Hasil untuk "Law of Europe"

Pascal Meurer, Sebastian Buschow, Svenja Szemkus et al.

The increasing occurrence of extreme weather events since the beginning of the 21st century has led to the development of new methods to attribute extreme events to anthropogenic climate change. How the extreme event is defined has a major influence on the attribution result. A frequently disregarded or evaded aspect concerns the temporal dependence and the clustering of extremes. This study presents an approach for attributing complete time series during extreme events to anthropogenic forcing. The approach is based on a non-stationary Markov process using bivariate extreme value theory to model the temporal dependence of the time series. We calculate the likelihood ratio of an observational time series from ERA5 given the distributions as estimated from CMIP6 simulations with historical natural-only and natural and anthropogenic forcing scenarios. The spatial fields are condensed by the extremal pattern index as a compact description of spatial extremes. In addition, the study examines the extent to which attribution statements about the occurrence of extreme heat events change when the effect of the mean warming is eliminated. The resulting attribution statement provides very strong evidence for the scenario with anthropogenic drivers over Europe, especially since the beginning of the 21st century. For central and southern Europe, the influence of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on heatwaves could already have been proven in the 1970s using today's methods. There is no reliable signal apart from a general increase in temperature, neither in terms of the temporal dependence of extreme heat days nor in terms of the shape of the extreme value distribution.

Thomas Gergen

Revista Mexicana de Historia del Derecho

César Leblanc, Lukas Picek, Benjamin Deneu et al.

This paper describes a cascading multimodal pipeline for high-resolution biodiversity mapping across Europe, integrating species distribution modeling, biodiversity indicators, and habitat classification. The proposed pipeline first predicts species compositions using a deep-SDM, a multimodal model trained on remote sensing, climate time series, and species occurrence data at 50x50m resolution. These predictions are then used to generate biodiversity indicator maps and classify habitats with Pl@ntBERT, a transformer-based LLM designed for species-to-habitat mapping. With this approach, continental-scale species distribution maps, biodiversity indicator maps, and habitat maps are produced, providing fine-grained ecological insights. Unlike traditional methods, this framework enables joint modeling of interspecies dependencies, bias-aware training with heterogeneous presence-absence data, and large-scale inference from multi-source remote sensing inputs.

Beomseok Lee, Marcely Zanon Boito, Laurent Besacier et al.

In this paper we describe NAVER LABS Europe submission to the instruction-following speech processing short track at IWSLT 2025. We participate in the constrained settings, developing systems that can simultaneously perform ASR, ST, and SQA tasks from English speech input into the following target languages: Chinese, Italian, and German. Our solution leverages two pretrained modules: (1) a speech-to-LLM embedding projector trained using representations from the SeamlessM4T-v2-large speech encoder; and (2) LoRA adapters trained on text data on top of a Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct. These modules are jointly loaded and further instruction-tuned for 1K steps on multilingual and multimodal data to form our final system submitted for evaluation.

Sahibpreet Singh, Lalita Devi

This paper examines the admissibility of AI-generated forensic evidence in criminal trials. The growing adoption of AI presents promising results for investigative efficiency. Despite advancements, significant research gaps persist in practically understanding the legal limits of AI evidence in judicial processes. Existing literature lacks focused assessment of the evidentiary value of AI outputs. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether AI-generated evidence satisfies established legal standards of reliability. The methodology involves a comparative doctrinal legal analysis of evidentiary standards across common law jurisdictions. Preliminary results indicate that AI forensic tools can enhance scale of evidence analysis. However, challenges arise from reproducibility deficits. Courts exhibit variability in acceptance of AI evidence due to limited technical literacy and lack of standardized validation protocols. Liability implications reveal that developers and investigators may bear accountability for flawed outputs. This raises critical concerns related to wrongful conviction. The paper emphasizes the necessity of independent validation and, development of AI-specific admissibility criteria. Findings inform policy development for the responsible AI integration within criminal justice systems. The research advances the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal 16 by reinforcing equitable access to justice. Preliminary results contribute for a foundation for future empirical research in AI deployed criminal forensics.

Rym Fassi-Fihri

Cet article propose de retracer la méthodologie comparative utilisée dans le cadre du travail de thèse sur les droits et libertés du numérique comme droits fondamentaux en voie d’élaboration. Il s’agit de justifier l’opportunité du recours à la méthode comparative, de préciser les enjeux de la comparaison ainsi que ses apports. Tout d’abord, l’article met en lumière l’intérêt d’une recherche comparative s’agissant des droits et libertés du numérique. Bien que l’analyse du degré d’autonomie de ces droits eût été concevable dans l’ordre juridique français exclusivement, une telle recherche n’aurait présenté qu’un intérêt limité dans la mesure où l’objet de la recherche se rapporte au numérique qui a une dimension ubiquitaire. Ensuite, l’article fait état de la méthode et des enjeux de la comparaison. La comparaison voit ses modalités déterminées par les enjeux de la recherche qui consistent à démontrer l’autonomisation progressive des droits et libertés du numérique en France et aux États-Unis. Enfin sont présentés les apports de la comparaison. Cette dernière a notamment contribué à la réflexion sur la systématisation des droits et libertés du numérique en une nouvelle catégorie de droits fondamentaux.

