Hasil untuk "Islamic law"

Josh Culver, Aubrey Ayres, Evan Halloran et al.

We consider a system consisting of one conservation law and one balance law with a time-dependent source term, and provide a comprehensive analysis of Riemann solutions, including the non-classical overcompressive delta shocks. The minimal yet representative structure of the system captures essential features of transport under density constraints and, despite its simplicity, serves as a versatile prototype for crowd-limited transport processes across diverse contexts, including biological aggregation, ecological dispersal, granular compaction, and traffic congestion. In addition to non-self-similar solutions mentioned above, the associated Riemann problem admits solution structures that traverse vacuum states ($ρ= 0$) and the critical density threshold ($ρ= \barρ$), where mobility vanishes and characteristic speed degenerates. Moreover, the explicit time dependence in the source term leads to the breakdown of self-similarity, resulting in distinct Riemann solutions over successive time intervals and highlighting the dynamic nature of the solution landscape. The theoretical findings are numerically confirmed using the Local Lax-Friedrichs scheme.

Yann-Meing Law

The Hermite-Taylor method evolves all the variables and their derivatives through order $m$ in time to achieve a $2m+1$ order rate of convergence. The data required at each node of the staggered Cartesian meshes used by this method makes the enforcement of boundary and interface conditions challenging. In this work, we propose a novel correction function method, referred to as the discrete correction function method, which provides all the data required by the Hermite method near the surface where a condition is enforced. The flexibility of the resulting Hermite-Taylor discrete correction function method is demonstrated by considering a wide range of problems, including those with variable coefficients, discontinuous solutions at the interface, and generalized sheet transition conditions. Although the focus of this work is on Maxwell's equations, this high-order method can be adapted to other linear wave systems. Several numerical examples in two space dimensions are performed to verify the properties of the proposed method, including long-time simulations.

Zeynab Riazat

The crime of embezzlement in Iranian criminal system, as one of the most important examples of economic crimes, according to the note of Article 36 of the Islamic Penal Law approved in 1392, has been the concern of the legislator for a long time and for the first time, the extent of this crime has been explained in the General Penal Law approved in 1304. At present, the three elements of the crime of embezzlement are mentioned in Article 5 of Intensifying the Punishment of Bribery, Embezzlement and Fraud Perpetrators Act approved in 1367. Examining the criminal system of Islamic countries such as Iraq, Egypt and Turkey in order to identify legal challenges and reform proposals confirms the remarkable similarity in the three elements of the crime of embezzlement in the Islamic countries, despite the difference in the scope and territory of the said crime, as well as the amount of legal punishments. Therefore, in this article, considering the importance and necessity of explaining the concept of embezzlement with a comparative approach and the use of library resources, through analytical-descriptive method, in addition to the pathology of the legislator's approach to the crime of embezzlement, the legal challenges caused by ambiguity in the crime of embezzlement are identified and in order to prove the necessity of revising the legal definition of this crime and removing the ambiguities, with a glimpse of the criminal system of Egypt, Iraq and Turkey and with respect to the existence of some similarities and differences in terms of the elements of crime and punishments, suggestions for future reforms have been presented.

