Hasil untuk "History America"

Ziheng Zhao, Tianjiao Zhang, †. YanfengWang et al.

Composed by the leading historians in the field, this single-volume encyclopedia on Reconstruction delivers the most concise, focused, and readable reference work available to educators and students. In many ways, the Civil War destroyed the American South, the Democratic Party, and slavery, with much of the nation left in ruins. What was to become of former slaves—and of former confederates? Yet the unprecedented turmoil that followed the war presented the United States with great opportunities. How America tried to solve the problems and take advantage of opportunities after the Civil War is the focus of this encyclopedia, which provides the core elements necessary for researching and understanding the complex period in U.S. history known as Reconstruction. The volume offers a concise introduction to and chronology of the Reconstruction period, scores of entries composed by subject experts, and an appendix that features key primary documents. The entries have been carefully chosen for their importance and relevance, are written in language accessible to high school students, and supply useful references for further investigation. This volume will be indispensable for research into Reconstruction and affords anyone studying the United States during this period insight and perspective, whether the topic be African American history, the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, or the coming of sharecropping.

Michelle Alexander

The subject that I intend to explore today is one that most Americans seem content to ignore. Conversations and debates about race-much less racial casteare frequently dismissed as yesterday's news, not relevant to the current era. Media pundits and more than a few politicians insist that we, as a nation, have finally "moved beyond race." We have entered into the era of "post-racialism," it is said, the promised land of colorblindness. Not just in America, but around the world, President Obama's election has been touted as the final nail in the coffin of Jim Crow, the bookend placed on the history of racial caste in America. This triumphant notion of post-racialism is, in my view, nothing more than fiction-a type of Orwellian doublespeak made no less sinister by virtue of the fact that the people saying it may actually believe it. Racial caste is not dead; it is alive and well in America. The mass incarceration of poor people of color in the United States amounts to a new caste system-one specifically tailored to the political, economic, and social challenges of our time. It is the moral equivalent of Jim Crow. I am well aware that this kind of claim may be hard for many people to swallow. Particularly if you, yourself, have never spent time in prison or been labeled a felon, the claim may seem downright absurd. I, myself, rejected the notion that something akin to a racial caste system could be functioning in the United States more than a decade ago-something that I now deeply regret. I first encountered the idea of a new racial caste system in the mid-1990s when I was rushing to catch the bus in Oakland, California and a bright orange poster caught my eye. It screamed in large bold print: THE DRUG WAR IS THE NEW JIM CROW. I recall pausing for a moment and skimming the text of the flyer. A radical group was holding a community meeting about police brutality, the new three-strikes law in California, the drug war, and the expansion of America's prison system. The meeting was being held at a small community church a few blocks away; it had seating capacity for no more than fifty people. I sighed and muttered to myself something like, "Yeah, the criminal justice system is racist in many ways, but it really doesn't help to make such absurd comparisons. People will just think you're crazy." I then crossed the street and hopped on the

Abdelaziz Benaddi, Abdelilah Lissaneddine

The opening of Marrakech to the world, its dual UNESCO listing, and the development of its tourism have transformed the old medina. Since the late 1980s, it has become a tourist destination marked by urban beautification and aesthetic-architectural improvement. The attraction of foreigners to old houses (dars, riads, and ancient palaces) plays a key role in the spread of tourism, offering an immersion into the socio-spatial universe of historically rich intramural neighborhoods.What are the underlying logics of the spread of tourism in the medina of Marrakech? And how has the appropriation of its houses by foreign residents redefined the relationship with space within its neighborhoods? In this article, we will first study the mechanisms of the spread of tourism and the proliferation of riad-guesthouses (RGHs) within the medina, highlighting their correlation with the way domestic space and ancestral neighborhoods are appropriated by and for visitors. Secondly, we will examine the transformation of the socio-spatial landscape of the medina since the 1990s and the new socio-economic modalities of the relationship with domestic space and old neighborhoods.

Tianqi Huang, Peter J. Morin, Sara Ruane

In response to the surge of urbanization in the modern era, many organisms have undergone various changes, such as the shift of their morphological traits to face the challenges brought by this drastic environmental transformation. Rapid adaptive evolution in the morphology of urban-dwelling organisms has been documented in a broad array of taxa, such as lizards and birds, by comparing urban populations with their nonurban counterparts. However, relevant studies concerning more elusive and secretive organisms that also occur in both natural and urbanized habitats (e.g., snakes), are still lacking. Snakes lack appendages, which are often the trait of interest in other morphological studies, but factors such as head shape play a critical role in snakes, as it determines the prey size of these gape-limited predators. In this study, we apply both linear and geometric morphometric analyses to examine interpopulation morphological differences and sexual dimorphism in a small, semi-fossorial snake, Dekay’s brownsnake (Storeria dekayi). We focus on head shape in six different populations across the rural-urban gradient in New Jersey and New York, USA. We find evidence of increased morphological divergence and decreased sexual dimorphism in populations inhabiting more urbanized areas. Our study suggests the occurrence of an adaptive morphological shift in this common species in the urban environments, and lays the path for further investigation of urban adaptation in snakes and similar secretive species.