Emile Esmaili, Michael J. Puma, Francis Ludlow et al.

Economic historians have long studied market integration and contagion dynamics during periods of warfare and global stress, but there is a lack of model-based evidence on these phenomena. This paper uses an econometric contagion model, the Diebold-Yilmaz framework, to examine the dynamics of economic shocks across European markets in the early modern period. Our findings suggest that key periods of violent conflicts significantly increased food price spillover across cities, causing widespread disruptions across Europe. We also demonstrate the ability of this framework to capture relevant historical dynamics between the main trade centers of the period.

Lars Berger, Uwe M. Borghoff, Gerhard Conrad et al.

Global conflicts and trouble spots have thrown the world into turmoil. Intelligence services have never been as necessary as they are today when it comes to providing political decision-makers with concrete, accurate, and up-to-date decision-making knowledge. This requires a common co-operation, a common working language and a common understanding of each other. The best way to create this "intelligence community" is through a harmonized intelligence education. In this paper, we show how joint intelligence education can succeed. We draw on the experience of Germany, where all intelligence services and the Bundeswehr are academically educated together in a single degree program that lays the foundations for a common working language. We also show how these experiences have been successfully transferred to a European level, namely to ICE, the Intelligence College in Europe. Our experience has shown that three aspects are particularly important: firstly, interdisciplinarity or better, transdisciplinarity, secondly, the integration of IT knowhow and thirdly, the development and learning of methodological skills. Using the example of the cyber intelligence module with a special focus on data-driven decision support, additionally with its many points of reference to numerous other academic modules, we show how the specific analytic methodology presented is embedded in our specific European teaching context.

A. Panera Alvarez, A. Ho, A. Jarvinen et al.

This work successfully generates an uncertainty-aware surrogate model of the EuroPED plasma pedestal model using the Bayesian neural network with noise contrastive prior (BNN-NCP) technique. This model is trained using data from the JET-ILW pedestal database and subsequent model evaluations, conforming to EuroPED-NN. The BNN-NCP technique has been proven to be a suitable method for generating uncertainty-aware surrogate models. It matches the output results of a regular neural network while providing confidence estimates for predictions as uncertainties. Additionally, it highlights out-of-distribution (OOD) regions using surrogate model uncertainties. This provides critical insights into model robustness and reliability. EuroPED-NN has been physically validated, first, analyzing electron density $n_e\!\left(ψ_{\text{pol}}=0.94\right)$ with respect to increasing plasma current, $I_p$, and second, validating the $Δ-β_{p,ped}$ relation associated with the EuroPED model. This affirms the robustness of the underlying physics learned by the surrogate model. On top of that, the method was used to develop a EuroPED-like model fed with experimental data, i.e. an uncertainty aware experimental model, which is functional in JET database. Both models have been also tested in $\sim 50$ AUG shots.

Tomasz Snarski

Artykuł jest rezultatem interdyscyplinarnych badań nad prawniczymi aspektami biografii i twórczości Czesława Miłosza. Przybliża nieco zapomnianą w powszechnym odbiorze prawniczą tożsamość Czesława Miłosza, nawiązując do ukończenia przez niego uniwersyteckich studiów prawniczych, a także poszukując tropów prawnych w wybranych utworach noblisty. Praca opiera się na przeprowadzonych badaniach historycznych, literaturoznawczych i filozoficznoprawnych. Bada nie tylko biografię noblisty, ale również stawia pytania o możliwość interpretacji jego dzieł literackich przy zastosowaniu refleksji filozoficznoprawnej, wykorzystując podejście postanalitycznej filozofii prawa, w tym dorobek kierunku badań prawno-literackich. Stanowi także studium edukacji prawniczej na Uniwersytecie Stefana Batorego w Wilnie w okresie międzywojennym.