Ali Reza Nasrollahi, Mostafa Mansourian

Introduction The concept of public rights is commonly understood as the rights of the general public. However, when scrutinized more closely, this notion becomes somewhat ambiguous, leading to questions and disagreements among legal doctrines and jurists. This ambiguity revolves around the precise definition of the term, its instances, and its scope, such as whether it pertains solely to criminal law or extends to non-criminal law. Examining the scope of public rights reveals numerous and sometimes conflicting interpretations. Legal and judicial opinions on the scope of public rights generally fall into two general yet conflicting approaches, namely narrow and broad. Given the divergent viewpoints, it is crucial to adopt a valid interpretive approach within the legal system to establish a systematic framework aimed at reaching an understanding. Objective consequentialism, as a normative-based interpretive method, serves as a valuable theoretical tool for evaluating these approaches. In this line, the present study sought to address the following research question: Which of the two approaches, narrow or broad, to the scope of public rights is deemed acceptable from the perspective of objective consequentialism? Literature Review Legal and judicial opinions concerning public rights can generally be categorized into two competing approaches. On one hand, there are viewpoints advocating for a narrow interpretation, which suggests limiting the scope of public rights in times of uncertainty. On the other hand, there are perspectives that advocate for a broader understanding of public rights, incorporating a wider range of interpretations and instances. Although there is no coherent and methodical discussion on this matter in legal literature thus far, various schools of legal interpretation have debated different methods, such as objective consequentialism. In objective consequentialism, the focus lies on discerning the purpose of the law, so the interpreter, whether a judge or a lawyer, seeks to deduce the purpose of the law from the text itself and other relevant sources. Subsequently, they interpret provisions of the law in light of the general purpose. In this method, justification for interpretation is grounded on the objective purpose behind establishing the rule. The purpose of the law can be inferred from the very text of the law, including its title, preamble, or relevant chapters. Furthermore, the purpose may be predestined or assumed, with implications being inferred through logical or judicious readings of the text of the law—based on the premise that the legislator is judicious. Therefore, it is assumed that the legislator has intended for legal provisions to have meaningful effects rather than being rendered null or futile. Objective consequentialism seeks to uncover the underlying purpose behind a given law or provision.     Materials and Methods The present study relied on objective consequentialism, which is an interpretive method based on the normative ground, in order to evaluate the two approaches concerning the scope of pubic rights. The study aimed to address the following research question: Which of the two approaches, narrow or broad, to the scope of public rights is deemed acceptable from the perspective of objective consequentialism? Results and Discussion According to objective consequentialism, fostering a broad understanding of the concept of public rights while maintaining a systematic view of functions of the judiciary body can result in an appropriately balanced understanding aimed at claiming public rights. The present study synthesized the opinions sharing a common essence and overarching direction, discussing the existing legal approaches regarding the scope of public rights. Additionally, considering the principles of the Constitution, a hypothesis (called the conceptual approach derived from purposiveness) was formulated and tested about the distinction between the scope of public rights—as outlined in the Constitution—and the restoration of public rights. The scope of public rights can be either narrowed or expanded, considering the purpose of the law and of justice outlined in each instance, as well as the implications derived from a judicious interpretation of the law. Conclusion Public rights can be re-evaluated with an eye to the purpose of the law, hence interpreted as rights and interests arising from the objective goal of the law. In this light, the scope of public rights becomes meaningful considering the purpose of the law, the justice it guarantees in each instance, and the implications stemming from the judicious interpretation of the law. Therefore, there two central points here: rights (the conceptual standpoint) and the negation of oppression and injustice (the functional standpoint). From the conceptual standpoint, public rights extend to legal rights. Yet the functional standpoint would include those instances of rights that have been or are about to be unjustly taken away from their rightful owners, making it impossible for the beneficiaries (whether individuals or groups) to reclaim them.

Zulham Wahyudani, Muhazir Muhazir

This study aims to analyze the marriage requirements for cadres of Pondok Pesantren Gontor. Each cadre who wishes to marry must choose their own partner and obtain approval from the pesantren's leadership. If the leaders, including the kyai, does not grant approval, the cadre is not permitted to marry the chosen partner. In the tradition of Pondok Pesantren Gontor, approval from the pesantren's leaders is crucial to receiving blessings in the marriage. Such a practice has been in place for many years to maintain the pesantren's existence. This study seeks to analyze these unique marriage conditions for Gontor cadres and how these requirements are viewed from the perspective of kafa'ah. This research is empirical and uses a qualitative approach. Data was collected through interviews with the cadres and teachers at Pondok Pesantren Gontor, as well as an analysis of the pesantren's website. The concept of kafa'ah was derived from several sources of literature. The study finds that a potential wife must agree to adhere to the conditions applicable to cadres throughout their lives, including obedience to the pesantren's leaders, being ready to work at the pesantren 24 hours if needed, and being prepared to be assigned anywhere according to the pesantren leaders's orders. The concept of kafa'ah in this context can be justified as the alignment of the potential wife’s vision and mission with those of her husband (a Gontor cadre). This concept of kafa'ah differs from the textual understanding found in traditional fiqh texts and the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI). This alignment is seen as essential for achieving welfare and as a form of self-dedication at Pondok Pesantren Gontor in Ponorogo, East Java, although this concept differs from the textual interpretation found in fiqh texts and the KHI.

Soumya Sankar, Ruizi Liu, Xue-Jian Gao et al.

