Hasil untuk "Islam. Bahai Faith. Theosophy, etc."

Saahil Mathur, Ryan David Rittner, Vedant Ajit Thakur et al.

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems are increasingly used to analyze complex policy documents, but achieving sufficient reliability for expert usage remains challenging in domains characterized by dense legal language and evolving, overlapping regulatory frameworks. We study the application of RAG to AI governance and policy analysis using the AI Governance and Regulatory Archive (AGORA) corpus, a curated collection of 947 AI policy documents. Our system combines a ColBERT-based retriever fine-tuned with contrastive learning and a generator aligned to human preferences using Direct Preference Optimization (DPO). We construct synthetic queries and collect pairwise preferences to adapt the system to the policy domain. Through experiments evaluating retrieval quality, answer relevance, and faithfulness, we find that domain-specific fine-tuning improves retrieval metrics but does not consistently improve end-to-end question answering performance. In some cases, stronger retrieval counterintuitively leads to more confident hallucinations when relevant documents are absent from the corpus. These results highlight a key concern for those building policy-focused RAG systems: improvements to individual components do not necessarily translate to more reliable answers. Our findings provide practical insights for designing grounded question-answering systems over dynamic regulatory corpora.

Fikret Soyal

Bu çalışma, İslâm düşünce geleneğinde önemli bir yere sahip olan reddiye literatürü çerçevesinde, Hıristiyanlık eleştirilerini “tahrif” ve “tebşîrat” kavramları üzerinden değerlendirmekte ve bu bağlamda Abdullah b. Abdullah et-Tercüman’ın (ö. 832/1429) katkılarını incelemektedir. Katolik bir rahipken İslâm’ı kabul eden ve Anselmo Turmeda adıyla bilinen Tercüman, Tuḥfetü’l-erîb fi’r-red ʿalâ ehli’ṣ-ṣalîb adlı eseriyle Hıristiyanlık eleştirisini hem bilgi hem yöntem açısından farklı bir düzleme taşımıştır. Reddiye geleneği, İslâm dünyasında Hıristiyanlık ve Yahudilik gibi dinlerin teolojik öğretilerine karşı geliştirilen eleştirileri içermektedir. Bu geleneğin temel kavramlarından biri olan “tahrif”, ilahî kitapların zamanla insanlar eliyle değiştirildiğini ve orijinal mesajdan saptığını ifade eder. “Tebşîrat” ise, Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğinin önceki kutsal metinlerde müjdelendiği inancına dayanır. Tercüman’ın çalışması, bu iki kavram etrafında şekillenmiş olup hem teolojik hem de metinsel açıdan özgün katkılar sunar. Üç ana bölümden oluşan eserin üçüncü ve en geniş kapsamlı bölümü Hıristiyan inançlarının eleştirisine ayrılır. Bu bölümde, dört İncil arasındaki metinsel çelişkiler, Hıristiyan mezheplerinin görüş ayrılıkları ve Pavlus’un Hıristiyanlık üzerindeki etkisi gibi konular detaylandırılır. Tercüman, mevcut dört İncil’in yazarlarının Hz. İsa ile doğrudan bağlantılarının bulunmadığını ve metinlerin birbirinden farklı ifadeler içermesinin, kutsal kitapların tahrif edildiğine delil olduğunu öne sürer. Yazar, Hıristiyanların Hz. İsa’ya tanrılık vasfı atfetmelerini, İncil metinlerindeki bazı ifadelerle çürütmeye çalışır. Ona göre Hz. İsa’nın bir insan ve peygamber olduğu yönündeki deliller bizzat İncil’in içinde bulunmaktadır. Tercüman ayrıca, Pavlus’un Hıristiyanlık inancına getirdiği felsefi etkilerle dini özünden uzaklaştırdığını ve hakikatin üzerinin bu sayede örtüldüğünü belirtir. Bu noktada, Tercüman’ın kullandığı delillerin çoğunlukla Hıristiyan kutsal metinlerinden seçilmiş olması dikkat çeker; bu yaklaşım onu klasik reddiye yazarlarından ayıran önemli bir özelliktir. Tebşîrat kısmında ise Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğinin Tevrat, Zebur ve İncil’de yer aldığı iddialarına odaklanılır. Tercüman, özellikle “Paraklit” kavramının Hz. Muhammed’i ifade ettiğini, “Farân dağlarından doğdu.” gibi ifadelerin Mekke ve Hicaz bölgesine işaret ettiğini savunur. Bu yorumlarıyla Tercüman, Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliğinin önceki ilahî kitaplarda açık ya da örtük biçimde yer aldığını ifade eder. Özellikle Yeşaya ve Mika gibi metinlerdeki sembolik anlatımların İslâm peygamberiyle ilişkili olduğunu öne sürer. Tercüman’ın bu yorumları, kelâm geleneğindeki “beşâirü’n-nübüvve” anlayışıyla paralellik göstermekte ve nübüvvetin ispatı açısından önemli bir yöntem olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Tercüman yalnızca teolojik bir savunma yapmamakta; aynı zamanda metin merkezli tarihsel bir analiz ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak Tercüman’ın reddiye anlayışı, klasik İslâm reddiye geleneğine özgün bir katkı sunmaktadır. Naklî delillere dayanarak yaptığı eleştiriler, onu aklî delillere ağırlık veren önceki yazarların ötesine taşımakta, Hıristiyan metinlerinin iç tutarsızlıklarını vurgulayarak İslâm’ın tevhîd anlayışını savunmaktadır. Bu yönüyle Tuḥfetü’l-erîb sadece bir teolojik metin değil aynı zamanda tarihsel, metinsel ve polemiksel bir inceleme niteliğini haizdir. Klasik ve çağdaş kaynaklara dayanarak hazırlanan çalışmada, öncelikle reddiye geleneğinde tahrif ve tebşîrat konusu incelenmiş ardından Tercüman’ın konumu tespit edilmiştir. Bu tespitten sonra onun eserini hem içerik hem yöntem açısından analiz etmek amaç ve hedef olarak belirlenmiştir. Tercüman’ın yaklaşımı, hem İslâm-Hıristiyan ilişkileri bağlamında hem de teolojik tartışmaların dönüşümü açısından önemli bir kaynak olmaya devam etmektedir.

