We develop a novel numerical bootstrap for unitary, crossing-symmetric conformal field theories, focusing on moment observables defined as weighted averages over conformal data. Providing a global and coarse-grained probe of the operator spectrum, this framework yields numerically rigorous bounds on the operator distribution using standard semidefinite programming techniques. In the heavy correlator regime, these bounds remain robust and converge rapidly towards analytically-derived power laws. At finite external dimensions, low-lying moments capture corrections to analytic heavy limit results, while reproducing familiar bootstrap solutions such as Ising-model kinks on the boundary of moment space. Most importantly, the moment bootstrap reveals new features in previously unexplored regions of the bootstrap landscape. The lower bounds on moment variables exhibit two continuous families of kinks persisting across $2 < d < 6$, reflecting nontrivial spectral reorganizations connected to underlying operator decoupling phenomena. These results demonstrate that moment variables uncover bootstrap solutions and collective structures that are difficult to access within traditional numerical approaches.
We study five-point correlators of the $σ$, $ε$, and $ε'$ operators in the critical 3d Ising model. We consider the $σ\times σ$ and $σ\times ε$ operator product expansions (OPEs) and truncate them by including a finite set of exchanged operators. We approximate the truncated operators by the corresponding contributions in appropriate disconnected five-point correlators. We compute a number of OPE coefficients that were previously unknown and show that these are consistent with predictions obtained using the fuzzy sphere regularization of the critical 3d Ising model.
Tuhin G M Al Mamun, Ehsanullah, Md Sharif Hassan
et al.
This study investigates the effectiveness of fiscal policies on household consumption, disposable income, and the propensity to consume during the COVID-19 pandemic across Croatia, Slovakia, and Poland. The purpose is to assess how variations in government debt, expenditures, revenue, and subsidies influenced household financial behaviors in response to economic shocks. Using a Markov Switching VAR model across three regimes: initial impact, peak crisis, and recovery.This analysis captures changes in household consumption, disposable income, and consumption propensities under different fiscal policy measures. The findings reveal that the Slovak Republic exhibited the highest fiscal effectiveness, demonstrating effective government policies that stimulated consumer spending and supported household income during the pandemic. Croatia also showed positive outcomes, particularly in terms of income, although rising government debt posed challenges to overall effectiveness. Conversely, Poland faced significant obstacles, with its fiscal measures leading to lower consumption and income outcomes, indicating limited policy efficacy. Conclusions emphasize the importance of tailored fiscal measures, as their effectiveness varied across countries and economic contexts. Recommendations include reinforcing consumption-supportive policies, particularly during crisis periods, to stabilize income and consumption expectations. This study underscores the significance of targeted fiscal actions in promoting household resilience and economic stability, as exemplified by the successful approach taken by the Slovak Republic.
This paper presents a novel framework for pattern prediction and system prognostics centered on Spatiotemporal Permutation Entropy analysis integrated with Boosted Enhanced Quantile Regression Neural Networks (BEQRNNs). We address the challenge of understanding complex dynamical patterns in multidimensional systems through an approach that combines entropy-based complexity measures with advanced neural architectures. The system leverages dual computational stages: first implementing spatiotemporal entropy extraction optimized for multiscale temporal and spatial data streams, followed by an integrated BEQRNN layer that enables probabilistic pattern prediction with uncertainty quantification. This architecture achieves 81.17% accuracy in spatiotemporal pattern classification with prediction horizons up to 200 time steps and maintains robust performance across diverse regimes. Field testing across chaotic attractors, reaction-diffusion systems, and industrial datasets shows a 79% increase in critical transition detection accuracy and 81.22% improvement in long-term prediction reliability. The framework's effectiveness in processing complex, multimodal entropy features demonstrates significant potential for real-time prognostic applications.
