEL). Scholars have made much of the debt that Webster owes to Johnson for entries in the 1828 ADEL. Stylistic analyses have typically focused on the definitions included in the two dictionaries. Far less attention has been paid to the illustrative quotations employed by both authors to exemplify usage. This article focuses on Biblical citations in the letter S used by both Johnson and Webster as examples of usage. All citations (both secular and Biblical) under the letter S were examined to determine the relative importance of the Bible to the style and content of the dictionaries. Results indicate that though Johnson included more Biblical citations than Webster did, Biblical citations made up a larger proportion of Webster’s total citations than they did for Johnson.In addition to ascertaining frequency of Biblical citations, all Biblical citations shared by both dictionaries were also identified. Results of this analysis confirmed Webster’s debt to Johnson, as a great number of Webster’s Biblical citations may be found in Johnson’s dictionary. A study of the religious convictions of Johnson and Webster is integral to understanding both authors’ motivations in constructing their dictionaries. Though both were pious men, Johnson’s focus on the Bible was as a great literary work, whereas Webster’s focus on the Bible was as a tool for the religious and moral betterment of his readers.