Tousif Islam, Gaurav Khanna, Scott E. Field

Numerical relativity (NR) provides the most accurate waveforms for comparable-mass binary black holes but becomes prohibitively expensive for increasingly asymmetric mass ratios. Point-particle black hole perturbation theory (ppBHPT), which expands the Einstein equations in the small-mass-ratio limit, offers a computationally efficient alternative but is expected to break down in the comparable-mass regime because it neglects nonlinear effects. Nonetheless, several recent studies have shown that ppBHPT can model non-spinning binaries with high accuracy when supplemented by simple calibrations or a first post-adiabatic (PA) correction. Here we assess the applicability of ppBHPT to quasi-circular binaries with a spinning primary by comparing waveform amplitudes, orbital frequencies, and orbital phases. We find that spin effects in ppBHPT waveforms (without additional spin information beyond adiabatic order) are in surprisingly close agreement with the corresponding NR calculation (outperforming some post-Newtonian models) over the last $\approx 20$ orbital cycles. This suggests that, after incorporating higher-order corrections into ppBHPT waveforms in the non-spinning limit -- via second-order self-force results or semi-analytical fits -- only modest spin-dependent adjustments may be required to achieve NR-faithful ppBHPT waveforms. We also show that combining non-spinning NR information with adiabatic ppBHPT can provide a reasonably accurate inspiral waveform for spins $χ\lesssim 0.5$ mass ratios $q \gtrsim 5$.

Kerem Zaman, Shashank Srivastava

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer natural language explanations as an alternative to feature attribution methods for model interpretability. However, despite their plausibility, they may not reflect the model's true reasoning faithfully. While several faithfulness metrics have been proposed, they are often evaluated in isolation, making principled comparisons between them difficult. We present Causal Diagnosticity, a testbed framework for evaluating faithfulness metrics for natural language explanations. We use the concept of diagnosticity, and employ model-editing methods to generate faithful-unfaithful explanation pairs. Our benchmark includes four tasks: fact-checking, analogy, object counting, and multi-hop reasoning. We evaluate prominent faithfulness metrics, including post-hoc explanation and chain-of-thought methods. Diagnostic performance varies across tasks and models, with Filler Tokens performing best overall. Additionally, continuous metrics are generally more diagnostic than binary ones but can be sensitive to noise and model choice. Our results highlight the need for more robust faithfulness metrics.

Mufidatun Nur Aini, Nuruddin Ghilman Halim, M Muhid et al.