Luciana Ballestrin

The aim of this article is to present the history and thought of the Modernity/Coloniality (M/C) Group, from its split away from subaltern - Latin Americans and Indians - , cultural and postcolonial studies in the late 90s. The group made ​​a crucial epistemological move for critical and utopian renewal of social sciences in Latin America in the 21st century: the radicalization of the post-colonial argument through the ideia of "decolonial turn." At first, we draw a brief genealogy of postcolonialism. Subsequently, we present the establishment of the M/C group and some central concepts created and shared by its main exponents. The paper intends to invite the reader to this unfamiliar debate in social science and political theory in Brazil.

Angela Lindt

Social conflicts stemming from industrial mining projects in Peru have increasingly been fought in court cases in recent years. This article analyzes the dark side of this judicialization of mining conflicts, a process through which state authorities criminalize participation in social protests and attempt to prevent the mobilization of social movements. This use of the law by public authorities is an example of the so-called shrinking space in which the scope of action of civil society actors is increasingly restricted and constrained worldwide. This article presents an in-depth analysis of a specific court case against a group of mining opponents in the Cajamarca region of Peru. Based on ethnographic field research conducted in Peru, the article discusses three different modalities of the law’s domination, exploring the various ways the law rules those who oppose large-scale extractive projects.

Peter Mollov

R. Fuller

Diana Ferullo

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Josué N. Vera Rodríguez

The present manuscript among its purposes, raises arguments that, with a critical approach, aim to dilute the myths that for centuries have risen above the colonization of Afro-descendant thought in the original Caribbean; where the love of divinity was used as an instrument of dominance over the Puerto Rican bonhomy of colonial Puerto Rico. It is a documentary article with bibliographic design, where the state of the art is sought to be developed on mysticism, ambiguity, and the impact that even in contemporary times generate sui generis religious practices, in which the bibliographic method was applied with a focus interpretive and documentation, as a technique used in the auscultation of the files selected for this purpose. After a deep discussion, it was possible to reflect on the socio-cultural and human encounters and disagreements, which in the formation of a Christian religious arch, took place in the Caribbean during the last 100 years; the above gave the researcher an epistemological, axiological and ontological seedbed; where they were able to germinate great diversity of ideas about it, thus flourishing different epistemic awards, with support for the development of the epoché. Finally, some conclusions could be generated that, by way of reflection, account for the great scientific interest held by spiritual consultations, diversity of cults and the influence of Eurocentrism in Central America, from the 16th and 17th centuries, where colonization was approached From thought from Christianization, phenomena arise that point to the liberation of the popular ideological.

Alex Matos Rabelo, Jaquileude Araújo Martins

O presente artigo pretende construir uma leitura crítica do racismo nas relações de trabalho escravo contemporâneo pensado sob a ótica da hierarquização e a superexploração da mão-de-obra negra. A investigação trata-se com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, tendo como aporte teórico os estudos de Costa (2018), Rodrigues (2016), Fanon (1968), Oliva (2007), Harvey (2001), etc.. Temos como objetivo refletir sobre a questão racial no contexto histórico e social da reprodução do trabalho escravo na sociedade atual, bem como, problematizar suas interfaces na produção da desigualdade social, emergida com os “novos” processos de modernização em múltiplas dimensões. Palavras-chave: Racismo. Hierarquização. Superexploração. Trabalho Escravo Contemporâneo.   The present article intends to build a critical reading of racism in the relations of contemporany slave labor thourght from the perspective of hierarchization of black labor.The investigation is based on bibliographic research, having as theoretical contribution the studies of Costa (2018), Rodrigues (2016), Fanon (1968), Oliva (2007), Harvey (2001), etc.. We ain to reflecton the racial inssue in the historical and social context of the reproduction of slave labor in today's society, as well as to problematize its interfaces in the “new” moderniztion processes in multiple dimensionis. Keywords: Racism. Hierarchy. Overexploitation. Contemporany Slave Labor.   Le présent article entend construire une lecture critique du racisme dansles relations de travail contemporaines entre esclaves pensé dans la perspective de la hiérarchie et de la surexploitation du travail noir. L'enquête et basée sur la recherche bibliographique, ayant pour contribution thé o rique les études de Costa (2018), Rodrigues (2016), Fanon (1968), Oliva (2007), Harvey (2001), etc.. Nous cherchons à réfléchir sur la question raciale dans le contexte historique et social de la reproduction du travail esclave dans la société d'aujourd'hui, ainsi qu'á problématiser ses interfaces dans la production des inégualités sociales, qui ont émergé avec les nouveaux processus de modernisation dans de multiples dimensionis. Mosts-clés: Racisme; Hiérarchie. Surexploitation. Travail Esclave Contemporain.

