Hasil untuk "History of Italy"

Carlo Persiani, Francesca Alhaique

A series of surveys carried out between 1970 and 1987 by volunteers of the Gruppo Archeologico Romano collected a significant quantity of pottery sherds on the Montarana hill, located on the hilly slopes opposite to the city of Tarquinia. This contribution presents around 200 significant fragments from the more than the 1000 of those collected, with their typological and chronological classification. Most of them belong to the Subapennine Late Bronze Age and the Protovillanovan Final Bronze Age. Some sherds also appear which can be better dated to older phases of the Bronze Age. The lack of fragments referable to the final phase of the Final Bronze Age suggests that the settlement of Montarana early contributed to the emergence of the nearby site of Civita di Tarquinia as the dominant center of the territory even before the beginning of the Iron Age.

Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe, Gabriele Lo Buglio, Erika Cerasti et al.

BackgroundDefense mechanisms play a crucial role in depression and anxiety. The current study aimed at estimating the network structure of defense mechanisms in individuals with symptoms of depression and anxiety to understand the most central defenses and relevant connections. Moreover, we aimed at examining the associations between defense mechanisms and symptoms.MethodsWe employed the Symptom Checklist-90 to recruit 655 individuals with depressive and anxiety symptoms during the first wave of the COVID-2019 Pandemic in Italy. Defense mechanisms were assessed with the DMRS-SR-30.ResultsResults showed a main component in the network graph featuring 16 defense mechanisms. Self-assertion was the most central node in the network, displaying positive and negative connections with an array of mature and immature defenses, respectively. Among immature defenses, passive aggression was the most interconnected node. Some mature defenses (i.e., humor, affiliation, and sublimation) were not connected to other nodes. A range of defense mechanisms were associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThis is the first research effort supporting the conceptualization of defense mechanisms as a complex system. Results suggest that defense mechanisms of the same cluster (e.g., mature defenses) play different roles in the network. Central defenses (i.e., self-assertion and passive aggression) detected in this study may be promising intervention targets.

Dallas DeForest

This article examines Agathias of Myrina’s presentation of Italy, Italians, and the Gothic War. His pres- entation of these subjects is framed around the historical methodology outlined in his preface, which is centered on truth and edification. I argue that he presents the civilian population of Italy as a category distinct from both Romans and barbarians. He does so in order to advance an argument about the dev- astating consequences of warfare throughout the peninsula during the Gothic War. He also provides moral instruction to his readers about the negative effects of unjust wars, and he offers a veiled critique of Justinian’s wars of conquest in this context. I position Agathias as a valuable, insightful source for sixth-century Italian history and cultural change at the time.

Margherita Bolla, Andrea Brugnoli

The so-called Isola Rizza treasure, now conserved in the Museum of Castelvecchio, it was found by chance in this locality of the Veronese plain in 1872. Some brief updates on this treasure are proposed on the basis of the most recent research, with the intention of highlighting some themes that may arouse further research in the future. Finally, through the analysis of two manuscripts by Luigi Bennassuti conserved in Biblioteca Civica of Verona and in Biblioteca Capitolare of Verona, compiled a short distance after that discovery, the data of which are put in relation with the cadastral data, the identification of the area of concealment and some aspects of the conditions of the finds at the time of discovery and of the social context are specified.

Maria Iolanda Palazzolo

This essay is a contribution to the history of governmental printing houses in Italy in the nineteenth century. These, born in the eighteenth century, maintain privileges and property rights for the publication of laws, official acts and school books; however, they progressively decline with the rise of the free market. The competition with private printing houses leads them to extinction, due to the ability of the latter in developing editorial projects and acquire a new reading audience.

