Hasil untuk "History of the Greco-Roman World"

Myles McCallum

This is a review of Roman Urbanism in Italy: Recent Discoveries and New Directions edited by Alessandro Launaro, published in 2023 by Oxbow Books.

Brennen Hill

Recent advances in agent development have focused on scaling model size and raw interaction data, mirroring successes in large language models. However, for complex, long-horizon multi-agent tasks such as robotic soccer, this end-to-end approach often fails due to intractable exploration spaces and sparse rewards. We propose that an effective world model for decision-making must model the world's physics and also its task semantics. A systematic review of 2024 research in low-resource multi-agent soccer reveals a clear trend towards integrating symbolic and hierarchical methods, such as Hierarchical Task Networks (HTNs) and Bayesian Strategy Networks (BSNs), with multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). These methods decompose complex goals into manageable subgoals, creating an intrinsic curriculum that shapes agent learning. We formalize this trend into a framework for Hierarchical Task Environments (HTEs), which are essential for bridging the gap between simple, reactive behaviors and sophisticated, strategic team play. Our framework incorporates the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) as generative world models of tasks, capable of dynamically generating this scaffolding. We argue that HTEs provide a mechanism to guide exploration, generate meaningful learning signals, and train agents to internalize hierarchical structure, enabling the development of more capable and general-purpose agents with greater sample efficiency than purely end-to-end approaches.

Wenqiang Sun, Haiyu Zhang, Haoyuan Wang et al.

This paper presents WorldPlay, a streaming video diffusion model that enables real-time, interactive world modeling with long-term geometric consistency, resolving the trade-off between speed and memory that limits current methods. WorldPlay draws power from three key innovations. 1) We use a Dual Action Representation to enable robust action control in response to the user's keyboard and mouse inputs. 2) To enforce long-term consistency, our Reconstituted Context Memory dynamically rebuilds context from past frames and uses temporal reframing to keep geometrically important but long-past frames accessible, effectively alleviating memory attenuation. 3) We also propose Context Forcing, a novel distillation method designed for memory-aware model. Aligning memory context between the teacher and student preserves the student's capacity to use long-range information, enabling real-time speeds while preventing error drift. Taken together, WorldPlay generates long-horizon streaming 720p video at 24 FPS with superior consistency, comparing favorably with existing techniques and showing strong generalization across diverse scenes. Project page and online demo can be found: https://3d-models.hunyuan.tencent.com/world/ and https://3d.hunyuan.tencent.com/sceneTo3D.

Emília M. da Rocha Oliveira

Sem resumo disponível.

Antony Lee

 

M. Ali, Hamiduddin

Qarābādhīn can be termed as pharmacopoeia, contains compiled form of compound formulations or recipes. Importance of Qarābādhīn gradually increased and acquired an imperative status. The history of Qarābādhīn starts from Chiron, Aesculapius, Hippocrates, Dioscorides and Galen in Greco-Roman era. Many of early and medieval Islamic and Arab physicians play vital role and immense original contribution in this discipline and authored important and essential Qarābādhīn with systemic and scientific approaches. Although some of them could not reach the present day, many of the manuscripts can be found in various libraries across the world. Since the Arab Caliphates appreciated and patronized the fields of medicine acquired from Greeks and worked for its development, this period also known as “Greco-Arabic era”. In this work the evaluation of Qarābādhīn (particularly written in Arabic or Greek language) was done in historical and regulatory perspective particularly in Greek era and later on in Medieval Islamic era. The findings of the review indicate the importance and regulatory status of Qarābādhīn and provide information about it. It can be helpful to explore Qarābādhīn and related publications of Greek and Medieval Islamic Arabic period, which gives foundations for the present-day pharmacopeias. Since these documents also take into account ethical considerations, its utility in the fields of medicine and medical ethics should be investigated.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 04 October’21 Page: 388-404

C. Munger

Jesus within the powerful and attractive context of a Greco-Roman world, already mirrored in the participation of Israel’s martyrs, especially during the time of Antiochus IV, in the saving effects of the Lamb, slain before the foundation of the world (:).” In this light, it is easier to see how Revelation speaks to contemporary Christians who try to negotiate a world with its own powerful and attractive temptations. Moloney’s last word is one of hope for a positive outcome in this journey. He notes that “We do not have to wait for an imminent eschatological climax to all of history for a victory that gives life and light ... God has transformed the human story, while continuing his perennial saving presence, in and through the death and resurrection of the Lamb, Jesus Christ. Amen.” The words on the dedication page of this book come from the Roman Ritual for the Order of a Deacon: “Believe what you read, teach what you believe, and practice what you preach.” Anyone who makes use of this commentary will be able to give thanks for one who took these words to heart when he was ordained a deacon, and then a priest, more than fifty years ago. Amen.