The Qur'an and hadith are the main guides for Muslims, but the temptation of lust sometimes leads humans to riya' behavior, which is doing good only for the praise of humans, not the pleasure of Allah. The book "Hidayatus Salikin" written by Abdul Samad al-Falimbani, is a phenomenal work that is quite calculated among Muslims. The figure with expertise in Sufism and philosophy more or less suggests practical applications in everyday life related to religious issues. Descriptive qualitative research method with content exploration in the book "Hidayatus Salikin". This article will present the concept of riya' from various scholars' perspectives and emphasize the importance of pure intention in worship. By focusing on the Hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH contained in the book "Hidayatus Salikin", this article provides an in-depth understanding of the dangers of riya' and the need to maintain sincere intentions, according to the teachings of the Qur'an and Hadith. Sheikh Abdul Samad al-Falimbani encourages Muslims to practice religion with purity of intention, avoiding riya', and following the guidance of the Qur'an and hadith.  Riya' or performing acts of worship for human praise is considered shirk khafi (hidden shirk). This discourse underscores the necessity for Muslims to cultivate purity of intention, thereby fortifying their spiritual endeavors against the insidious influence of riya'.

Sayyida Fatemeh Salimi, Farideh Talezari

The spoken action of prophets ʿalahim al-ṣalātu wal-salām among Qur'anic discourses has a high frequency in the application of stylistic techniques to represent moral teachings. The syntactic stage among the phonetic, lexical, syntactical and rhetorical styles refers to hidden meanings by reading frequent relationships of grammatical sign systems, which provides a methodical model in tafsīr (Arabic: تفسیر, Quranic Exegesis) and translation of Quranic discourses. The present research emphasizes on the descriptive-analytical method and seeks to answer the question of how the syntactic highlighting techniques highlight the moral angles of the Prophet’s discourse in different situations. The resulting approaches are the analysis of stylistic choices in the form of directional structures such as “omitting the grammatical voice,” “increasing the capacity of the sentence,” “priority and non- priority,” “pronoun referring,” “sentence type,” moral teachings such as “maintaining the sanctity of the Divine sanctuary,” “perfect acquiescence before truth,” “decency and chastity of behavior,” “humbleness and humility” and “strong resorting to the Religion of God” have been depicted, which, in addition to clarifying the life and sīrah of the prophets and providing a model of Quranic behavior helps in methodizing the analysis of the Quran and this also, shows aspects of the linguistic inimitability of the Quran (Arabic: إعجاز, ʾiʿjāz) in giving birth to semantic subtleties.

Saleha Huwedh Al-Mutrafi

يهدف البحث إلى توضيح أهمية تعليم القرآن الكريم وخاصّة للناشئة وبيان فوائده، وعرض منهج تعليم القرآن الكريم للناشئة، وبيان خطورة إهمال تعليمهم مع إيجاد الحلول لتدارك ذلك،  وتكمن إشكالية هذا البحث في تبني بعض الأفراد والجهات للتعليم العشوائي وغير المنظم، فجاءت الدراسة لبيان وسائل وطرق تعليم القرآن الكريم لهم، بعنوان:" تعليم القرآن الكريم للناشئة أهميته ومنهجيته"، وتبرز أهمية البحث في ضرورة تعليم القرآن الكريم منذ الصغر وفق منهجية سليمة، واتبعت الدراسة المنهج الاستقرائي الوصفي التحليلي ، وخلصت الدّراسة إلى نتائج من أهمها؛ أن تعليم الناشئة للقرآن الكريم أمر يُعدّ من العبادات الضرورية، وأن منهجية تعليم القرآن للناشئة تقوم على التدرج، والتكرار والمذاكرة والمدارسة، و تفريـــغ الذهــن، وأن التساهل في تعليم الناشئة للقرآن الكريم، من خلال الإهمال أو التعليم غير المنهجي، أمر يؤدي إلى إفساد المجتمع، وأن مسؤولية تعليم الناشئة شاملة تقع على الأسرة والمدرسة والمجتمع.

Azmine Toushik Wasi, Mst Rafia Islam, Raima Islam

Sense of ownership in writing confines our investment of thoughts, time, and contribution, leading to attachment to the output. However, using writing assistants introduces a mental dilemma, as some content isn't directly our creation. For instance, we tend to credit Large Language Models (LLMs) more in creative tasks, even though all tasks are equal for them. Additionally, while we may not claim complete ownership of LLM-generated content, we freely claim authorship. We conduct a short survey to examine these issues and understand underlying cognitive processes in order to gain a better knowledge of human-computer interaction in writing and improve writing aid systems.

