Marco Quantschnig, Yannick Werner, Thomas Klatzer
et al.
This paper presents a comprehensive, spatially disaggregated dataset of Austria's natural gas and hydrogen infrastructure towards 2040. The dataset covers the complete gas transmission and distribution networks down to the medium-pressure level and integrates hydrogen expansion plans from the Austrian Gas Grid Management. Transmission infrastructure is reconstructed from ENTSOG maps, converted into a topologically consistent graph representation, and enriched with technical attributes through automated spatial matching with open-source datasets such as OpenStreetMap and Global Energy Monitor. Distribution networks and infrastructure modifications are implemented using QGas, a newly developed GIS-based tool for graph-based infrastructure manipulation. To enable forward-looking energy system analyses, the dataset explicitly represents the stage-wise transition from natural gas to hydrogen infrastructure within a single dataset. Repurposed and newly constructed hydrogen pipelines are integrated within a unified network topology using node splitting and time dependent connector elements, enabling consistent modeling of parallel natural gas and hydrogen operation over time. The resulting dataset provides a detailed representation of Austria's gas and hydrogen infrastructure, including 586 natural gas pipeline segments (5000 km), 113 repurposed segments (1250 km), and 39 newly constructed hydrogen segments (820 km), connecting 720 nodes. Moreover, it includes a comprehensive set of gas demands, biogas production facilities, storage units, electrolyzers, and compressor elements, making it directly applicable for energy system optimization models.
We apply Nancy Cartwright's distinction between theories and basic models to explore the history of rival approaches to modeling a notion of chance for an ideal uniform physical process known as a fair spinner. This process admits both Archimedean and non-Archimedean models. Advocates of Archimedean models maintain that the fair spinner should satisfy hypotheses such as invariance with respect to rotations by an arbitrary real angle, and assume that the optimal mathematical tool in this context is the Lebesgue measure. Others argue that invariance with respect to all real rotations does not constitute an essential feature of the underlying physical process, and could be relaxed in favor of regularity. We show that, working in ZFC, no subset of the commonly assumed hypotheses determines a unique model, suggesting that physically based intuitions alone are insufficient to pin down a unique mathematical model. We provide a rebuttal of recent criticisms of non-Archimedean models by Parker and Pruss.
With the loosening of central control, the fifteen “Socialist Soviet Republics” started to (re)assert themselves. After the failed coup in August 1991, following the Baltic states, Ukraine declared itself independent. Even before that Hungary started to build special relations with its largest neighbor, and on December 6, 1991, signed a treaty with Kiev “on good-neighborhood and cooperation.” An integral part of the treaty was a Protocol on the protection of national minorities. That provided extensive political rights to the then about 200,000 strong Hungarian community of Sub-Carpathia, including education in Hungarian up to the age of 18. In the next decade, Hungary had most cordial relations with Ukraine. Due to the growth of Ukrainian national feeling, much strengthened by Russia’s seizure of Crimea and territories in the eastern border area, in 2017 Ukraine passed a new Law on Education. The new law restricted teaching in the language of a national minority only until the age of 10, above that making the required language of instruction Ukrainian. Hungary has been severely critical of the change, and retaliated by blocking Ukraine's western integration into the European Union and NATO. The conflict contributed to Hungary’s unfriendly policy towards Ukraine following Russia’s aggression in February 2022. Ukraine later modified the law so that instruction could continue in the languages of the national minorities. Since that change, there have been signs of a thaw in bilateral relations.
The Bohr and von Neumann views on the measurement process in quantum mechanics have been interpreted for a long time in somewhat controversial terms, often leading to misconceptions. On the basis of some textual analysis, I would like to show that, contrary to a widespread opinion, their views should be taken less inconsistent, and much closer to each other, than usually thought. As a consequence, I claim that Bohr and von Neumann are conceptually on the same side on the issue of the universality of quantum mechanics: hopefully, this might contribute to a more accurate history of the measurement problem in quantum mechanics.
Alain Aspect's three experiments on Bell's theorem, published in the early 1980s, were a turning point in the history of the research on the foundations of quantum mechanics not only because they corroborated entanglement as the distinctive quantum signature but also because these experiments brought wider recognition to this field of research and Aspect himself. These experiments may be considered the most direct precursors of the research on quantum information, which would blossom a decade later.
We reconsider the classical equality 0.999. .. = 1 with the tool of circular words, that is: finite words whose last letter is assumed to be followed by the first one. Such circular words are naturally embedded with algebraic structures that enlight this problematic equality, allowing it to be considered in Q rather than in R. We comment early history of such structures, that involves English teachers and accountants of the first part of the xviii th century, who appear to be the firsts to assert the equality 0.999. .. = 1. Their level of understanding show links with Dubinsky et al.'s apos theory in mathematics education. Eventually, we rebuilt the field Q from circular words, and provide an original proof of the fact that an algebraic integer is either an integer or an irrational number.
A new mathematics, the constructive one, characterizes a singular limit as undecidable. Hence, a singular limit between two theories actually represents a difference between two different kinds of mathematics. This particular situation suggests a mathematical definition of the notion of incommensurability. As a consequence of the resulting incommensurabilities among many couples of theories the foundations of physical theories are pluralist, not only in both epistemological and ontological senses, but also in mathematical sense. Hence since longtime the history of physics is developing along a plurilinear path.