Berry curvature multipoles appearing in topological quantum materials have recently attracted much attention. Their presence can manifest in novel phenomena, such as nonlinear anomalous Hall effects (NLAHE). The notion of Berry curvature multipoles extends our understanding of Berry curvature effects on the material properties. Hence, research on this subject is of fundamental importance and may also enable future applications in energy harvesting and high-frequency technology. It was shown that a Berry curvature dipole can give rise to a 2nd order NLAHE in materials of low crystalline symmetry. Here, we demonstrate a fundamentally new mechanism for Berry curvature multipoles in antiferromagnets that are supported by the underlying magnetic symmetries. Carrying out electric transport measurements on the kagome antiferromagnet FeSn, we observe a 3rd order NLAHE, which appears as a transverse voltage response at the 3rd harmonic frequency when a longitudinal a.c. current drive is applied. Interestingly, this NLAHE is strongest at and above room temperature. We combine these measurements with a scaling law analysis, a symmetry analysis, model calculations, first-principle calculations, and magnetic Monte-Carlo simulations to show that the observed NLAHE is induced by a Berry curvature quadrupole appearing in the spin-canted state of FeSn. At a practical level, our study establishes NLAHE as a sensitive probe of antiferromagnetic phase transitions in other materials, such as moiré superlattices, two-dimensional van der Waal magnets, and quantum spin liquid candidates, that remain poorly understood to date. More broadly, Berry curvature multipole effects are predicted to exist for 90 magnetic point groups. Hence, our work opens a new research area to study a variety of topological magnetic materials through nonlinear measurement protocols.

Azmine Toushik Wasi

Islamophobic language on online platforms fosters intolerance, making detection and elimination crucial for promoting harmony. Traditional hate speech detection models rely on NLP techniques like tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, and encoder-decoder models. However, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), with their ability to utilize relationships between data points, offer more effective detection and greater explainability. In this work, we represent speeches as nodes and connect them with edges based on their context and similarity to develop the graph. This study introduces a novel paradigm using GNNs to identify and explain hate speech towards Islam. Our model leverages GNNs to understand the context and patterns of hate speech by connecting texts via pretrained NLP-generated word embeddings, achieving state-of-the-art performance and enhancing detection accuracy while providing valuable explanations. This highlights the potential of GNNs in combating online hate speech and fostering a safer, more inclusive online environment.

Suprapdi Suprapdi, Ismi Lathifatul Hilmi

MUI Fatwa Number 26 of 2002 concerning Rahn Emas with the issue of the permissibility of combining two contracts in one transaction which gave rise to several disagreements by Indonesian Muslim scholars, because the fatwa allows hybrid contracts or a combination of qardh and ijarahcontracts. A qardh contract occurs when the LKS provides a loan to a customer with gold as collateral, while an ijarah contract occurs when the LKS rents out a gold storage box and collects wages from the ijarah contract. This type of article is library research, where data collection is through books, official websites, and journals. The approach used is normative syar'i which is based on the Al-Qur'an and Hadith as well as other Islamic laws. Based on the legal basis used, MUI uses four basic arguments, namely the Qur'an, Hadith, Ijma', and the Rules of Fiqh. Based on this legal basis, the use of Rahn Emas is permissible until there is an argument against it and when a Rahn Emas contract is entered into, the maintenance cost clause is included in the contract. The merging of two contracts in one contract is used as a murakkab (multi-contract) contract, the murrakab contract here is included in the al-'uqud al-mujtami'ah group. So, in the practice of multi-contract transactions, it can be seen that the law of origin of multi-contract transactions is permissible, unless there is evidence forbidding it, and as long as it does not cause things that are forbidden such as usury, price uncertainty, fraud, and so on. The reason for issuing the Fatwa is to provide legal clarity in transactions using Rahn Emas contract products that comply with Sharia principles. Keywords: Fatwa, Mui, Rahn Emas.