Timothy C. Johnson

This paper attributes the sudden emergence of mathematical probability and statistics in the second half of the seventeenth century to Calvin's Reformed theology. Calvin accommodated Epicurean chance with Stoic determinism and synthesised \emph{phronesis/prudentia}, founded personal experience and employed to deal with \emph{tyche/fortuna}, and \emph{episteme/scientia}, universal knowledge. This meant that matters of chance, which had previously been considered too particular for mathematical treatment, became part of \emph{episteme/scientia}. Clear evidence of the significance of Calvin in mathematics is in the facts that Huygens considered using the word 'hope' to describe mathematical expectation and French mathematics still uses \emph{espérance} for mathematical expectation. Calvin asserted that Hope represented a universal, objective and indubitable idea making it characteristic of mathematics. The argument is built on a review of how the ideas of Hope, Faith and Prudence have evolved in European thought that highlights Calvin's innovations. The conclusion identifies contemporary issues in the application of mathematics in society that are illuminated in light of Calvin's doctrine.

Al Amin, Anik Sarkar, Md Mahamodul Islam et al.

The Internet has become an essential tool for people in the modern world. Humans, like all living organisms, have essential requirements for survival. These include access to atmospheric oxygen, potable water, protective shelter, and sustenance. The constant flux of the world is making our existence less complicated. A significant portion of the population utilizes online food ordering services to have meals delivered to their residences. Although there are numerous methods for ordering food, customers sometimes experience disappointment with the food they receive. Our endeavor was to establish a model that could determine if food is of good or poor quality. We compiled an extensive dataset of over 1484 online reviews from prominent food ordering platforms, including Food Panda and HungryNaki. Leveraging the collected data, a rigorous assessment of various deep learning and machine learning techniques was performed to determine the most accurate approach for predicting food quality. Out of all the algorithms evaluated, logistic regression emerged as the most accurate, achieving an impressive 90.91% accuracy. The review offers valuable insights that will guide the user in deciding whether or not to order the food.

Asep Rohman, Khairunnisya Khairunnisya, Gusti Randa

This research is entitled Student Management for Children with Special Needs: Case Study of Blind Students at SLB-A PRPCN Palembang. This research aims to understand the management of students with special needs who are blind in depth and discover strategic factors and problems. This research is a Collective Case Study which breaks down several scopes and finds strategic factors for student management. Data collection methods are interviews, observation and documentation, while data analysis techniques are carried out by data collection, data reduction, data presentation and data verification. Data validity techniques use source triangulation and technical triangulation. Based on the research results, 12 important factors were found in student management at SLB-A PRPCN Palembang, 3 of which were strategic factors, namely student acceptance, training and self-development and alumni tracking. First, student acceptance is carried out openly. The school prepares for the meeting, new students fill out forms and complete the requirements and take a self-assessment. Early assessment aims to obtain clear information regarding prospective students, both physical and mental readiness. Second, training and personal development are carried out effectively. The school carries out religious training such as recitations and tahfidz of the Koran as well as training in music, computers, massage and scouting. Third, the school implements the alumni tracer program well. A group of alumni who have established alumni ties. These three things are strategic factors in student management for children with special needs who are blind.        

Carlos CAÑETE

En los últimos años se han planteado varias críticas al modelo de orientalismo propuesto por Edward Said. Entre ellas destacan, por ejemplo, las advertencias acerca de la existencia de discursos orientalistas en fecha muy anterior a la señalada por Said o de corrientes orientalistas, como las ibéricas, que no encajan en el modelo antagonista propuesto por aquél. Este trabajo partirá de los textos sobre el Sáhara argelino elaborados por Yves Alliaume en las décadas centrales del siglo XX para ofrecer una reinterpretación de la relación entre los discursos orientalistas y la práctica de la colonialidad en Argelia. Para ello, se centrará en las nociones de lo “bereber” y del estatus del islam entre las poblaciones locales para mostrar como la caracterización de las sociedades en el periodo colonial no partía de unas distinciones culturales netamente definidas, sino que se articulaba a través de valoraciones sociales que conectan el ámbito colonial con el metropolitano. De todo ello surge una dimensión de la antropología del norte de África raramente advertida hoy día, pero que ya fue señalada en su momento por Franz Fanon y que aparece recurrentemente en los textos del Yves Alliaume. Esta relectura social puede servir para recomponer la noción del orientalismo dentro de la noción foucaultiana de discurso que la inspiró, así como para explorar su compleja relación con la práctica de la colonialidad desde una perspectiva glocal.

Nan Zhang, Yusen Zhang, Wu Guo et al.