LUNG S. CHAN, ALESSANDRO MONTANARI, WALTER ALVAREZ

We have determined the magnetostratigraphy in eight Upper Cretaceous to Eocene sedimentar y sections in the Umbria and Marche Region of the Northern Apennines, Italy. Paleomagnetic samples were collected at roughly 1 m intervals from the sections studied. Both alternating field and thermal demagnetization were carried out. Microfossils in the specimens were studied to facilitate identification of the magnetic polarity intervals. We have used the combined paleomagnetic and paleontological results in conducting a high—resolution correlation and in reconstructing the paleobasin tectonic history. The magnetostratigraphic results from this study contribute to the understanding of three aspects

Sara Cherri, Daniel H. L. Lemmers, Silvia Noventa et al.

Background: Recent literature regarding the outcome of cancer patients infected with COVID-19 are not encouraging. Nevertheless, current evidence on the risk and benefits of continuing oncological treatment of cancer patients during the pandemic remains insufficient. We provide our experience in a center with high access for patients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia in Lombardy, Italy. We conducted a retrospective study using a prospectively maintained database of patients admitted to our hospital between 25 February 2020 and 9 April 2020 with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. Results: A total of 53 patients with a history or current oncological disease were included in this study. Sixteen oncological patients (30.2%) died during hospitalization. Multivariable logistic regression analysis found that age (Odds ratio [OR]: 1.17, p  = 0.009), diabetes (OR: 15.05, p  = 0.028) and active oncological disease (OR 13.60, p  = 0.015) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. The mortality rate of the total number of cancer patients is about twice as high as that of non-oncological patients admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Conclusion: The presence of active oncological disease is independently related to mortality as well as age and diabetes. The majority of patients who died were frail. Careful evaluation of the risks and benefits of treatment in frail patients is needed, considering that difficult access to intensive care may have affected the mortality rate.

De Luca E, Marino D, Di Maio M

Emmanuele De Luca,1,2,* Donatella Marino,1,2,* Massimo Di Maio1,2 1Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy; 2Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Torino, Italy*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Massimo Di MaioDivision of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, Turin 10128, ItalyTel +39 011 5082032Fax +39 011 5085081Email massimo.dimaio@unito.itAbstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver cancer and predominantly develops in patients with liver cirrhosis. In patients with advanced disease, such as extra-hepatic extension or portal vein involvement, and with intermediate disease unsuitable for locoregional therapies, systemic therapy is recommended, if liver function and performance status are adequate. Following a decade of negative Phase III trials since the approval of sorafenib, more recently several drugs have proven efficacy both in first line versus sorafenib (lenvatinib) or in second line versus placebo (regorafenib, cabozantinib, ramucirumab). In this review, we summarize the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the use of ramucirumab, a recombinant IgG1 monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), in HCC. Following the results of the REACH trial, that was negative in the overall study population but identified a subgroup that could benefit from ramucirumab treatment, the REACH-2 trial was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, designed to assess ramucirumab as second line in patients with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ≥ 400 ng/mL. The results of REACH-2 were published in February 2019, leading to Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency approval of the drug as second-line agent for advanced HCC (after sorafenib) in patients with AFP ≥ 400 ng/mL. For the first time in the history of systemic treatments for HCC, a predictive factor of efficacy was identified. In this review, we also discuss the potential clinical development of systemic treatments in HCC, focusing on combination therapies with immunotherapy (following the recent results of the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab in the IMbrave 150 clinical trial) and treatment sequences as a way to maximize survival benefit.Keywords: ramucirumab, hepatocellular carcinoma, VEGF, immunotherapy