The paper examines the situation of Wrocław’s museums and their collections in 1946 in the context of post-war political and administrative changes. As part of the so-called Recovered Territories, Wrocław underwent a process of museum reorganisation, discussed at the fora of the Museum Association in Poland and the Ministry of Culture and Art. The study outlines the history of Wrocław’s German museums before 1939, their fate during the World War II, and the post-war processes of restitution and redistribution of collections. In 1946, Polish museologists and government officials debated the future of museum policy in the newly integrated western and northern territories. Key proposals included the establishment of a central multi-departmental museum in Wrocław, the expansion of historical and ethnographic departments, and the incorporation of collections from Lviv. Speeches by Stanisław Lorentz, Witold Kieszkowski and other experts underscored the strategic importance of museums in the process of the Polonisation of Lower Silesia. The conclusions of these deliberations contributed to the establishment of the State Museum in Wrocław in 1947 and shaped the development of cultural policy in the People’s Republic of Poland.
In search of an answer to the question of the reasons for the unprovoked aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, researchers turn to the first steps in the common history of the two states, including in the field of military law. One of the key problems in this direction is the clarification of the legal status of a serviceman on the territory of Ukraine during the period of Modern History. The issue is complicated by the fact that as a result of the partitions of Poland in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Ukrainian lands were annexed to foreign states, which initiated the absorption of Ukrainian law by the legal systems of the metropolitan states. It has been proven that the state's attitude towards the military, the system of mutual rights and obligations was determined depending on the territory of which state the Ukrainian military was located. It can be assumed that the legal status of a military serviceman was more democratic if we are talking about his definition by the law of the Austrian or, over time, the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the same time, the rights of the military under the law of the 19th century Russian state were subject to excessive administration. It is determined that the accession of the legal system of the Ukrainian territories had certain positive consequences as a manifestation of legal acculturation. At the same time, it is quite obvious that the spread of foreign legal systems on the lands of Ukraine had the negative consequence of forgetting the very original and attractive local features of law that had developed in previous times and provided for much more significant protection of the rights of the military, his participation in democratization of the armed forces through participation in leadership elections, accountability, a system of incentives, a fair system of punishments, etc. It has been established that the law, primarily of the Russian Empire, in attempts to determine the legal status of the military, first of all, turned to the class and social origin of the person, accordingly increasing the scope of rights of officers, senior and higher and limiting the rights of ordinary servicemen. Moreover, the military laws of the Russian Empire contained certain oppressions regarding the recruitment and career growth of residents of Ukrainian lands. It has been proven that, at least until the military reform of 1874, the possibility of protecting the rights by the military in court, was severely limited due to the imperfect organization of military courts. In our opinion, considering the above circumstances may be useful in the process of improving the military law of Ukraine.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Artykuł dotyczy początków rozwoju fabrycznej produkcji pierwszych włókien sztucznych. Uwagę skupiono na francuskiej fabryce wynalazcy sztucznego jedwabiu hrabiego Hilaire’go de Chardonnet mieszczącej się w Besançon oraz belgijskim zakładzie w Tubize. Pierwsza firma odegrała pośrednią, a druga bezpośrednią rolę w powołaniu na ziemiach polskich pierwszego zakładu włókien sztucznych – Tomaszowskiej Fabryki Sztucznego Jedwabiu (TFSJ).
Początki rozwoju produkcji włókien sztucznych były nacechowane walką z czasem, licznymi patentami, wieloma próbami udoskonalania tych wyrobów, trudnościami z uzyskaniem odpowiedniej ich wytrzymałości mechanicznej oraz szeregiem zabiegów techniczno-marketingowych, które miały przynieść optymalną technologię wytwarzania sztucznego jedwabiu i rozpropagowania go na całym świecie. W artykule zawarto także akcent związany z rodzinnymi wspomnieniami dotyczącymi pracy w TFSJ.
