Hasil untuk "Law"

Robert Lin

Abstract : We present some improvements for the landmark paper of fuzzy sets for distributive law, convex combination and convex fuzzy sets. Our enhancement will help researcher absorb the original paper of fuzzy sets. Keywords : Fuzzy sets, convex combination.

R. L. Shreve

B. Watkin

K. Narendra, A. Annaswamy

C. Steinmetz

A. V. Dicey

The Law of the Constitution was first published in 1885. The book was based on lectures delivered by me as Vinerian Professor of English Law. The lectures were given and the book written with the sole object of explaining and illustrating three leading characteristics in the existing constitution of England; they are now generally designated as the Sovereignty of Parliament, the Rule of Law, and the Conventions of the Constitution. The book, therefore, dealt with the main features of our constitution as it stood in 1884-85, that is thirty years ago.

R. Bowles, S. Shavell

I. MacKenzie, W. Buxton

T. Hill

S. Anaya

Sahibpreet Singh, Saksham Sharma

Integration of AI into environmental regulation represents a significant advancement in data management. It offers promising results in both data protection plus algorithmic fairness. This research addresses the critical need for sustainable data protection in the era of ever evolving cyber threats. Traditional encryption methods face limitations in handling the dynamic nature of environmental data. This necessitates the exploration of advanced cryptographic techniques. The objective of this study is to evaluate how AI can enhance these techniques to ensure robust data protection while facilitating fair algorithmic management. The methodology involves a comprehensive review of current advancements in AI-enhanced homomorphic encryption (HE) and multi-party computation (MPC). It is coupled with an analysis of how these techniques can be applied to environmental data regulation. Key findings indicate that AI-driven dynamic key management, adaptive encryption schemes, and optimized computational efficiency in HE, alongside AI-enhanced protocol optimization and fault mitigation in MPC, significantly improve the security of environmental data processing. These findings highlight a crucial research gap in the intersection of AI, cyber laws, and environmental regulation, particularly in terms of addressing algorithmic bias, transparency, and accountability. The implications of this research underscore the need for stricter cyber laws. Also, the development of comprehensive regulations to safeguard sensitive environmental data. Future efforts should focus on refining AI systems to balance security with privacy and ensuring that regulatory frameworks can adapt to technological advancements. This study provides a foundation for future research aimed at achieving secure sustainable environmental data management through AI innovations.

M. Koskenniemi

D. Mitchell

Indresh Yadav, P. M. Geethu

Newtons Laws of Motion form the basis of classical mechanics, but misconceptions about their interrelationships persist in pedagogy. A prevalent misunderstanding is that Newtons First Law is a trivial consequence of the Second Law. This paper argues that the First Law serves a logically distinct foundational role that defines the context in which the Second Law is valid. This conceptual distinction is clarified through classical thought experiments and further supported by insights from relativistic mechanics. Furthermore, the paper discusses the notion of the zeroth Law. It evaluates several candidates, including the absoluteness of space and time, the conservation and additivity of mass, and the locality of force in time. By articulating the details of the logical structure of Newtons Laws, this article offers theoretical clarity and pedagogical value for the teaching and interpretation of Newtonian mechanics.

Michael B. Law

We establish a symmetry principle for asymptotically cylindrical steady gradient Ricci solitons (GRSs) and asymptotically conical expanding GRSs with homogeneous links. Using this, we show that the Bryant steady soliton is the unique asymptotically cylindrical steady GRS that has a round spherical link and satisfies a particular quantitative rigidity condition. A similar characterization is proved for Bryant's expanding solitons. Finally, we establish a global symmetry result for GRSs which exhibit the aforementioned asymptotics with quotient-Berger sphere asymptotic links.