Dieter BRANDES

The old historical wounds of Europe are century-old wounds like the “Northern Ireland conflict”, the Russia–Finland conflict, the Poland–Germany–Russia conflict, the long-lasting conflict between Ottomans, Hungary, and later, the Habsburg and the Russian Empire, but also the thousand-year-old religious borderline between Eastern and Western culture. Moreover, the first half of the 20th century in (the Christian) Europe is characterized by wars and genocide in a terrible, hitherto unknown dimension. About 10 million people died in World War I and about 50 million in World War II. Countries all over Europe like Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine were involved in these war-related events. Many unhealed mental wounds are still deeply rooted in the hearts of individuals and peoples. Unhealed wounds also remained concerning the genocides of the 20th century, like the Armenian genocide, the Holodomor in Ukraine, the Holocaust against Jews and Gypsies, the genocide against Tatars in the Crimean region. Finally, let us remember the million fold wounds that arose from the communist dictatorships. After World War II, we have to mention the wounds inflicted by many additional European conflicts like the ones between Azerbaijan and Armenia, Georgia and Russia, Ukraine and Russia, the Bosnia–Croatia–Serbia conflict regarding the dissolution of the old state of Yugoslavia, the conflict between Greeks and Turks regarding Northern Cyprus, the Moldova–Russia conflict regarding Transdniestria etc. “The need for healing and reconciliation in our broken world cannot be overemphasized. The pain and burden of memories of ongoing, recent and past conflicts haunt and hamper normal life and progress. The process for ‘Healing of Memories’ is designed to advocate for, develop and promote healing of memories and other healing and reconciliation processes in Churches and faith communities, so as to strengthen their role as channels of hope, healing and reconciliation in our world today.” This was part of the final message of the WCC “European Ecumenical and Interreligious Consultation on ´Healing of Memories’ on 4th-6th May 2010”, in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina. On the one hand, the Bible leads us to peace and reconciliation, like in Prov 16:7 in the Old Testament: “When a man’s ways are pleasing to the Lord, he makes even his enemies to be at peace with him”, or in the new Testament, when in Cor 5:18, Paul says “All this is from God, who through Christ reconciled us to himself and gave us the ministry of reconciliation.”  Moreover, the European Protestant, Orthodox, Anglican, and Catholic churches avowed in the Final Document of the Second European Ecumenical Assembly in Graz 1997: “The church communities must confess that throughout history they often showed themselves as a bad example for the Christian message of reconciliation and ´religions and churches became themselves part of the problem´.” Therefore, the European churches signed in their common Charta Oecumenica in chapter 3: “In the spirit of the Gospel, we must reappraise together the history of the Christian churches, which has been marked by many beneficial experiences, but also by schisms, hostilities and even armed conflicts.” There have been several church initiatives of reconciliation in Europe, like the Stuttgart Church Confession of Guilt, the reconciliation process between the Polish Ecumenical Council and the Evangelical Church in Germany, the Czechian and German church reconciliation process, the reconciliation process between the Church of Norway and the Sámi, the reconciliation process in Northern Ireland, the process called „Reconciliation in Europe between the Churches in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, and Germany”, the Anglican–Orthodox Dialog, the Porvoo process between the Anglican and the Lutheran Churches, the Pro Oriente reconciliation process regarding the schism of the “Unions of Brest and Transylvania”. The “Healing of Memories” (HoM) process – originally developed in South Africa as a counselling methodology for the healing of personal emotional wounds after the apartheid – was further developed in South Eastern Europe on behalf of CPCE, CEC, and WCC into a process between cultures and religions. Healing of Memories between cultures and religions is a methodology to help overcome frozen history and “hi-stories” by putting emphasis on voices that were not heard, ignored or not acknowledged so far. According to its methodology, HoM is a “process of the generations” that implicates the three steps of “walking together through history”, “sharing the pain of others”, and “preparing the future together”. The HoM process between cultures and religions adds to the above “three historical steps” the previous step: “Interdisciplinary researching of the history of the nations, cultures and religions and/or communities.” For these HoM processes, special training courses have been developed in Romania in order to train facilitators, which have been recognised and adopted in the meantime as master courses at the universities of Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár, Alba Iulia/Gyulafehérvár, and Sibiu/Nagyszeben.

Marco Zaminga, Ivana Angelini, Massimo Vidale et al.

A series of samples taken from gilded Gandharan sculpted objects in schist (both portable artifacts and architectural decorative components), coming from different sacred sites of ancient Gandhara and the Swat valley, are in the course of analytical inspection. They are studied by the means of different archaeometric techniques. Although, given the precarious conservation and rarity of the objects available for analysis, our preliminar results cannot be generalized, the emerging evidence is discussed in the light of the gilding technologies so far described in other cultural areas and periods. It is also argued that, in the Gandharan cultual complexes, the surface of sacred images might be covered with diverging procedures, dictated by various technical and/or religious concerns.