Carson Bay

Abstract Exemplarity, ethnography, and exegesis are three forms of cultural practice well known to the ancient Mediterranean world. The use of role models, the ‘writing’ of peoples, and the interpretation of authoritative writings (i.e. “Scriptures”) were ways in which many authors of Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian antiquity situated themselves and others within history. Here I argue that the biblical patriarch Abraham, as received within the late antique Christian text called Pseudo-Hegesippus (On the Destruction of Jerusalem), provides a quintessential example of these scribal-rhetorical habits in action. The upshot of this study is that key figures like Abraham were integral tools for doing the things that certain interested ancient writers were trying to do, and as such these figures constitute appropriate, even necessary, objects of research for those seeking to understanding ancient Mediterranean texts, authors, and readers.

J. Yellin

The history of Kush is a complex one in which the polities of Egypt, Kerma, Napata, and Meroe shaped the culture and historical trajectory of the Middle Nile Valley. During the Meroitic Period appropriations and adaptations of art from pharaonic and Greco-Roman Egypt and to a lesser extent from the Mediterranean world obscure its art’s fundamental qualities. Because Meroitic artists enjoyed a degree of autonomy, different visual styles and standards of quality coexisted without following particular paths of stylistic development. Michel Baud aptly described Meroitic art as multivalent in nature. Examples of art and architecture have typically been studied and published as individual artifacts without systematically contextualizing them within broader study of Meroitic aesthetics, exploring the nature of Meroe’s appropriations of Egyptian and classical styles and iconography, creating a history of their stylistic development, or considering how the circumstances of their manufacture impacted their appearance. This entry offers a preliminary examination of these as prolegomena to the development of a history of Meroitic art.

Iqbol Bahodirovna Yusupova

In the 21st century, the issue of human rights andfreedoms remains one of the most sought-after and needed issues in world civilization. Human rights and freedoms are the natural needs of human beings to live in this world. Human rights are as old as history, and the first views on human rights were reflected in the laws and reforms established by the rulers of the ancient Eastern city-states, the ancient Greco-Roman police.

Andrea Giannotti

This paper examines a fifth-century B.C. obscure ceremony: the libations to Dionysus poured by the ten generals during the Athenian Dionysia in the theatre – a practice attested only by Plutarch’s Life of Cimon. The investigation here conducted firstly contextualises the libations as a religious ritual and, secondly, analyses its performers from a historico-political perspective. While highlighting the problematics for assessing and interpreting the libations as an unambiguous event, the paper investigates: (a) what the performers did during a libation; (b) who were the ordinary officers of the libations; and (c) to what extent democratic ideology was involved during the ritual.

W. Costa

The present work means to analyze the relation between politics and life throughout Michael Foucault’s and Agamben’s critical-conceptual articulations. That way, we try to explain the following question: to what extent and under which arguments is it possible to reflect upon the politics over the biological human life taking as reference Foucault’s and Agamben’s thesis and even finding a connection between both? We hypothesize that: (1) it is possible to acknowledge the discovery of politics over life back at the Greco-Roman world, linking the bio politics to the Western political structure; (2) while having its spectrum projected in the Age of Antiquity, bio-politics blossomed within the Modern history, since the appearance of medico-social categories and the realizations around the human life potentiality. To inspect the underlying theme of the question, our text is organized in three different moments: first, we go through Foucault’s perception of bio-politics and its connections to the human life; next, we observe how Agamben proposes his thesis and which arguments he makes use of to sustain his statements; and lastly, we present a liaison between both thesis, putting forward how they connected themselves within a research hypothesis.

E. Hübner

Abstract A widespread system of sporting competitions existed in the Mediterranean world of Greco-Roman antiquity. Egypt played an interesting role in these competitions – and ancient Grecian sport had deep roots there. A variety of Egyptian sources, including papyri, stone inscriptions, and pictorial representations, document these sporting practices. This paper is based on a lecture delivered in 2017 for the opening ceremony of the 18th International Society for the History of Physical Education and Sport Congress at the Alexandria Library in Alexandria, Egypt.

I. Umarov

Ancient Bactria is a country where early urban planning traditions and foundations of statehood were formed in Central Asia. Historical sources give a lot of information about Ancient Bactria. In terms of development, the northern regions of Bactria were especially distinguished. Here, since the bronze age, agriculture, handicrafts, trade, culture, urban planning were highly developed and still attracts the attention of the world scientific community. This article provides information about the history of Ancient Bactria, its population, cities and historical regions based on Greco-Roman sources.

M. Belal, Nievin Nizar, Ussama Abd El Wareth et al.

Museums are mainly culture institution and playing very effective role in culture tourism as informal tool for learning and enjoyment. The number of Egyptian museum visitors are 80% travelers for culture tourism to explore, learn, and enjoy art and heritage of the different cultures such as the ancient Egyptian history, GrecoRoman, Coptic and Islamic cultures where the researchers can find so many values for tangible and intangible values. Moreover, the Egyptian museums are full of knowledge, which are target for so many researchers from all over the world. The idea of the research came after several international educational institution such as Kazakhstan and Netherlands asked to guide their students for culture tours as they teach them Islamic and Arabic language but miss a about practice and culture of the country. Therefore, the museum can be very powerful engine of economic development through educational tourism as full package of services.