The history of theatre in the twentieth century distinguishes two theatre reforms. The first took place from the final years of the nineteenth century into the late 1930s. The second was from the mid-1950s to the late 1980s. These were movements of renewal and modernization of the art of theatre. Started by individual artists and small groups and assisted by playwrights and theorists – who were often the artists themselves – both reforms gradually reached wider areas of theatre life. The Second Reform was a reformist movement of young, avant-garde, rebellious and experimental theatre in a searching state. The movement originated in the 1950s in Poland within student and alternative theatres as well as in the United States, as Off-Broadway and then Off-Off-Broadway. It reached tremendous level of expression in the 1960s through the work of Jerzy Grotowski’s Laboratory Theatre, Bread and Puppet Theater, Living Theatre and several other companies in many countries all around the world. It matured in the 1970s, bringing out the theatre of Tadeusz Kantor. In the 1980s, it resulted in Włodzimierz Staniewski’s “Gardzienice.” However, it did not reach some areas of theatre at all. Throughout the West, in South America, Australia and in Japan, the Second Reform was a challenge and an alternative to commercial, popular and traditional theatre. In the part of Europe that was under Soviet Union’s control, the Second Reform was a challenge to totalitarian regimes; it undermined totalitarian censorship and disregarded the communist iron curtain. Its productions were manifestations of freedom. In the field of performance’s creation, the Second Reform brought out and accentuated the communality and processuality of theatre art. In the field of directing, the Second Reform decisively placed the director at the head of the team of creators preparing and executing a theatrical performance. In the field of acting, the Second Reform introduced “acting of being” in place of “acting of character.” In the aspect of space, the Second Reform sought out to integrate the playing area and the observation area of the show; its lasting achievement became a theatre with variable space, “the black box.” In the field of literature, the Second Reform questioned the underlying function of drama in the theatre, practiced “writing on stage” as well as “creating” the text of the show by the actors themselves, and “adapting” existing dramas by the director. The author of this article witnessed, chronicled and participated in the Second Theater Reform. He created productions in its spirit and wrote about it.
Artykuł proponuje spojrzenie na działalność artystyczną Małgorzaty Mirgi-Tas jako romskiej feministki, aktywistki, zaangażowanej politycznie autorki (w takim rozumieniu polityki, jakie jej nadał Jacques Rancière) i zarazem wyczytanie z jej twórczości potencjału dla edukacji humanistycznej, a zwłaszcza polonistycznej. Jak wskazuje autorka tekstu, kategorie używane przez Rancière’a do opisu sfery publicznej, szczególnie czynienie świata widzialnym, rekonfiguracja dzielenia postrzegalnego, są wprost dydaktyczne.
W artykule dokonano przeglądu podręczników do języka polskiego, wskazując na nieobecność romskich autorów, romskiej problematyki. Zdiagnozowaną pustkę mogłaby wypełnić twórcza biografia Mirgi-Tas, albowiem dla działającej w ramach profesjonalnego artworldu artystki tożsamość nie jest obciążeniem, ale pierwiastkiem formotwórczym i źródłem inspiracji. Potencjał wystawy „Przeczarowując świat” pozwoliłby przełamać dyskurs dydaktyczny przejawiający się z jednej strony w empatycznej cyganologii, z drugiej – zawężający tematykę romską do pedagogizacji problemów społecznych ujmowanych w perspektywie habitusu Pierre’a Bourdieu.
Zdaniem autorki tekstu wystawa Mirgi-Tas na Biennale w Wenecji jest laboratorium potencjalnej historii, która na lekcji stać się może przestrzenią eksperymentowania z fikcją i życiem, pod warunkiem przyjęcia pedagogicznej strategii zwanej „polityką głosu”.