Nuccia Negroni Catacchio, Christian Metta, Virginia Guerra

The production settlement of the Iron Age of Pianvalle (CO), whose duration is between the sixth and fourth centuries. a.C., is characterized by the presence of structures related to metalworking and many finds, such as slag heaps, moulds and objects used for smelting. The detailed analysis of the structures has allowed us to identify, based on their morphological and stratigraphic characteristics, furnaces, hearths and structures in connection with fire points.

Giuseppe Gabrielli, Elisa Barbiano di Belgiojoso, Laura Terzera et al.

Couple formation and migration are the result of interrelated decision-making processes in the life cycle. Using data from the “Social Condition and Integration of Foreign Citizens (SCIF)” survey, conducted in Italy in 2011-2012 by Istat, we aim to investigate how the timing of migration events affects the type and timing of marriages in the destination country. Time-related models investigate the competing-risk transitions to endogamous and exogamous marriages with Italian spouses. Obtained results provide evidence of the complexity of today’s migrations, and they indicate the coexistence of various patterns among first-generation migrants in Italy, characterised by a plurality of origins, with different projects and behavioural models. The “interrelation of events” hypothesis explains the transitions to both endogamous and exogamous marriages among women, while men usually spend more time finding a partner and achieving economic stability. Despite this general picture, our analysis shows different and original pathways shaping transitions to marriage by reason of migration and considering a number of demographic and migratory characteristics. Zusammenfassung Die Gründung eines Paarhaushaltes und Migration sind das Resultat verschiedener, miteinanderverwobener Entscheidungsprozesse im Lebenslauf. Ziel der Studie ist es, die Rolle von temporalen Aspekten im Zusammenhang mit der internationalen Wanderung von Personen in Beziehung zum Heiratsverhalten dieser im Ankunftskontext zu setzen. Genutzt werden Daten, die das Italienische Nationale Institut für Statistik (ISTAT) im Rahmen der Umfrage zur „Sozialen Lage und Integration von ausländischen Bürgern“ (SCIF) im Zeitraum 2011-12 in Italien erhoben hat. Mit Methoden der Ereignisdatenanalyse werden die konkurrierenden Übergänge in eine endogame beziehungsweise exogame Ehe mit einem/r italienischen Ehepartner/in analysiert. Die Herkünfte, Wanderungspläne und Verhaltensmodelle der ersten Migrantengeneration in Italien sind sehr divers. Unsere Ergebnisse spiegeln diese Diversität wider, indem sie die Komplexität der heutigen Wanderungsbewegungen und die Gleichzeitigkeit von verschiedenen Mustern offenlegen. Die Hypothese über die Interdependenz von Ereignissen ist dabei in der Lage, Erklärungen für endogame und exogame Eheschließungen der Migrantinnen zu liefern. Die Heiraten der Migranten hingegen scheinen durch die Dauer geprägt zu sein, die diese aufwenden, um eine Partnerin zu finden und ökonomische Stabilität zu erlangen. Zusätzlich werden in die Analyse migrationsspezifische Variablen und sozio-demografische Merkmale einbezogen, sodass verschiedene Pfade beim Übergang in die Ehe sichtbar werden.

Flavio Altamura, Ilenia Lungo, Vittorio Mironti

We present hithereto unpublished documents preserved in the Blanc-Aguet archive, in Rome. They include three letters written in 1958 by I.P. Capozzi to A.C. Blanc, describing archaeological materials and what appeared to be dolmenic structures found in the 1940s at Monte Forcino, near Sezze (Latina). This information is of great interest when seeking to reconstruct archaeological presences in this area, but should be considered with caution.

