В статье освещается актуальная проблема выдвижения следственных версий по уголовным делам,связанным с нарушением правил безопасности при ведении горных или строительных работ. Авторподчеркивает значимость этой темы в контексте Концепции безопасного труда Республики Казахстанна 2024–2030 гг., разработанной по инициативе Президента страны для снижения производственного травматизма. Детально анализируется, как следственные версии формируют основу для расследования преступлений, предоставляя фундаментальный инструмент для выявления истинных обстоятельств происшествий. Освещаются особенности построения и проверки следственных версийпо рассматриваемым уголовным делам, подчеркивая их роль в направлении процесса расследованияи помощи следователям в установлении действительной картины происшествия. Представленный материал предлагает основные рекомендации для правоприменителей, направленные на усиление результативности ведения уголовных дел по фактам нарушения правил безопасности в сфере горнодобывающей и строительной индустрии.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Human rights, grounded in the protection of human dignity, have a normative nature transformed the traditional structure of citizenship rights. This transformation has extended citizenship rights into the realm of international law. Consequently, citizenship rights and their associated concepts are now defined more by universal human rights laws than by the national interests of states. This process suggests that human rights serve as a primary principle, governing over citizenship rights. It also implies that, through developments in the theoretical foundations of citizenship, there may be a need to revise state constitutions or demand narrow or broad interpretations of constitutional laws. The procedures of the International Court of Justice, including its efforts to redefine nationality and citizenship and to identify the customary law of international law in terms of human rights requirements, reflect this transformation. Accordingly, the traditional definitions of citizenship and related concepts, such as nationality, are evolving, highlighting the need for new interpretations. A reinterpretation of citizenship rights, informed by human rights values, suggests a shift in the legal principles that govern the traditional perspective on citizenship.
General theoretical legal science is essentially a practical discipline. Therefore, there is no institutional dualism between applied and theoretical jurisprudence in universities, unlike in mathematics or physics. However, a look at the previous history of law shows that there was a period when legal theory was subjected to fundamental research. At that time, arguments from related disciplines, such as philosophy and social sciences, were enthusiastically accepted for the sake of theoretical development of legal methodology. Unfortunately, this golden age of theory is over. Today, especially at the level of the European Union, we can see the establishment of methodological standards that cannot be comprehended by classical interpretation. This is the result of social transformations, with the help of the courts and only partially through the activities of the legislator. Therefore, the fundamental criticism of political conservatism and economic liberalism is not justified. It is found that since jurisprudence is a practical discipline and legal practice develops its own internal dynamics, the role of the general theory of law is becoming increasingly valuable. Firstly, it can be argued that, given the obvious self-sufficiency of legal practice, law should no longer be considered as an appropriate object of theorization. Secondly, you can complicate the already intricate legal practice with more legal theories. Finally, you can follow the classical approach to theory; and thus focus on providing simple answers to fundamental questions of law. The reasoning that understanding is always application does not explain the concept of correct application. However, Gadamer's “axiom” gives us a hint as to how we should proceed in addressing the basic question of legal methodology. This question can be formulated as follows: that law is something that must be understood before it can be applied. It has been argued that we could make progress on this issue by using philosophical semantics. In particular, by using the idea of sentences as the smallest meaningful units of language, associated with the notion that norms either appear in the form of a sentence or can be expressed in this form. Thus, nothing prevents us from claiming that we understand a norm when we know the conditions under which it is true. On the basis of the “theory of truth,” we can develop a theory of the autonomous meaning of a norm, which was needed to address a fundamental issue of legal methodology: the correct application of the law. In addition, most of our beliefs and arguments must be true. The reason is simple: the more mistakes we make, the less we are able to identify the targets of those mistakes. We have good reason to believe that our view of the world and the law is largely true. Keywords: theory, law, practice, legal methodology, understanding, application of law, argument, hermeneutics, semantics.
It is a well-known tenet of public law that judges must interpret a statute consistently with common law rights and principles, unless that statute uses ‘clear and express’ language to license the violation of such rights and principles. This is the ‘principle of legality’. But which rights and principles trigger the principle of legality? How ‘clear and express’ must statutory language be to license interference with common law rights? Does this method of interpretation apply only to statutes, or should it apply to interpretation of the scope of prerogative powers as well? What does the method of interpretation tell us about the relationship between the rule of law and parliamentary supremacy? This book develops a philosophical theory of the principle of legality to help answer these questions. This book challenges the prevailing notion that the principle of legality is a presumption about the intentions of the legislature. Drawing on debates in the philosophy of language and general jurisprudence, the book shows that these theories fail to account for the principle of legality in a satisfactory way. The book then deploys a non-positivist theory of general jurisprudence to show that judges invoking the principle of legality are engaging in a complex process of moral reasoning. This theory makes sense of these cases in a way that prevailing theories do not, and provides us with satisfying answers to the difficult questions about legality outlined above. This includes answers to some of the most pressing and controversial questions in contemporary public law scholarship.