María Elida Blanco

El artículo procura reconstruir las modalidades a través de las cuales algunos de los museos que funcionaban en Buenos Aires durante la primera mitad de la década de 1940 se relacionaban con su público: concretamente se tratará de precisar cuánta gente concurría a los museos de carácter histórico e indagar acerca de los motivos por los cuales lo hacía. El recorte espacio-temporal responde a la necesidad de efectuar un análisis comparativo sobre los modos de funcionamiento de cuatro museos históricos relativamente cercanos, entre los años 1938 y 1946, en momentos en los cuáles la recién instalada Comisión Nacional de Museos y de Monumentos y Lugares Históricos estuvo presidida por el historiador Ricardo Levene.

Diana María Gómez Sepúlveda

Este artículo presenta los alcances de una experiencia docente sobre la enseñanza de la historia y la memroia con estudiantes del grado quinto de básica primaria. En la primera parte, abordo el lugar de la experiencia, la cual movilizó el quehacer docente hacia nuevas búsquedas y diálogos entre saberes, sujetos y realidades. En la segunda parte, se analiza la enseñanza de la historia y la memoria. La primera aún cautiva de su herencia, a partir de la recordación de ciertos hechos y personajes, con recientes transformaciones en su didáctica y legislación escolar; por su parte, la enseñanza de la memoria, de ingreso más reciente en la escuela, asume la temporalidad a través de la palabra, el sentir y la corporeidad del otro, cuyas versiones pueden ser oiciales, polémicas u omitidas. En la última parte, se narra la  experiencia docente cuyo eje articulador fue el 9 de abril de 1948 y la toma y retoma al Palacio de Justicia, proponiendo desde la sistematización de experiencias, la memoria de las vivencias, para la construcción  de conocimientos compartidos a través de una lectura relexiva y sensible de lo acontecido.

Yomara Feitosa C. de Oliveira Fagionato

Morgana Herrera

Founded in Iquitos by the school teacher and writer Francisco Izquierdo Ríos, Trocha was the “monthly press organ of schoolteachers in Bajo Amazonas” between 1941 and 1944. This article postulates that the journal was also a laboratory for the establishment of a group of intellectuals in Peruvian Amazonia aiming to spread Amazonian culture as a means of integrating the national production.

Moisés Prieto

In 1818, the Swiss physicians Rengger and Longchamp travelled to Paraguay with the aim of studying its natural history. As a consequence of a failed murder attempt against Supreme Dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, they were forced to stay there until 1825. Their experiences gave birth to the Ensayo histórico sobre la revolución del Paraguay. Considering the peculiarity of dictatorial rule at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the increasing importance of sentiment, the present article attempts to analyse this essay in light of the history of emotions. Beyond the dichotomy reason/emotion, the expressed feelings (fear, mistrust, honour, nostalgia, etc.) and the emerging emotional regime may legitimise or discredit the dictator.

Caroline Williams

Yésica Alejandra Billán

The objective of this article is to looking for the relationship between the context of a city and the usual practices that teachers use to explain the recent History. For that, it presents the case study of an educational institution of secondary level (high school) of Buenos Aires province, next to the Campo de Mayo's Military Barrack, and the protagonism of the students that come with this cultural work produced to the community. First, the article considers the contributions of high school culture to frame the dissemination of recent history. Continuing, it provides the context in which is inserted the High School, and the looks that different actors bring about the institutional project named ‘30 years of democracy’. Finally, it outlines some reflections on everyday school practices and inventions that, taking into consideration the institutional commitment, faculty, students and the community, can generate new cultural products returning to the community.

Nicolás Iannini

Isabel Avendaño Flores

Este documento de corte teórico enlaza a la geografía con la cultura. El objetivo es vincular ideas expresadas por distintos autores y de disciplinas variadas sobre el sentimiento de pertenencia y las identificaciones. Al lado de los vínculos de dominio y las formas de apropiación territorial son temas que han repuntado recientemente, a propósito de las relaciones glocales y el supuesto desdibujamiento del territorio. Estas páginas inician con una exploración sobre la manera en que las personas ordenamos el mundo desde un centro –ego/geo/etnocentrismo- que da pie al surgimiento del sentido de lugar. Luego, se analiza la topofilia y la topofobia, el adentro y el afuera y, las pertenencias y las identificaciones territoriales. Se menciona al Estado nación como una entidadmatripatriótica que suscita sentimientos de fraternidad mítica. Ello se encadena con el patriotismo, el nacionalismo y el sentido de comunidad. En la existencia de un traslape de escalas, finalmente, se sugiere cómo nos encaminamos de una escala del yo a una de la Humanidad y en donde, en vez de la fragmentación nos enrumbamos a la integración pero con planos y escalas superpuestas.