محمد أمين جيلالي

يهدف البحث إلى الكشف عن استشكال التغريب في نقد محمد أركون للخطاب الديني، ومحاولة لفك الالتباس حول فكر أركون أو أركون اللا توجه، وقد قسم إلى مدخل استشكالي حول فكر أركون، ومن ثم محاور اهتمت بومضات وإضاءات من سيرة أركون تنير حسه النقدي، وتفكيك الخطاب النقدي عند أركون من منظور مرجعيته الغربية وليس احتفاء بالمشروع التغريبي، وتحليل البنيات الغربية في فكر أركون وتأثيرها الوظيفي في قراءاته للنصوص الدينية، وفي البنية التفكيكية والأركيولوجية: الحفر والتفكيك، وفي البنية التأويلية: التأويل مضافا إلى الأساس الفيلولوجي، وفي النظم الألسنية: تجديد للأطر العقلية والثقافية، في النظم التاريخية والسوسيولوجية والأنثروبولوجية: إشارة لأهمية السياق في الفهم... إلخ. وتوصل إلى أن أركون يرتدي موقفا إبستمولوجيا، محورة الحرية الفكرية الفاعلة في ساحات النقاش المعرفي حول القضايا العربية الإسلامية المعاصرة.

seyyedhossein athari, Zahra Mohamadpour

Introduction The heart of any state or government's stability is its legitimacy, which confirms the validity of governmental decrees and ensures the continuity of governance. The Sassanid era is one historical period where the very foundations of the state's authority and political ideology were called into question in Iran. Challenges to the religious values, which were the mainstay of the government's legitimacy, led to both social and political upheaval. This was particularly evident following the emergence of new religions and rituals, which posed a threat and underscored the urgent need for the restoration of legitimacy. In response to this crisis, the ideological apparatus of the Sassanid state employed various strategies. Among these, the 'Ardavirafnameh' stands out as a cultural mechanism that articulated the principles, values, and ideals embodying the political ideology meant to reaffirm the state's legitimacy and ensure the survival of Sassanid rule. The research posits, through the application of Skinner's intentionalism hermeneutic framework, that the 'Ardavirafnameh' was written under specific conditions, within a particular context and intellectual milieu, with a definitive purpose. The hypothesis suggests that the text was crafted as an ideological instrument aimed at addressing the legitimacy crisis faced by the Sassanid government. The primary objective of the author in composing this text appears to have been to influence the political culture of the time, thereby reconstructing the foundational legitimacy of the Sassanid state. Methodology The research employs Quentin Skinner's internationalist interpretive methodology to delve into the underlying messages of the text. Skinner's approach underscores the importance of understanding the text's examination in conjunction with the author's intentions and the objective and intellectual circumstances under which it was produced. In the initial phase of applying Skinner's method, efforts are made to grasp the political issues and debates of the Ardaviraf era, as well as the responses and solutions that were proposed at the time. By reconstructing the socio-political climate and the intellectual milieu in which the 'Ardavirafnameh' was composed, we can illuminate the challenges that confronted the Zoroastrian Monads, under Ardaviraf leadership, allowing for a more accurate comprehension of how these issues influenced the author's thinking. Following this, the analysis aims to discern the unique language, meanings, concepts, and prevailing propositions employed in the 'Ardavirafnameh.' This step involves examining the traditions, norms, principles, and conventional rules that shaped the political arguments and discourse of the time. Suchan exploration is crucial for understanding the societal context of the period and the author's intent behind creating the text. Discussion The Sassanid government, during its four-century rule (224 to 651 AD), sought to establish legitimacy through various means to maintain public support. Their legitimacy was built on tradition by associating themselves with Parthian and Achaemenid kings. Additionally, the charismatic personality of the kings and the support of the people formed the basis of their authority. However, the most significant foundation of Sassanid legitimacy was Zoroastrianism. The king derived power from God, and Zoroastrian decrees became the official law of the state, shaping Iranian culture, politics, and ideological legitimacy. The authority of Sassanid clerics, the Mobdans, unified society around religion, unprecedented in pre-Islamic