Fred Angelo Batan Garcia, Massimo Ricotti, Kazuyuki Sugimura

We model the formation of star clusters in a dwarf galaxy progenitor during the first 700 Myr of cosmic history using a cosmological radiation-hydrodynamic simulation with a sub-grid star formation efficiency (SFE) model calibrated from AU-scale radiation-MHD simulations of molecular clouds with varying mass, density, and metallicity. In comparison to a constant SFE model, our model yields more bursty star formation, a more abundant massive star cluster population, and overall a higher stellar mass. Clouds reach SFEs up to 80\%, forming bound star clusters (densities $\sim10^{2-4} ~{\rm M_\odot\:pc^{-2}}$, radii $\lesssim 3~{\rm pc}$) resembling those observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in strongly lensed galaxies. Star clusters follow a flat power-law mass function ${\rm d}N/{\rm d}\log M \propto M^\Gamma$ with slope $\Gamma \sim -0.4$. The most massive star clusters ($10^{4-5} ~{\rm M_\odot}$) grow through mergers and have metallicity spreads of $0.05 - 0.1$ dex that roughly scale with mass. The second burst of star formation produce loosely bound star clusters with higher metallicities: $-1.95 < \log(Z/{\rm Z_\odot}) < -1.50$ at lower SFEs (2 - 20\%). At $z \sim 8.7$, a nuclear star cluster (NSC) is seeded, growing 83\% of its mass ($2.4 \times 10^5 ~{\rm M_\odot}$, $20\%$ of the galaxy's stellar mass) through mergers with pre-existing clusters and the rest through in-situ star formation. The early formation of NSCs has interesting implications for seeding supermassive black holes and the population of _little red dots_ recently discovered by JWST at $z \gtrsim 5$.

W. Landes, R. Posner

Introduction 1. The Economic Theory of Property 2. How to Think about Copyright 3. A Formal Model of Copyright 4. Basic Copyright Doctrines 5. Copyright in Unpublished Works 6. Fair Use, Parody, and Burlesque 7. The Economics of Trademark Law 8. The Optimal Duration of Copyrights and Trademarks 9. The Legal Protection of Postmodern Art 10. Moral Rights and the Visual Artists Rights Act 11. The Economics of Patent Law 12. The Patent Court: A Statistical Evaluation 13. The Economics of Trade Secrecy Law 14. Antitrust and Intellectual Property 15. The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Law Conclusion Acknowledgments Index

P. Bak, K. Christensen, L. Danon et al.

We show that the distribution of waiting times between earthquakes occurring in California obeys a simple unified scaling law valid from tens of seconds to tens of years. The short time clustering, commonly referred to as aftershocks, is nothing but the short time limit of the general hierarchical properties of earthquakes. There is no unique operational way of distinguishing between main shocks and aftershocks. In the unified law, the Gutenberg-Richter b value, the exponent -1 of the Omori law for aftershocks, and the fractal dimension d(f) of earthquakes appear as critical indices.

Olivia A. C. Lamers, Meta Roestenberg, Martine C. de Vries et al.

Abstract Background Scientific advancement, including the testing and licensing of new drugs, relies heavily on clinical trials with healthy individuals. The motivations of clinical trial participants have been discussed intensively, as some worry that financial compensation may distract from the intrinsic risk of clinical research. Herein, we investigated the motivations and decisional factors influencing SARS-CoV-2 clinical trial participants. Moreover, since most surveys are administered after clinical trial participation, we were interested in whether the results were tainted by recall bias. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study. Participants were administered a survey on two occasions, once before and once after participation in a clinical trial. The primary outcomes were the motivations and decisional factors of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trial participants and the difference between the surveys collected before and after clinical trial participation. Results The survey response rate was 149/200 (75%). SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trial participants were mostly motivated by the desire to contribute to science and help others. Answers collected before and after the trial were not statistically different, indicating the absence of recall bias. Conclusion The decision-making process of clinical trial participants is complex and multi-faceted. Previous studies have shown that clinical trial participants have mixed motivations but never to the extent reported in the current survey. Here, we present a theoretical framework that attempts to explain how different motivational factors may contribute to decision forming.

S. Thompson, S. Parthasarathy

Soon after Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented a solid-state device in 1947 1 to replace electron vacuum tubes, the microelectronics industry and a revolution started. Since its birth, the industry has experienced four decades of unprecedented explosive growth driven by two factors: Noyce and Kilby inventing the planar integrated circuit 2 , 3 and the advantageous characteristics that result from scaling (shrinking) solid-state devices.