Mijatović Boško

This text contains an account of the first work on theoretical demography in Serbia, which was written in 1862 by Kosta Cukić, a doctor of philosophy from Heidelberg and the first widely recognised Serbian economist. He dealt with this topic in the second volume of his State Economy textbook, the title of which was Economic Policy. Writing about population problems in economic textbooks was a common European practice at that time. Although he wrote for a textbook, his work was not a retelling of generally accepted theories, but a critical discussion of issues that had not been resolved in contemporary science. Therefore, his work can be considered original in the full sense of the word. In the theoretical sense, Cukić relied on Malthus, but also provided significantly different perspectives on many issues. He accepted Malthus’s position that the amount of food is a limiting factor in population growth and that natural fertility is very high due to people’s strong sexual drive. But there were also important differences: in Cukić’s theoretical framework, the iron law of wages does not apply, i.e. wages do not always strive for the existential minimum, as Malthus argued. Cukić also argues that capital affects fertility, since it affects the amount of available resources. Cukić was not a pessimist like Malthus, and instead observed a significant population growth in Europe at the time, without mass famine and pestilence. As we can see, Cukić dealt a lot with Malthus and his theory. This is understandable considering that Malthus was the preeminent theoretician whose work focused on the population problem in those decades, and therefore determination according to his theory and discussion with him was inevitable for anyone who intended to write about population problems. Cukić also dealt with population policy and those aspects of it that were available to the governments of the time: immigration, emigration, and marriage. The basis of his views was strong and consistent liberalism in every respect. Cukić advocated for expanding personal freedoms, such as free decision-making about marriage, and free immigration to the country and emigration from it. In some places he would set minimum technical conditions. “Personal freedom... is the ideal of the political consciousness of the present time”. Accordingly, he claimed that “citizens are not just means for governmental purposes”, but on the contrary, it is the government’s duty to “facilitate and support the aspirations of citizens to particular and general happiness”, thus repeating John Locke’s idea that the state exists for the sake of citizens, and not citizens for the sake of the state. Cukić belonged to a wide circle of authors in the mid-19th century who fundamentally rejected Malthus’s theory: on the one hand, economists who claimed that technological progress and a deepened division of labour would lead to economic progress that would forever postpone the existential crisis that Malthus feared; and on the other, demographers who believed that workers would control their fertility to preserve living standards to a greater extent than Malthus thought possible. Towards the end of the 19th century, the decline of fertility in Western countries provided strong evidence in favour of the latter.

Max Brauer, Rafael J. Vicente, Jaime S. Buruaga et al.

Quantum-key-distribution (QKD) networks are gaining importance and it has become necessary to analyze the most appropriate methods for their long-distance interconnection. In this paper, four different methods of interconnecting remote QKD networks are proposed. The methods are used to link three different QKD testbeds in Europe, located in Berlin, Madrid, and Poznan. Although long-distance QKD links are only emulated, the used methods can serve as a blueprint for a secure interconnection of distant QKD networks in the future. Specifically, the presented approaches combine, in a transparent way, different fiber and satellite physical media, as well as common standards of key-delivery interfaces. The testbed interconnections are designed to increase the security by utilizing multipath techniques and multiple hybridizations of QKD and post quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms.

Sergej Wildemann, Claudia Niederée, Erick Elejalde

The war in Ukraine seems to have positively changed the attitude toward the critical societal topic of migration in Europe -- at least towards refugees from Ukraine. We investigate whether this impression is substantiated by how the topic is reflected in online news and social media, thus linking the representation of the issue on the Web to its perception in society. For this purpose, we combine and adapt leading-edge automatic text processing for a novel multilingual stance detection approach. Starting from 5.5M Twitter posts published by 565 European news outlets in one year, beginning September 2021, plus replies, we perform a multilingual analysis of migration-related media coverage and associated social media interaction for Europe and selected European countries. The results of our analysis show that there is actually a reframing of the discussion illustrated by the terminology change, e.g., from "migrant" to "refugee", often even accentuated with phrases such as "real refugees". However, concerning a stance shift in public perception, the picture is more diverse than expected. All analyzed cases show a noticeable temporal stance shift around the start of the war in Ukraine. Still, there are apparent national differences in the size and stability of this shift.

Elizabeth Harding, Jarno J. Vanto, Reece Clark et al.

The California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA or the Act) marks a groundbreaking development in US privacy law. While the CCPA ostensibly regulates business practices involving the personal information of Californian consumers, the size, population and economic importance of California means the CCPA will be felt by businesses far beyond California’s borders. Just as Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) required many multinationals to conform their personal information processing to Europe’s high standards in data privacy, the CCPA is poised to have a similar effect in the USA when it goes into effect in 2020. Large companies and businesses that rely on the collection and dissemination of personal information from Californian consumers will need to begin evaluating their exposure now so as to move their operations into compliance. As a result, the CCPA will begin to have a noticeable effect on the personal information collection and disclosure practices of certain dataintensive industries. Moreover, the CCPA is likely to serve as a testing ground and catalyst for other laws pertaining to personal information and data privacy concerns. Thus, it is important to understand the impact of the CCPA in California, in the USA and globally. This paper discusses the scope and impact of the CCPA and critically evaluates the CCPA’s anticipated impact on businesses across select industries. Next, this paper contextualises the CCPA with the GDPR, identifying key similarities and differences between the two regimes. Finally, this paper looks ahead at how the CCPA may affect state and federal law on privacy and personal information protection.