Iran. However, the collision of Zoroastrianism with other religions led to the emergence of religious heresies. Mani's religion, a blend of beliefs, aimed to end conflicts and class divides, subtly guiding followers to oppose the government. Similarly, Mazdak Bamadan's reinterpretation of the Avesta protested Sassanid laws and structures, advocating for equality and sparking socialist changes that led to the collapse of the state system and upheaval in the country. Mani's religion marked the first instance of sedition and religious heresy arising from conflicting beliefs. His teachings combined popular beliefs and religions of the time, aiming to end wars and social injustices by uniting different religions. He offered followers a path of peace and mystical isolation in response to nobles and pious individuals. Mani's religious doctrines concealed a political agenda, subtly guiding people's beliefs towards opposition to the government. Mazdak Bamadan, a prominent cleric of the Qobad era, initiated a social uprising by reinterpreting the Avesta in protest against Sassanian structures and laws. His movement sought to rectify the deviations caused by religious leaders, representing a protest against the Sassanid social and political system. Emphasizing the equality of all individuals, his teachings garnered numerous followers and led to revolutionary socialist changes in Iran. Those advocating fundamental societal changes pushed to extremes, resulting in the collapse of the state system and pushing the country to the brink of ruin.      In this way, the emergence of new religions led to people`s suspicion towards the country`s official religion and the threat of political power, which ultimately led to severe repression and the brutal killing of Mani and Mazdak and their followers. However, these religions did not disappear and even after the fall of the Sassanids, they also opposed the muslim religion in the form of social movements. The Sassanid era, which was the era of prosperity and influx of religious opinions and new thoughts, forsed the Zoroastrain rulers and priests as agents of the religious institution to take a stand and react against these new religions and religious opponents, and writing the Ardavirafnameh book as an ideological tool of confrontation. It is with these religions that he trais to define the framework of condition of political conflict and draw the legitimacy clamis of those in power according to the type of political regime and power structures based on cultural contexts. Conclusion Based on the explanation provided in this research, the Ardaviraf era's timeframe, transformations, and historical developments underscore the restoration of political legitimacy as the central concern of Zoroastrianism. The text Ardavirafnameh, portraying heaven and hell, serves as an exposition of Mobdans' thoughts led by Ardaviraf, aiming to influence the political culture of society. It is evident that the societal transformation is linked to changes in the ruling political culture, emphasizing the text's role in shaping this culture and sustaining the state's political legitimacy. Despite being a religious text, Ardavirafnameh reflects the ideology of the Sasanian government and Zoroastrian priests. The Mobdans, as the primary decision-makers and influencers in vital cultural aspects, established the idea that the perpetuation of the royal line depends on their resourcefulness and persistence, taking advantage of the kings' weaknesses for their own benefit. As the most influential class in Sassanid society, the Mobdans sought strategies for integrating and legitimizing political values, norms, and structures with a focus on the campaign. Consequently, this text, as a strategic choice by the political elite, underscores religious ideology's aspects, aiming to foster a sense of political unity, common values, norms, and shared political goals among society members. It serves to capture the minds of individuals and emphasizes the importance of religious and moral beliefs in accepting and obeying the king, religious values, and governmental requirements. Recognizing that political legitimacy hinges on societal beliefs and perceptions, religious leaders aim to leverage Ardavirafnameh as a political instrument to cultivate legitimacy among the people. Therefore, the document's purpose was to return to religious foundations, signifying a return to the basis of Sasanian state legitimacy.