Summaries of medical text shall be faithful by being consistent and factual with source inputs, which is an important but understudied topic for safety and efficiency in healthcare. In this paper, we investigate and improve faithfulness in summarization on a broad range of medical summarization tasks. Our investigation reveals that current summarization models often produce unfaithful outputs for medical input text. We then introduce FaMeSumm, a framework to improve faithfulness by fine-tuning pre-trained language models based on medical knowledge. FaMeSumm performs contrastive learning on designed sets of faithful and unfaithful summaries, and it incorporates medical terms and their contexts to encourage faithful generation of medical terms. We conduct comprehensive experiments on three datasets in two languages: health question and radiology report summarization datasets in English, and a patient-doctor dialogue dataset in Chinese. Results demonstrate that FaMeSumm is flexible and effective by delivering consistent improvements over mainstream language models such as BART, T5, mT5, and PEGASUS, yielding state-of-the-art performances on metrics for faithfulness and general quality. Human evaluation by doctors also shows that FaMeSumm generates more faithful outputs. Our code is available at https://github.com/psunlpgroup/FaMeSumm .

Andreas Madsen, Siva Reddy, Sarath Chandar

A common approach to explaining NLP models is to use importance measures that express which tokens are important for a prediction. Unfortunately, such explanations are often wrong despite being persuasive. Therefore, it is essential to measure their faithfulness. One such metric is if tokens are truly important, then masking them should result in worse model performance. However, token masking introduces out-of-distribution issues, and existing solutions that address this are computationally expensive and employ proxy models. Furthermore, other metrics are very limited in scope. This work proposes an inherently faithfulness measurable model that addresses these challenges. This is achieved using a novel fine-tuning method that incorporates masking, such that masking tokens become in-distribution by design. This differs from existing approaches, which are completely model-agnostic but are inapplicable in practice. We demonstrate the generality of our approach by applying it to 16 different datasets and validate it using statistical in-distribution tests. The faithfulness is then measured with 9 different importance measures. Because masking is in-distribution, importance measures that themselves use masking become consistently more faithful. Additionally, because the model makes faithfulness cheap to measure, we can optimize explanations towards maximal faithfulness; thus, our model becomes indirectly inherently explainable.

Marc Christiansen, Lea Villadsen, Zhiqiang Zhong et al.

Self-explainable deep neural networks are a recent class of models that can output ante-hoc local explanations that are faithful to the model's reasoning, and as such represent a step forward toward filling the gap between expressiveness and interpretability. Self-explainable graph neural networks (GNNs) aim at achieving the same in the context of graph data. This begs the question: do these models fulfill their implicit guarantees in terms of faithfulness? In this extended abstract, we analyze the faithfulness of several self-explainable GNNs using different measures of faithfulness, identify several limitations -- both in the models themselves and in the evaluation metrics -- and outline possible ways forward.

Søren Wengel Mogensen

Graphical models use graphs to represent conditional independence structure in the distribution of a random vector. In stochastic processes, graphs may represent so-called local independence or conditional Granger causality. Under some regularity conditions, a local independence graph implies a set of independences using a graphical criterion known as $δ$-separation, or using its generalization, $μ$-separation. This is a stochastic process analogue of $d$-separation in DAGs. However, there may be more independences than implied by this graph and this is a violation of so-called faithfulness. We characterize faithfulness in local independence graphs and give a method to construct a faithful graph from any local independence model such that the output equals the true graph when Markov and faithfulness assumptions hold. We discuss various assumptions that are weaker than faithfulness, and we explore different structure learning algorithms and their properties under varying assumptions.