The purpose of the article is to attempt to respond to selected methodological problems relevant to the comparative law, the most important of which is identified as linguistic barriers that hinder the correct comparison of legal institutions. Citing examples of translating the verb valoir present in Articles 1589 and 2279 of the Napoleonic Code into Polish and English, it was pointed out, following the example of the Louisiana Digest of 1808, that a descriptive approach is operative.
Cambios en la legislación penal buscaron tipificar conductas específicas de abuso infantil (Ley nº 12.015/2009). Entre estas, se destaca la Violación del Vulnerable. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de jurimetría, de carácter descriptivo retrospectivo y documental, cuya unidad de análisis fue la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia del Estado de Ceará sobre el tipo en cuestión. Delimitada la investigación entre 2017 y 2020, se trazó un panorama de las decisiones del tribunal. Al final de la investigación, se constató que el colegiado de segunda instancia sigue manteniendo las decisiones de primera instancia, el poder de decisión es principalmente masculino y diferente de lo esperado, la confidencialidad de las identidades en casos de Violación del Vulnerable no se cumple plenamente y las identidades acaban expuestas en el sitio web del tribunal.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Fabio Andrés Gutiérrez Uribe, Sebastián Londoño Valle
El bloque de constitucionalidad es una de esas figuras jurídicas de las que se tienen ciertas nociones pero dentro de las cuales pocas veces profundizamos un poco más. El presente ejercicio académico se preocupa por adentrarse en esta figura, además, intenta vislumbrar su entramado interno con la intención de comprender su funcionalidad y necesariedad. Así entonces, el presente artículo representa la síntesis de un ejercicio académico concienzudo cuyo propósito consiste en aportar a las discusiones sobre el tema, partiendo de una suficiente ilustración.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Pedro Daniel Martínez Sierra, Fabiola Margarita Olea Uribe
El presente artículo se desprende del webinar 2020 “Miradas de las y los adolescentes sobre el impacto de la pandemia por COVID19”, organizado por el proyecto Tejiendo Redes Infancia en colaboración con la Escuela Nacional de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). El objetivo fue analizar las experiencias de adolescentes latinoamericanos sobre la pandemia por COVID19, a través de un encuentro virtual en la plataforma zoom que permitió posicionar las voces de este sector en el contexto de la crisis sanitaria en la región de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Participaron seis adolescentes, tres de cada sexo de 15 a 18 años provenientes de México, Panamá, Paraguay, Guatemala y Bolivia. Se desarrolló bajo una metodología cualitativa, la técnica utilizada grupos focales por considerarla la más idónea para recuperar ideas, informaciones y conocimientos respecto al tema, además del uso de imágenes diseñadas por ellas y ellos para presentar sus argumentaciones. Los hallazgos dieron cuenta de las similitudes en las realidades latinoamericanas y un sentimiento de preocupación generalizado por la ausencia de estrategias de los Estados para atender las necesidades de los sectores vulnerables, como las familias de escasos recursos y quienes no tendrán la posibilidad de regresar a las escuelas.
The article examines some modern trends in the development of domestic legislation, as well as general theoretical legal thinking. One of them is a noticeable spread in the legislative acts of Ukraine of those terms that have an outlet to the problem of legal understanding, for example, they
 talk about such words as: «right», «justice», «unjust sentence», «unright agreement», «unright use», «unright actions», «unright gain». Such terminology can be directly used in legal regulatory practice, and taking into account the pluralism of legal thinking, known from ancient times to this day, inevitably there is a need for an official explanation, interpretation of one or another of the given terminological concepts.
 In all the above cases, the following question will inevitably arise: the terms above are synonyms for the adjectives lawful, illegal, and are similar to them? Or, on the contrary, in the examples given above, they are talking about some other – meaningful and different – from legal / illegal – phenomenon? If we are inclined to the first answer, the question arises: for what purpose different terms were used to name the same phenomenon? If we support the second of the possible answers, then it directly leads to the problem of legal thinking.
 One of the aspects of the general problem of legal thinking is the substantive allocation of the so-called phenomenon of the antipode of the phenomenon of right, – the phenomenon of unright. The urgency of solving this practically significant task is illustrated, in particular, by the fact that, for example, in the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, adjectives unright gain are used almost sixty times!
 What complex of problems in legal regulation, this situation generates, can be seen by analyzing, for example, the reaction of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine regarding the inconsistency of the Constitution of Ukraine with the provisions of Art. 375 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Arguing this decision, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine referred to the fact that, in particular: a) formulation of this article allows possibility of abuse by the bodies of pre-trial investigation, in connection with legal clarity, unambiguity in content of the norm is lost when they are applied; b) the situation under discussion creates the possibility of an official assessment of the court decision by non-judicial bodies, which contradicts the principle of the distribution of power.