Felipe R. Serras, Marcelo Finger

In this work, we carried out a study about the use of attention-based algorithms to automate the categorization of Brazilian case law documents. We used data from the Kollemata Project to produce two distinct datasets with adequate class systems. Then, we implemented a multi-class and multi-label version of BERT and fine-tuned different BERT models with the produced datasets. We evaluated several metrics, adopting the micro-averaged F1-Score as our main metric for which we obtained a performance value of F1-micro=0.72 corresponding to gains of 30 percent points over the tested statistical baseline. In this work, we carried out a study about the use of attention-based algorithms to automate the categorization of Brazilian case law documents. We used data from the \textit{Kollemata} Project to produce two distinct datasets with adequate class systems. Then, we implemented a multi-class and multi-label version of BERT and fine-tuned different BERT models with the produced datasets. We evaluated several metrics, adopting the micro-averaged F1-Score as our main metric for which we obtained a performance value of $\langle \mathcal{F}_1 \rangle_{micro}=0.72$ corresponding to gains of 30 percent points over the tested statistical baseline.

Alejandro Núñez, Marcel A. Agüeros, Kevin R. Covey et al.

X-ray observations of low-mass stars in open clusters are critical to understanding the dependence of magnetic activity on stellar properties and their evolution. Praesepe and the Hyades, two of the nearest, most-studied open clusters, are among the best available laboratories for examining the dependence of magnetic activity on rotation for stars with masses lower than $\approx 1\ M_{\odot}$. We present an updated study of the rotation X-ray activity relation in the two clusters. We updated membership catalogs that combine pre-Gaia catalogs with new catalogs based on Gaia Data Release 2. The resulting catalogs are the most inclusive ones for both clusters: 1739 Praesepe and 1315 Hyades stars. We collected X-ray detections for cluster members, for which we analyzed, re-analyzed, or collated data from ROSAT, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, and XMM-Newton. We have detections for 326 Praesepe and 462 Hyades members, of which 273 and 164, respectively, have rotation periods, an increase of 6$\times$ relative to what was previously available. We find that at $\approx$700 Myr, only M dwarfs remain saturated in X-rays, with only tentative evidence for supersaturation. We also find a tight relation between the Rossby number and fractional X-ray luminosity $L_\mathrm{X}/L_\mathrm{bol}$ in unsaturated single members, suggesting a power-law index between $-3.2$ and $-3.9$. Lastly, we find no difference in the coronal parameters between binary and single members. These results provide essential insight into the relative efficiency of magnetic heating of the stars' atmospheres, thereby informing the development of robust age-rotation-activity relations.

Stacey Law

In this article we investigate the positivity of Sylow branching coefficients for symmetric groups when $p = 3$. In particular, we complete the discussion begun by Giannelli and the author in arXiv:1712.02642 (J. Algebra) and developed in arXiv:1909.09446 (J. London Math. Soc.) concerning the case of odd primes.

Stacey Law, Yuji Okitani

In this note, we prove some new stability results for plethysm coefficients. As special cases, we verify a conjecture of Wildon, and show the stability of sequences recently predicted by Bessenrodt, Bowman and Paget to be weakly increasing.

Hei Law, Jia Deng

We propose a new approach, Synthetic Optimized Layout with Instance Detection (SOLID), to pretrain object detectors with synthetic images. Our "SOLID" approach consists of two main components: (1) generating synthetic images using a collection of unlabelled 3D models with optimized scene arrangement; (2) pretraining an object detector on "instance detection" task - given a query image depicting an object, detecting all instances of the exact same object in a target image. Our approach does not need any semantic labels for pretraining and allows the use of arbitrary, diverse 3D models. Experiments on COCO show that with optimized data generation and a proper pretraining task, synthetic data can be highly effective data for pretraining object detectors. In particular, pretraining on rendered images achieves performance competitive with pretraining on real images while using significantly less computing resources. Code is available at https://github.com/princeton-vl/SOLID.

Erfan Babakhani, Hadi Rostami

Differentiating the prosecution and investigation of economic crimes with the aim of the criminal justice system efficiency and effective combat against the perpetrators of these crimes is a contemporary emerging approach, which has been gradually completed in the French legal system. The specialization of criminal justice has led the French legislature to specialize certain jurisdictions and judicial actors. "Contractualization" of criminal prosecution and development of public prosecutor’s authority for implementation of penal transaction in order to gain the public interest is another strategy of French legislator. In contrast, the Iranian legislator, despite some efforts to identify economic crimes and their effects on the Islamic Penal Code (of 2013) and to shift the burden of proof regarding money laundering, in the field of due penal process, does not have a coherent and systematic position on differentiation. In addition, the regulations in this area are fragmented and inefficient. Sometimes in practice, the process is led to differentiation by judicial instructions, which is against the principle of legality of the criminal process.