"Rigor" is an often sought after but ill-defined concept in education. This work reviews several models of rigor from current literature before proposing a tool which is used to analyze science education throughout history. The 20\textsuperscript{th} century science education in the United States was subject to changing sociopolitical motivations about the use of science both in general and for students. These factors as well as developments in theory of learning and broad education reforms had changing affects on the level of rigor in science education. This work analyzes the theoretical level of rigor of science education in the US based on two main motivating factors for science education; science as a social endeavor and science as a discipline, throughout the 20\textsuperscript{th} century.
Although three notable American editors opposed Lajos Kossuth before and during his visit to the United States in 1851-52, the most influential was arguably James Watson Webb, editor of the New York Courier and Enquirer (NYCE). Webb had been appointed by President Zachary Taylor to be Charge d’Affaires to Vienna in 1849 but had neglected to wait for confirmation by the Senate before traveling to Vienna. When the Senate rejected his appointment by an overwhelming vote, an embittered Webb was obliged to return to the United States. Although Webb had made many political enemies, the public reason given for his Senate rejection was that body intended to keep the post vacant as a “punishment” for Austria’s brutal suppression of the Hungarian rebels after their defeat in August 1849. Webb allegedly held Kossuth responsible for his rejected nomination, and upon returning to the United States and resuming the day-to-day operations of the NYCE, the paper's coverage of Hungary and Kossuth turned negative. During his visit to New York, Kossuth hinted that the Austrians might have bribed a certain New York editor to publish falsehoods about the Hungarian War of Independence. Webb took this hint as a personal attack and demanded an explanation from Kossuth, who never clearly explained which editor he was referring to.
Edition and commentary of a rediscovered polemic from the year 1918, titled «Ein offiziöser Gschaftlhuber der Kultur [An Officious Busybody of Culture]», published by Hermann Broch under the pseudonym K. L. Hib in Die Wage. Eine Wiener Wochenschrift, Vol. 21, Issue 27 of July 6, 1918, pp. 433-8. The text is a biting critique of the anthropogeographer Erwin Hanslik (1880-1940), co-founder and director of the Institut für Kulturwissenschaft in Vienna.
History of Austria. Liechtenstein. Hungary. Czechoslovakia
We created and analyzed a citation history of papers covering measurements of Newtons constant of gravity from 1686 to 2016. Interest concerning the true value of the gravitational constant was most intense in the late 90s to early 2000s and is gaining traction again in the present. Another network consisting of the same papers was created using citations from databases to display the prominence of papers on Newtons constant in the wider scientific community. In general, papers that were important in one network remained important in the other while papers that had little importance in one network remained unimportant in the other. The US contributes the most to literature on the topic both in where journals were published and where the work was done; however, many other countries, such as China, Russia, France, Germany, Switzerland, and the UK also provide many papers on Newtons G. Work done within certain countries tends to be considered more important and cited more often within that country. Recent efforts promoting international collaboration may have an impact on this trend.
I discuss the history of the muon $(g-2)$ measurements, beginning with the Columbia-Nevis measurement that observed parity violation in muon decay, and also measured the muon $g$-factor for the first time, finding $g_μ=2$. The theoretical (Standard Model) value contains contributions from quantum electrodynamics, the strong interaction through hadronic vacuum polarization and hadronic light-by-light loops, as well as the electroweak contributions from the $W$, $Z$ and Higgs bosons. The subsequent experiments, first at Nevis and then with increasing precision at CERN, measured the muon anomaly $a_μ= (g_μ-2)/2$ down to a precision of 7.3 parts per million (ppm) The Brookhaven National Laboratory experiment E821 increased the precision to 0.54 ppm, and observed for the first time the electroweak contributions. Interestingly, the value of $a_μ$ measured at Brookhaven appears to be larger than the Standard Model value by greater than three standard deviations. A new experiment, Fermilab E989, aims to improve on the precision by a factor of four, to clarify whether this result is a harbinger of new physics entering through loops, or from some experimental, statistical or systematic issue.
Valuch, Tibor. 2013. Magyar hétköznapok. Fejezetek a mindennapi élet történetéből a második világháborútól az ezredfordulóig ('Hungarian Everydays – Chapters of Everyday Life from World War II to the Turn of the Century'). Budapest: Napvilág Kiadó. 347 pp.; Valuch, Tibor. 2015. A jelenkori magyar társadalom ('Contemporary Hungarian Society'). Budapest: Osiris. 296 pp.
This review article offers a critique of Boarding House, a Hungarian ethnographically-based documentary film about a formerly Hungarian mining-settlement in Vintondale, Pennsylvania. In the film two researchers from Hungary introduce this settlement via interviews, old photographs and stories about a general store that in addition functioned as a boarding house for miners. Also featured in the film is the acquisition process of some thousand items of this store by the Open Air Museum of Szentendre, Hungary, in order to replicate the boarding house in the museum and thus illustrate some aspects of Hungarian-American immigrant life in this United States coal-region during the 1920s and 1930s.