A. Zanichelli, F. Arcoleo, M. P. Barca et al.

IntroductionHereditary angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-HAE type I) or dysfunction (C1-INH-HAE type II) is a rare disease characterized by recurrent episodes of edema with an estimated frequency of 1:50,000 in the global population without racial or gender differences. In this study we present the results of a nationwide survey of C1-INH-HAE patients referring to 17 Italian centers, the Italian network for C1-INH-HAE, ITACA.MethodsItalian patients diagnosed with C1-INH-HAE from 1973 to 2013 were included in the study. Diagnosis of C1-INH-HAE was based on family and/or personal history of recurrent angioedema without urticaria and on antigenic and/or functional C1-INH deficiency.Results983 patients (53% female) from 376 unrelated families were included in this survey. Since 1973, 63 (6%) patients diagnosed with C1-INH-HAE died and data from 3 patients were missing when analysis was performed. Accordingly, the minimum prevalence of HAE in Italy in 2013 is 920:59,394,000 inhabitants, equivalent to 1:64,935. Compared to the general population, patients are less represented in the early and late decades of life: men start reducing after the 5th decade and women after the 6th. Median age of patients is 45 (IQ 28-57), median age at diagnosis is 26 years (IQ 13-41). C1-INH-HAE type 1 are 87%, with median age at diagnosis of 25 (13-40); type 2 are 13% with median age at diagnosis of 31 (IQ 16-49). Functional C1INH is ≤50% in 99% of patients. Antigen C1INH is ≤50% in 99% of type 1. C4 is ≤50% in 96% of patients. The chance of having C1-INH-HAE with C4 plasma levels >50% is  95%. This parameter should be therefore considered for initial screening in differential diagnosis of angioedema.

N. Shivappa, A. Zucchetto, M. Montella et al.

M. Miller

Emanuele Felice, G. Vecchi

Giuseppe Vacca

The article offers a “wide-angle lens” view of the most recent discussions on Gramsci in Italy and shows how their publication of new documents, or new editions of already-known documents, has been intertwined with critical discussion. Albeit with many interpretative oscillations and divergences, a common aspect characterizes this discussion, which may be summed up in two points, namely method and merit. Regarding the first of these, diachrony comes to the fore as the sine qua non for understanding Gramsci’s thought at each moment of his life. On the second point – the questions of merit – we show, in agreement with the first point, how all the contributions examined, as the red thread that runs through them, take account of the fact that Gramsci was above all else a practising, active politician, and only in so far as he was such was he also a theoretician of politics. We thus succeed in grasping the originality of the personality and thought of Gramsci, and avoid falling into the types of “academic” reconstruction – very widespread up to the 1980s – which resolved this thought and this personality into the “sum” of their “sources”. Gramsci is thereby restored to the history of his party, but at the same time the fact emerges that his legacy goes beyond that tradition and belongs to the whole of Italian culture.

Anna-Luna Post

Review of: Christopher M. Graney, Setting Aside All Authority. Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo, University of Notre Dame Press, 2015, 270 p., ill., ISBN: 9780268029883, $29.00.

Chirchiglia D, Della Torre A, Signorelli F et al.

Domenico Chirchiglia,1 Attilio Della Torre,2 Francesco Signorelli,2 Giorgio Volpentesta,2 Giusy Guzzi,2 Carmelino Angelo Stroscio,2 Federica Deodato,2 Donatella Gabriele,2 Angelo Lavano,2 1Department of Neurosurgery, Neurophysiopathology Unit, 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Catanzaro, Italy Abstract: Nummular headache has been recently described as a primary disorder characterized by head pain exclusively felt in a small rounded area typically 2–6 cm in diameter, not attributed to another disorder. Both size and shape of the painful area remain constant since the onset of symptoms. A 57-year-old woman presented with a history of focal episodic pain in a circumscribed area on the right parietal region. The administration of standard oral doses of palmitoylethanolamide and topiramate in combination showed an improvement in pain symptoms and on pain measuring scales. Keywords: algometry, migraine, nummular headache, palmitoylethanolamide, topiramate