Eksperyment Świdów nie był klasycznym eksperymentem, lecz poszukiwaniem skuteczności oddziaływań penitencjarnych. Zastosowano znane metody resocjalizacji w zmienionych warunkach organizacyjnych i środowiskowych. Eksperyment OBP był próbą korekty popełnionych wcześniej błędów. W obu eksperymentach realizowano wychowawczą koncepcję kary, w której szkoła i nauka była w centrum więzienia dla młodocianych. Wypracowany w Szczypiornie system dawał wysoką skuteczność oddziaływania mierzoną niską powrotnością do przestępstwa. Wiele rozwiązań eksperymentu weszło do przepisów prawa penitencjarnego.
General Works, Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
We study five-point correlation functions of scalar operators in d-dimensional conformal field theories. We develop a new approach to computing the five-point conformal blocks for exchanged primary operators of arbitrary spin by introducing a generalization of radial coordinates, using an appropriate ansatz, and perturbatively solving two quadratic Casimir differential equations. We then study five-point correlators $\langle σσεσσ\rangle$ in the critical 3d Ising model. We truncate the operator product expansions (OPEs) in the correlator by including a finite number of primary operators with conformal dimension below a cutoff $Δ\leqslant Δ_{\rm cutoff}$. We then compute several OPE coefficients involving $ε$ and two spinning operators by demanding that the truncated correlator approximately satisfies the crossing relation.
We present a new algorithm for the numerical evaluation of five-point conformal blocks in $d$-dimensions, greatly improving the efficiency of their computation. To do this we use an appropriate ansatz for the blocks as a series expansion in radial coordinates, derive a set of recursion relations for the unknown coefficients in the ansatz, and evaluate the series using a Padé approximant to accelerate its convergence. We then study the $\langleσσεσσ\rangle$ correlator in the 3d critical Ising model by truncating the operator product expansion (OPE) and only including operators with conformal dimension below a cutoff $Δ\leqslant Δ_{\rm cutoff}$. We approximate the contributions of the operators above the cutoff by the corresponding contributions in a suitable disconnected five-point correlator. Using this approach, we compute a number of OPE coefficients with greater accuracy than previous methods.
The rapidity with which generative AI has been adopted and advanced has raised legal and ethical questions related to the impact on artists rights, content production, data collection, privacy, accuracy of information, and intellectual property rights. Recent administrative and case law challenges have shown that generative AI software systems do not have independent intellectual property rights in the content that they generate. It remains to be seen whether human content creators can retain their intellectual property rights against generative AI software, its developers, operators, and owners for the misappropriation of the work of human creatives, given the metes and bounds of existing law. Early signs from various courts are mixed as to whether and to what degree the results generated by AI models meet the legal standards of infringement under existing law.
Academic historians often complain that their work is not appreciated by the public and that the impact of their books is limited to a few other scholars. There are, however, situations where historians face the opposite challenge, namely a great deal of interest from both the public and from politicians who want to exploit or interfere with their work to further their political agendas. This arises most often in countries that are undergoing deep political and social changes. At these times, the legacies of the past that emerge after a fundamental regime transformation, like the collapse of dictatorship, have a profound impact on historical research and discourse.
Alain Aspect's three experiments on Bell's theorem, published in the early 1980s, were a turning point in the history of the research on the foundations of quantum mechanics not only because they corroborated entanglement as the distinctive quantum signature but also because these experiments brought wider recognition to this field of research and Aspect himself. These experiments may be considered the most direct precursors of the research on quantum information, which would blossom a decade later.
In recent years, discussions about fairness in machine learning, AI ethics and algorithm audits have increased. Many entities have developed framework guidance to establish a baseline rubric for fairness and accountability. However, in spite of increased discussions and multiple frameworks, algorithm and data auditing still remain difficult to execute in practice. Many open-source auditing tools are available, but users aren't always aware of the tools, what they are useful for, or how to access them. Model auditing and evaluation are not frequently emphasized skills in machine learning. There are also legal reasons for the proactive adoption of these tools that extend beyond the desire for greater fairness in machine learning. There are positive social issues of public perception and goodwill that matter in our highly connected global society. Greater awareness of these tools and the reasons for actively utilizing them may be helpful to the entire continuum of programmers, data scientists, engineers, researchers, users and consumers of AI and machine learning products. It is important for everyone to better understand the input and output differentials, how they are occurring, and what can be done to promote FATE (fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics) in machine- and deep learning. The ability to freely access open-source auditing tools removes barriers to fairness assessment at the most basic levels of machine learning. This paper aims to reinforce the urgent need to actually use these tools and provides motivations for doing so. The exemplary tools highlighted herein are open-source with software or code-base repositories available that can be used immediately by anyone worldwide.
