Hasil untuk "German literature"

E. Auerbach, E. Said, Willard R. Trask

C. Diederichs, K. Berger, D. Bartels

Oscar Stolper, A. Walter

P. Frijters, T. Beatton

K. Rapp, G. Büchele, K. Dreinhöfer et al.

BackgroundHip fractures are regarded as a worldwide epidemic and a major public health concern. Changing risk factors, local differences and temporal trends contribute to the particular epidemiology of hip fractures. This overview gives a comprehensive insight into the epidemiology of hip fractures and reviews where German data have contributed to the literature.MethodsThe review of the epidemiology of hip fractures in Germany is based on a systematic literature search in PubMed. Information about the global epidemiology of hip fractures was provided by a selective literature review focusing on specific aspects of the epidemiology of hip fractures.ResultsHip fracture rates vary more than 100-fold between different countries. In most high-income countries, a rise in age-standardized hip fracture rates was observed until the 1980s and 1990s and a decrease thereafter. Such a decrease has not been observed for Germany so far. Many factors, diseases and drugs have been found to be associated with hip fractures and there is some evidence that fracture risk in later life is already programmed during fetal life and early childhood. Of the hip fracture burden 50% occur in people with disability and in need of care. In nursing homes approximately 4 fractures can be expected in 100 women per year. In people with intellectual or developmental disabilities comparable risks of hip fracture occur 10–40 years earlier than in the general population. Incidence of disability, institutionalization and death are frequent consequences of hip fractures.ConclusionThe epidemiology of hip fractures is characterized by a high burden of disease, local differences, temporal trends, well-defined high-risk populations and many established risk factors.ZusammenfassungHintergrundHüftfrakturen werden weltweit als eines der großen Gesundheitsprobleme angesehen. Diese Übersicht vermittelt einen umfassenden Einblick in die Hüftfrakturepidemiologie und zeigt, wo deutsche Daten neue Erkenntnisse hinzugefügt haben.MethodeDas Review zur deutschen Hüftfrakturepidemiologie basiert auf einer systematischen Literatursuche in PubMed. Informationen zu spezifischen Teilaspekten der globalen Hüftfrakturepidemiologie beruhen auf einer selektiven Literatursuche.ErgebnisseHüftfrakturraten unterscheiden sich um mehr als das 100-fache zwischen verschiedenen Ländern. In den meisten westlichen Industriestaaten wurde ein Anstieg der altersstandardisierten Raten bis in die 80er- und 90er-Jahre und ein Rückgang in den Folgejahren beobachtet. In Deutschland wurde bisher kein Rückgang der Hüftfrakturrate beobachtet. Hüftfrakturen treten in 50 % der Fälle bei Personen mit Pflegebedürftigkeit auf. In Pflegeheimen muss jährlich mit 4 Hüftfrakturen pro 100 Bewohnern gerechnet werden. Bei Personen mit geistiger Behinderung treten Hüftfrakturen 10 bis 40 Jahre früher auf als in der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Pflegebedürftigkeit, Institutionalisierung und Tod sind häufige Folgen von Hüftfrakturen.SchlussfolgerungDie Hüftfrakturepidemiologie ist durch eine hohe Krankheitslast, geographische Unterschiede, zeitliche Veränderungen, Hochrisikopopulationen und eine Reihe etablierter Risikofaktoren charakterisiert.

H. Kondziella, T. Bruckner

Özgür Yıldız, Jens Rommel, Sarah Debor et al.

M. Knetter

Georg Schuppener

The review praises the anthology published by the Michel Bréal Society, which aims to draw more attention to the undeservedly forgotten German-French linguist Michel Bréal (1832–1915). Bréal made groundbreaking contributions to modern linguistics, acted as a mediator between Germany and France, and is considered the inventor of the Olympic marathon. The publication contains eight articles that shed light on various facets of Bréal’s work, which went far beyond linguistics and focused, among other things, on educational reform in France. Some articles deal with Bréal’s biography, his German-French background, his studies in Paris and Berlin, and his painful experiences due to tensions in Franco-German relations. Although he held a chair at the Collège de France for decades and worked to promote Franco-German scientific exchange, Bréal fell into obscurity, partly because of his unpopular efforts to promote understanding, and died in 1915 largely unnoticed. The central theme of the text is Bréal’s most important work, the „Essai de sémantique“ from 1897. Because of this work, Bréal is considered an important early representative of synchronic linguistics. His efforts to promote peace, his educational legacy in the French education system, and the historical significance of his idea of the marathon are also discussed in detail. The individual contributions paint a vivid picture of an outstanding scientist whose commitment against a backdrop of nationalist tensions highlights the limitations of the individual and whose subject matter is still relevant today.

Michael J. Deml, Clément Meier, Léïla Eisner et al.