 It seems remarkable that in response to the aforementioned decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, almost half of those judges who took part in the consideration of this case expressed separate opinions in which they thoroughly criticized the arguments of the Court. Without resorting to a specific analysis of each of these thoughts, we state the pluralistic interpretation of the first part of the complex word «unjust» by different judges of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. We explain it by the socially-natural heterogeneity, the interpretation of any evaluative legal concepts by various subjects of society in the process of legal regulation.
Juan Carlos Delgado Siles, Ricardo Colín García, Marco Alfredo Ramírez Barranco
Este opúsculo sobre el sistema penal mexicano, exhibe inconsistencias constitucionales en la administración y suministro del derecho punitivo y los desesperados artilugios estatales por complacer al estrépito político, más que alclamar y a la realidad social, con la expansión del derecho de penar y su concepción de nuevos riesgos jurídicos, la docibilidad y ablandamiento de incriminaciones punitivas limitantes de principios rectores del proceso penal, en franca vulneración de los derechos de los justiciables y de la sociedad en general, evidenciando la fallida política criminal, y el fracaso del régimen estigmatizador Estatal para mantener armónicamente a la sociedad mexicana.
В статье подробно рассматриваются механизмы налогообложения реализации компьютерныхигр как иностранными, так и отечественными разработчиками. Анализируется динамика развитиязаконодательства в данной сфере, законодательные возможности, а также затрагивается правоваяприрода договоров, опосредующих отношения между конечными пользователями игр и их производителями. В контексте данного вопроса анализируется одно из дел, наиболее ярко иллюстрирующихпроблему квалификации договоров, а также влияние такой квалификации на механизм налогообложения. Кроме того, большое внимание уделяется изучению механизма начисления так называемого «налога на Google» и последствий его внедрения. Дается правовая оценка возможности введениянового «цифрового налога», приводятся мнения специалистов о необходимости его введения. Значительная роль отводится изучению опыта зарубежных стран в области налогообложения производителей компьютерных игр.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Resumen:
Ante los principios de diversidad e inclusión de todas las personas al derecho a la educación, este estudio pretende promover una reflexión sobre los hitos históricos y políticos que discuten la efectividad de la inclusión educativa de las personas con discapacidad y la transversalidad entre la Educación Inclusiva y los Derechos Humanos. Son destacados los contextos internacionales y específicamente el escenario educativo brasileño, apuntando sus avances y sus desafíos.
Abstract:
Faced with the principles of diversity and inclusion of all people in the right to education, this study aims to promote a reflection on the historical and political milestones that discuss the effectiveness of the educational inclusion of people with disabilities and the transversality between Inclusive Education and Human Rights. International contexts are highlighted, and specifically Brazilian educational scenario pointing out advances and challenges.
The body of the modern Russian knowledge of law as well as of any other particular academic knowledge is complex and heterogeneous. Historical (genetic) and conceptual heterogeneity is sometimes surmounted through various theory reorganizations or terminology adjustments. A special issue, in this respect, is that of the presence of philosophy in a particular academic knowledge which is possible both in an explicit — even declarative — form and in a variety of latent forms. After 1917, the Russian doctrinal jurisprudence declared the absolute domination of the philosophy of dialectical and historical materialism, and, up to 1991, this declaration was supported by means and methods of coercion by the state. However, even without such coercion, there are many who remain true to this philosophy and, most notably, to the corresponding ideology in the present-day system of science and higher education. Meanwhile, beyond any declarations, the presence of Kantian and Neo-Kantian philosophical thought is felt to a much greater degree in both the structure and the content of legal knowledge. Moreover, this applies to both academic research (theses, articles, monographs) and education (textbooks, study materials and lecture courses). Undoubtedly, the fact deserves a wide discussion as well as philosophical and academic reflection. Keywords—philosophy of law; legal ontology; legal axiology; legal methodology; formal logic; neo-Kantianism; Marxism
Dentro del maltrato familiar, la violencia filio-parental es una línea de investigación en el ámbito de la psicología y la pedagogía de cierta relevancia actual. En la primera parte del artículo se pretende analizar este fenómeno, desde las perspectivas psicoeducativa y jurídica, para aportar una definición integral que abarque diferentes perspectivas de la violencia filio-parental, porque la intervención y prevención de ésta debe partir del conocimiento acerca de las causas y mecanismos que intervienen en el complejo ámbito de ésta violencia intrafamiliar, así como de las relaciones e interacciones que se establecen entre hijos, hijas y progenitores. Por ello, la segunda parte del artículo pretende aportar un modelo explicativo del ciclo de la violencia filio-parental, como marco teórico en el que integrar la respuesta de prevención terciaria y tratamiento, tanto para progenitores como para hijos.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Psychology