Despina Chatzivasiliou

West Locris and Nafpaktos are relevant case studies for the emergence of urban and territorial structures in the Iron Age. The name Locris corresponds to three different regions, with common myths for their formation and completely distinct by their administrative functioning. West Locris, covering the territory between Phocis and Aetolia, is composed of a series of komai, among which Nafpaktos that occupies the western edge of the region. Despite the shortage of archaeological remains that could have offered us a complete reconstruction of its urban form in the Iron Age, we propose a glimpse of the progressive urbanization, taking into account the literary sources and the organization of the whole territory in terms of land use and cultural or political exchange.

António Andrade

A recente publicação da monumental obra em epígrafe, resultado de dezenas de anos de aturada investigação e labor da parte dos seus três edi-tores, representa um contributo da maior valia para o conhecimento de João Jacinto de Magalhães, uma figura ímpar da cultura portuguesa e europeia do século XVIII. De facto, encontra-se pela primeira vez reunida e disponível nestes dois grossos volumes a abundante correspondência que este aveirense ilustre trocou com inúmeros indivíduos, tanto portugueses como estran-geiros, desde amigos ou simples conhecidos até nobres ou diplomatas de vários países. Contam-se entre os seus inúmeros correspondentes algumas das figuras mais proeminentes da Europa das Luzes, nomeadamente no campo da História da Ciência e da Técnica. Na verdade, Jacinto de Magalhães trocava informações muito diversas, nomeadamente sobre os avanços em várias áreas do saber ou sobre instrumentação científica, tendo estabelecido uma rede de contactos alargada com alguns dos filósofos e cientistas mais destacados da época, entre os quais se contam, entre muitos outros, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, Johann Albrecht Euler, Alessandro Volta, Benjamin Franklin, Charles Messier, Jérôme Lalande, Thomas Hornsby, Johann III Bernoulli ou James Watt. Entre os correspondentes portugueses, sublinha-se a importância das inúmeras cartas trocadas entre João Jacinto de Magalhães e o seu grande amigo Ribeiro Sanches, fonte privilegiada para o conheci-mento de múltiplos aspetos do Portugal de Setecentos, apesar de ambos terem vivido grande parte das suas vidas fora do país.

Hector Zenil

Chaitin's work, in its depth and breadth, encompasses many areas of scientific and philosophical interest. It helped establish the accepted mathematical concept of randomness, which in turn is the basis of tools that I have developed to justify and quantify what I think is clear evidence of the algorithmic nature of the world. To illustrate the concept I will establish novel upper bounds of algorithmic randomness for elementary cellular automata. I will discuss how the practice of science consists in conceiving a model that starts from certain initial values, running a computable instantiation, and awaiting a result in order to determine where the system may be in a future state--in a shorter time than the time taken by the actual unfolding of the phenomenon in question. If a model does not comply with all or some of these requirements it is traditionally considered useless or even unscientific, so the more precise and faster the better. A model is thus better if it can explain more with less, which is at the core of Chaitin's "compression is comprehension". I will pursue these questions related to the random versus possibly algorithmic nature of the world in two directions, drawing heavily on the work of Chaitin. I will also discuss how the algorithmic approach is related to the success of science at producing models of the world, allowing computer simulations to better understand it and make more accurate predictions and interventions.

Jacqueline Feke

The Greco-Roman mathematician Claudius Ptolemy is one of the most significant figures in the history of science. He is remembered today for his astronomy, but his philosophy is almost entirely lost to history. This book reconstructs Ptolemy's general philosophical system—including his metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics—and to explore its relationship to astronomy, harmonics, element theory, astrology, cosmology, psychology, and theology. The book uncovers references to a complex and sophisticated philosophical agenda scattered among Ptolemy's technical studies in the physical and mathematical sciences. It shows how he developed a philosophy that was radical and even subversive, appropriating ideas and turning them against the very philosophers from whom he drew influence. The book reveals how Ptolemy's unique system is at once a critique of prevailing philosophical trends and a conception of the world in which mathematics reigns supreme. The book demonstrates how Ptolemy situated mathematics at the very foundation of all philosophy—theoretical and practical—and advanced the mathematical way of life as the true path to human perfection.

Katerina Volioti

In this paper, I discuss the surfaces of a fragmentary kylix at the University of Reading to highlight how the Leafless Group (ca. 510 - 480 BCE) was distinct from the Haimon Group, another large-scale producer of black-figured ceramics. With its distinctiveness, the Leafless Group defined and defended its brand, as well as its place in the vase market. Although the kylix bears figural decoration, a satyr and the eye motif, which may both point to the realm of the wine god Dionysos, here I have not treated these either as components of a pictorial narrative or as semiotic units that served the pot’s symbolism. Instead, I have understood the two images, regardless of whether or not they inter-related, as integral aspects of the pot’s visual impact, and of potters’ and painters’ efforts to brand their product in such a way that it made references both to the workshop (and its business model) and to other earlier and contemporary Athenian figured wares.