Federico Mecchia, Marcellino Gaudenzi

The aim of the present work is analysing and understanding the dynamics of the prices of companies, depending on whether they are included or excluded from the STOXX Europe 600 Index. For this reason, data regarding the companies of the Index in question was collected and analysed also through the use of logit models and neural networks in order to find the independent variables that affect the changes in prices and thus determine the dynamics over time.

P. Herrera-Lormendez, A. John, H. Douville et al.

Projected changes in summer precipitation deficits partly depend on alterations in synoptic circulations. Here, the automated Jenkinson-Collison (JC) classification is used to assess the ability of twenty-one Global Climate Models (GCMs) to capture the frequency of recurring circulation types (CTs) and their implications for European daily precipitation intensities in summer (JJA). The ability of the GCMs to reproduce the observed present-day climate features is first evaluated. Most GCMs capture the observed links between mean directional flow characteristics of the CTs, and the occurrence of dry days and related dry months. The most robust relationships are found for anticyclonic and easterly CTs which are generally associated with higher than average occurrences of dry conditions. Future changes in summer frequencies of the CTs are estimated in the high-emissions SSP5-8.5 scenario for the sake of a high signal-to-noise ratio. Our results reveal consistent changes, mainly in the zonal CTs. A robust decrease in frequency of the westerlies and increase in the frequency of easterly CTs favour more continental, dry and warm air masses over Central Europe. These dynamical changes are shown to enhance the projected summer drying over central and southern Europe.

Tomasz Szczygieł

Artykuł prezentuje wykorzystywanie w doktrynie i praktyce orzeczniczej Polski Ludowej 1944–1969 konstrukcji zamiaru ewentualnego (dolus eventualis) do kształtowania – a de facto zaostrzania – polityki karnej w sprawach o czyny objęte nieumyślnością. Autor koncentruje swoje rozważania w szczególności na sprawach przeciwko interesom politycznym i gospodarczym państwa, przestępczości komunikacyjnej oraz dotyczących przeciwdziałania negatywnym skutkom alkoholizmu. Przeprowadzone analizy wskazują, że we wszystkich tych obszarach braki systemu prawa karnego oraz subtelna (dowodowa) różnica między świadomą nieumyślnością (lekkomyślnością) a zamiarem ewentualnym były wykorzystywane na niekorzyść potencjalnych sprawców. Fakty te dobitnie potwierdzają znaną powszechnie właściwość ówczesnego systemu, a więc jego instrumentalizm w wykorzystywaniu prawa karnego, do kształtowania – zwalczania – negatywnych aspektów rzeczywistości społeczno-gospodarczo-politycznej.

Ziębińska-Witek, Anna

The goal of the article is to critically analyse and deconstruct museum narratives about communism in East-Central Europe 30 years after transformation. The research material is museum exhibitions interpreted in accordance with the methodology of visual research (composition analysis, content analysis, analysis of material objects, and analysis of meanings). The first and most important museum type from the perspective of the memory cano The Act of 6 June 1997 Penal Code (Journal of Laws of 1997, item 553). Art. 125. § 1. Whoever destroys, damages or takes away a cultural object in an occupied area or in which military operations are taking place, violating international law, shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty for a term of between one and 10 years. § 2. If the act concerns goods of particular importance for culture, the perpetrator shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty for not less than 3 years. Art. 278. § 1. Whoever takes away someone else’s movable property for the purpose of appropriation shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty for a term of between 3 months and 5 years. § 2. The same punishment shall be imposed on anyone who, without the consent of the authorised person, obtains someone else’s computer program in order to gain financial benefits. § 3. In the case of an act of a lesser significance, the perpetrator is subject to a fine, limitation of liberty or deprivation of liberty for one year. § 4. If the theft was committed to the detriment of the closest person, the prosecution takes place at the request of the injured party. Art. 279. § 1. Whoever steals by burglary is punishable by imprisonment from one to 10 years. § 2. If the burglary was committed to the detriment of the closest person, the prosecution takes place at the request of the injured party. n, as it represents the official historical policy of most East-European states, is the so-called identity or heroic museum. Its purpose is not so much to show the truth about the past but to create the collective memory of a society and its positive self-image.

Oscar Rodriguez de Rivera, Antonio López-Quílez, Marta Blangiardo et al.

Forest fires are the outcome of a complex interaction between environmental factors, topography and socioeconomic factors (Bedia et al, 2014). Therefore, understand causality and early prediction are crucial elements for controlling such phenomenon and saving lives.The aim of this study is to build spatio-temporal model to understand causality of forest fires in Europe, at NUTS2 level between 2012 and 2016, using environmental and socioeconomic variables.We have considered a disease mapping approach, commonly used in small area studies to assess thespatial pattern and to identify areas characterised by unusually high or low relative risk.