S Suharjianto, Rofi Atina Maghfiroh

Kata Jahiliyyah berasal dari kata Al Jahlu yang berarti bodoh atau kebodohan. Jaman jahiliyyah adalah jaman kebodohan. Yang dimaksud dengan jaman kebodohan di sini bukan berarti orang-orang jahiliyyah tidak memiliki kepandaian, tetapi mereka tidak dapat membedakan kebenaran dan kebatilan. Contoh yang menyolok adalah ketika salah seorang dari mereka memiliki anak perempuan, mereka akan menanamkan hidup-hidup. Kebodohan yang paling menonjol adalah karena mereka menyembah berhala yang dibuatnya sendiri. Terlepas dari arti kata di atas, paling tidak ada dua ahli yang menerangkan tentang jahiliyyah, mereka adalah Jarji Zaedan dan Munawar Cholil. Jarji Zaedan berpendapat bahwa jahiliyyah adalah jaman yang masyarakatnya telah memiliki kemajuan di berbagai bidang lapangan kehidupan, seperti: bidang sosial, budaya, ekonomi, politik, dan lain. Sedangkan Munawar Cholil pendapat yang berbeda dengan yang pertama. Menurutnya jaman jahiliyyah adalah jaman yang diatandai oleh kerusakan diberbagai bidang, seperti bidang Sosial, budaya, ekonomi, politik, dan lain-lain. Itulah dua pendapat yang berbeda ketika melihat jahiliyyah dari sisi masing-masing. Sedangkan kata jahiliyyah terdapat dalam empat ayat dalam al-Quran, yaitu pada surat Ali Imran ayat 154, surat al-Maidah ayat 50, surat al-Ahdzab ayat 33 dan surat al-Fath ayat 26. Terlepas dari dua pendapat di atas, riset ini akan mengkaji jahiliyyah dalam Tafsir al-Quran al-'Azim karya Ibnu Katsir. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam riset ini adalah pendekatan interpretatif. Sedangkan analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Adapun simpul dari riset ini adalah kata jahiliyyah dalam Tafsir al-Qurin al-'Azim merupakan (1) sangkaan buruk terhadap takdir Allah s.w.t, (2) berhukum dengan hukum lain atas hukum yang Allah syariatkan, (3) perilaku yang menjerumuskan pada perzinaan dan (4) sikap sombong sebagai hasil dari sikap fanatik yang menutup pintu kebenaran.

Baron Law

A simple method is proposed to estimate the instantaneous correlations between state variables in a hybrid system from the empirical correlations between observable market quantities such as spot rate, stock price and implied volatility. The new algorithm is extremely fast since only low-dimension linear systems are involved. If the resulting matrix from the linear systems is not positive semidefinite, the shrinking method, which requires only bisection-style iterations, is recommended to convert the matrix to positive semidefinite. The square of short-term at-the-money implied volatility is suggested as the proxy for the unobservable stochastic variance. When the implied volatility is not available, a simple trick is provided to fill in the missing correlations. Numerical study shows that the estimates are reasonably accurate, when using more than 1,000 data points. In addition, the algorithm is robust to misspecified interest rate model parameters and the short-sampling-period assumption. G2++ and Heston are used for illustration but the method can be extended to other affine term structure, local volatility and jump diffusion models, with or without stochastic interest rate.

Theresa P. Ginley, Stephanie Law

Layered van der Waals (vdW) materials grown by physical vapor deposition techniques are generally assumed to have a weak interaction with the substrate during growth. This leads to films with relatively small domains that are usually triangular and a terraced morphology. In this paper, we demonstrate that Bi2Se3, a prototypical vdW material, will form a nano-column morphology when grown on GaAs(001) substrates. This morphology is explained by a relatively strong film/substrate interaction, long adatom diffusion lengths, and a high reactive selenium flux. This discovery paves the way toward growth of self-assembled vdW structures even in the absence of strain.

Zhengtianye Wang, Stephanie Law

The naturally existing chalcogenide Bi2Se3 is topologically nontrivial due to the band inversion caused by strong spin-orbit coupling inside the bulk of the material. The surface states are spin polarized, protected by the time-inversion symmetry, and thus robust to the scattering caused by non-magnetic defects. A high purity topological insulator thin film can be easily grown via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on various substrates to enable novel electronics, optics, and spintronics applications. However, the unique surface state properties have historically been limited by the film quality, which is evaluated by crystallinity, surface morphology, and transport data. Here we propose and investigate different MBE growth strategies to improve the quality of Bi2Se3 thin films grown by MBE. In addition, growths of topological trivial insulator (Bi0.5In0.5)2Se3 (BIS) are also investigated. BIS is often used as a buffer layer or separation layer for topological insulator heterostructures. Based on the surface passivation status, we have classified the substrates into two categories, self-passivated or unpassivated, and determine the optimal growth mechanisms on the representative sapphire and GaAs, respectively. Growth temperature is a crucial control parameter for the van der Waals epitaxy for both types of substrates. For Bi2Se3 on GaAs, the surface passivation status determines the dominant growth mechanism.