Ayşegül Hafızoğlu

Düşünce tarihi boyunca ilk insanın nasıl var olduğu ve varlığının anlamı zihinleri hep meşgul etmiştir. İnsanın nasıl ve niçin yaratıldığı konusu varlığını anlamlı kılma açısından insan için hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu bağlamda en eski uygarlıklarda yaratılışa dair anlatıların olduğunu görmekteyiz. Çeşitli kültür ve coğrafyalarda toplumsal zihnin inşa ettiği bu yaratılış mitoslarında farklılıklar olduğu gibi benzer noktalar da tespit etmek mümkündür. İlahî dinlerde de ilk insanın yaratılış anlatıları ayrı bir önemi haizdir. Bu çalışmada mitolojilerle ilahî dinlerin yaratılış anlatıları arasındaki benzerliklerin ortaya konması ve değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada yöntem olarak öncelikle Sümer, Babil, İran ve Türk mitolojilerindeki yaratılış anlatıları incelenmiş daha sonra Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık ve İslamiyet’te ilk insanın yaratılışı ortaya konarak benzerlikler tespit edilmiş ve değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Sümer, Babil, İran ve Türk mitolojilerinde ilk insanın yaratılışında kullanılan en temel maddenin toprak olduğu görülmektedir. Bazı mitolojilerde toprakla birlikte tanrılara ait kan ve gözyaşı insanın yaratılışında hammadde olmuştur. İlahî dinlerde de ilk insan topraktan yaratılmış ve ona Tanrı tarafından ruh üflenmiştir. Hem mitolojilerde hem de dinlerde ilk insanın yaratılış gayesi en genel anlamda Tanrı’ya ya da tanrılara hizmet etmektir. Mitolojilerle ilahî dinlerin yaratılış anlatıları arasındaki benzerlikleri Allah’ın her topluma elçiler göndermesi dolayısıyla aynı kaynaktan bilgilendirilmiş olması gerçeğiyle açıklamak mümkün görünmektedir.

Bin Wang, Chen Zhang, Yan Zhang et al.

Dialogue summarization is abstractive in nature, making it suffer from factual errors. The factual correctness of summaries has the highest priority before practical applications. Many efforts have been made to improve faithfulness in text summarization. However, there is a lack of systematic study on dialogue summarization systems. In this work, we first perform the fine-grained human analysis on the faithfulness of dialogue summaries and observe that over 35% of generated summaries are faithfully inconsistent respective the source dialogues. Furthermore, we present a new model-level faithfulness evaluation method. It examines generation models with multi-choice questions created by rule-based transformations. Experimental results show that our evaluation schema is a strong proxy for the factual correctness of summarization models. The human-annotated faithfulness samples and the evaluation toolkit are released to facilitate future research toward faithful dialogue summarization.

Dudung Abdurahman, Kholili Badriza

The phenomenon of Sufism in the tariqa movements played a significant role in Islamic reform and the growth of nationalism in North Africa from the 19th to 20th centuries. This phenomenon which started as a neo-Sufism for Islamic reform, gradually turned into a nationalist movement. Therefore, Sufism is assumed to be a part of Islam that occupies the basic component of national identity and is a symbol of the struggle for independence of Muslim countries in North Africa. This study aims to discuss "the role and influence of Sufism for the revival of Islam, resistance to Western colonialism, the role of Islamic reform, and the process of nationalism and independence of Muslim countries in North Africa." These problems are analyzed based on historical, social, and political approaches related to issues of modern civilization in the Islamic world. This research concludes that, firstly the Sufism movement in the modern period in North Africa is developed in tariqa schools located in Idrisiyah, Sanusiyah, Khatmiyah, Tijaniyah, Qadiriyah, and Sammaniyah. Furthermore, the Sufism movement always shows the intertwined elements of teachings and rituals as well as the influences of social and political developments. Secondly, the teachings of the tariqa are able to increase religious awareness by fulfilling spirituality and improving people's morality, thereby developing, modifying, and actualizing leadership associated with Sufis. Thirdly, Sufism shows a very significant social force regarding the growth of nationalism in North Africa, which is used as the basis for their participation in the socio-political field, with various forms of protest or resistance. In collaboration with religious and community leaders, the leadership of the Sufis has also succeeded in bringing about the independence of national countries such as Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan since the mid-20th century. During that time, many Sufists occupied important positions in government.

Amirul Afif Muhamat, Mohamad Nizam Jaafar, Norzitah Abdul Karim et al.

Takaful operators are expected by the policyholders to act beyond the role of traditional insurance companies that only offer Shariah-compliant protection services. They are expected to be commercially viable. One of the ways to be commercially viable is takaful operators must be able to invest the policyholders' funds in the profitable investment avenues. Nevertheless, the critical issue before investing the funds is to develop products that are suitable with the takaful operators' investment strategy. This study employed a questionnaire survey to gather the feedback of fund managers from 11 takaful operators in Malaysia ” all were the senior staffs of takaful operators in Malaysia were surveyed. The questionnaire is developed in the form of a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 as the research instrument. By Delphi technique, the draft of the questionnaire was sent to a panel of experts for review, was adopted, and their feedback reflected in the final questionnaire. The experts were a shariah advisor, a corporate finance manager, and a senior executive at the central bank. Findings indicate that policyholders' expectations on their investments are met and the products so far compatible with takaful operators' investment strategies.