The formation of social democracy in the Russian Empire was another stage in the «Russian reception» of the Western models of the socialist movement, the result of certain ideological contradictions on the Russian ground. Given the semi-feudal society of the Russian Empire, the paternalism of autocratic power, the absence of deep traditions of liberal culture, the Russian social democratic movement could hardly count on obvious success without a deep revolutionary renewal of the entire socio-economic and political system of the Russian state. Since Jews were an urban ethnic group, it is not surprising that the provinces of the Jewish Pale in the late 19th century proved to be the epicentre of the revolutionary energy concentration.
Thus, in the late 19th century the processes of formation and development of not the Russian, but the Jewish social-democratic movement continued on the territory of the Jewish Pale, the prominent centres of which were the Belarusian and Ukrainian cities of the Russian Empire. Despite the low level of the industrial development in the north-western part of the Russian Empire, as well as police persecution, imprisonment, and exile of many activists, the Jewish Social Democratic movement grew qualitatively and quantitatively, got loyal supporters, and spread to other cities such as Minsk, Grodno, Bialystok and Warsaw. The Bund (the Union of Jewish Workers in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia) played a key role in organizing the Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) on March 1-3, 1898, at which the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) was founded which was supposed to unite revolutionary Marxist groups of the empire, regardless of their ethnicity. The processes of formation of the organizational and personnel structure of the Russian Social-Democracy continued during the First Russian Revolution. Jews took an active part in these processes. Their role in the organization of Russian social-democratic movement and in its staffing is difficult to overestimate. In particular, S. Dikstein, H.S. Khurgin, E.A. Abramovich, I.A. Gurvich, E.A. Gurvich, O. Belakh, L. Berkovich and many other Jewish activists found themselves at the origins of Russian social-democratic movement, and such distinguished Jewish figures of Russian social democracy as P. Axelrod and Yu. Martov in the early 19th century headed the Menshevik wing of the RSDLP.
The author noted that until 1917 the model for the development of the social democratic movement in the Russian Empire was the European Social Democracy, among the recognized authorities of which were also Jews (F. Lassall, E. Bernstein, V. Adler, O. Bauer). Eventually, the Jewish origin of Marx, the founder of «scientific» socialism, canonized his doctrine in the mass consciousness of the urban Jewry of the Russian Empire, which awaited a new messiah who would «bring» them out of the ghetto of the Jewish Pale.
At the same time, the theory of self-liberation of the Jewish proletariat, adopted by the Jewish Social Democrats of Vilno, Minsk, and Kyiv as opposed to the seemingly utopian ideas of the Zionists from Basel, Switzerland, became the leading ideology of the Russia’s first political organization of Jewish proletarian – the Bund, which emerged in the same 1897, when the First World Congress of Zionists took place.
Thus, the intensification of state anti-Semitism, the Jewish pogroms, and the escalation of the political crisis in the Russian Empire on the eve of the First Russian Revolution pushed Russian and Jewish Social-Democracy to develop a common position on the proletariat’s participation in future revolutionary events, optimized the search for overcoming the internal party crisis that arose after the withdrawal of the Bund from the RSDLP. For the first time in its history, the Jewish Social Democrats tried to ignite the fire of the Russian revolution on the «Jewish street» and prove the political significance of the powerful revolutionary potential of the Jewish masses in the Jewish Pale for the all-Russian social democratic movement.