Abstract Context Despite being a high-income country with universal health insurance coverage, disparities persist for LGBTIQ + people’s mental health, substance use, sexual health, and physical health in Switzerland. Less research attention and public health efforts have focused on their palliative and end-of-life care (PEOLC) needs. This scoping review’s objective is to explore, describe, and map the evidence related to PEOLC contexts for LGBTIQ + people in Switzerland. Methods We conducted a scoping review in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews and adhered to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Inclusion criteria were defined using the Population-Concept-Context framework. We systematically searched peer-reviewed and grey literature published in English, German, French, and Italian in databases including APA PsychInfo, CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, Google Scholar, Medline Ovid ALL, ProQuest, Web of Science, and various Swiss institutional repositories. Screening and data extraction were facilitated using Covidence, with titles and abstracts independently reviewed by at least two authors. Extracted data were organized to identify themes regarding patients’ (anticipated) PEOLC needs, social support networks, healthcare professional (HCP) competencies, and existing initiatives or policies in Switzerland. Results Our search yielded 454 potential references, from which 35 were included after screening and eligibility assessments. The majority (n = 32, 91.4%) were grey literature sources, reflecting limited peer-reviewed empirical research. Nine references presented empirically collected data directly related to LGBTIQ + populations and their social support or HCP experiences in ageing, palliative, or end-of-life contexts. Findings highlighted significant health disparities, elevated chronic disease prevalence, and persistent fears of discrimination among ageing LGBTIQ + people, negatively impacting healthcare access and engagement. Social networks primarily composed of chosen families underscored vulnerabilities related to informal caregiving and decision-making in PEOLC contexts. HCPs were generally reported as lacking sufficient competencies and preparedness for providing culturally sensitive and inclusive care. Initiatives designed to promote awareness-building and inclusion remain fragmented, underscoring the need for coordinated efforts to address gaps in care provision for LGBTIQ + people in Switzerland. Conclusions A stronger empirical basis is needed to effectively respond to PEOLC needs for LGBTIQ + people in Switzerland. Collaborative research efforts will lay the groundwork to build trust and capacity between people, communities, and healthcare professionals.

Özge Sinem İmrağ

Sprache besitzt eine komplexe Struktur im Prozess der Bedeutungsproduktion und -vermittlung. Die Negation stellt eine wichtige Dimension dieser Struktur dar. Sie tritt in verschiedenen syntaktischen Formen in unterschiedlichen Sprachen auf und kann die Bedeutung eines Satzes völlig verändern. Daher ist die systematische Modellierung von Negation ein notwendiger Schritt, um die Genauigkeit von Sprachverarbeitungssystemen zu erhöhen und die Prozesse des natürlichen Sprachverständnisses zu verbessern. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, negative Aussagen im Deutschen hinsichtlich ihrer Tiefen- und Oberflächenstruktur zu untersuchen und mithilfe eines Binärsystems Algorithmen zu entwickeln, die zur Modellierung möglicher negativer Aussagen im Deutschen verwendet werden können. Mit diesem Ziel wurde zunächst die Negation in verschiedene Subtypen unterteilt und anhand Beispielaussagen mithilfe von Baumdiagrammen und dem Ansatz der generativen Transformationsgrammatik dargestellt. Danach wurde Wörtern, die eine Negation ausdrücken, den Wert 0, allen anderen Wörtern den Wert 1 zugewiesen. Anschließend wurden die für die Modellierung der Negation benötigten Algorithmen mithilfe geeigneter logischer Operatoren festgestellt. Die Analyse ergab, dass Algorithmen möglich sind, die bei expliziter, doppelter und partieller Negation mit dem Konjunktion-Operator in dem Wert 0, bei impliziter Negation mit dem Konjunktion-Operator in dem Wert 1, und bei Pseudonegation mit dem Disjunktion-Operator in dem Wert 1 resultiert. Es wird angenommen, dass durch die Verwendung der in der Studie dargestellten Algorithmen präzisere Ergebnisse in Bereichen wie der natürlichen Sprachverarbeitung und der maschinellen Übersetzung erzielt werden können.

Jan Fillies, Michael Peter Hoffmann, Rebecca Reichel et al.

A lack of demographic context in existing toxic speech datasets limits our understanding of how different age groups communicate online. In collaboration with funk, a German public service content network, this research introduces the first large-scale German dataset annotated for toxicity and enriched with platform-provided age estimates. The dataset includes 3,024 human-annotated and 30,024 LLM-annotated anonymized comments from Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube. To ensure relevance, comments were consolidated using predefined toxic keywords, resulting in 16.7\% labeled as problematic. The annotation pipeline combined human expertise with state-of-the-art language models, identifying key categories such as insults, disinformation, and criticism of broadcasting fees. The dataset reveals age-based differences in toxic speech patterns, with younger users favoring expressive language and older users more often engaging in disinformation and devaluation. This resource provides new opportunities for studying linguistic variation across demographics and supports the development of more equitable and age-aware content moderation systems.

Aaron Scott, Maike Züfle, Jan Niehues

Sarcasm is a complex form of figurative language in which the intended meaning contradicts the literal one. Its prevalence in social media and popular culture poses persistent challenges for natural language understanding, sentiment analysis, and content moderation. With the emergence of multimodal large language models, sarcasm detection extends beyond text and requires integrating cues from audio and vision. We present MuSaG, the first German multimodal sarcasm detection dataset, consisting of 33 minutes of manually selected and human-annotated statements from German television shows. Each instance provides aligned text, audio, and video modalities, annotated separately by humans, enabling evaluation in unimodal and multimodal settings. We benchmark nine open-source and commercial models, spanning text, audio, vision, and multimodal architectures, and compare their performance to human annotations. Our results show that while humans rely heavily on audio in conversational settings, models perform best on text. This highlights a gap in current multimodal models and motivates the use of MuSaG for developing models better suited to realistic scenarios. We release MuSaG publicly to support future research on multimodal sarcasm detection and human-model alignment.

G. D. Giebel, C. Abels, K. Börchers et al.

IntroductionSince 2019 people who have insured in the German statutory health insurance are entitled to use certified apps called the Digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen [Digital Health Applications (DiGAs)]. The prerequisite for this is that an app certified as DiGA and suitable for their diagnosis exists. The DiGA can then either be prescribed by a physician or psychotherapist or requested by the patient from the statutory health insurance fund. Given the novelty of this type of healthcare, the implementation of a DiGA should be closely monitored to identify potential weaknesses and achieve quality improvements. To enable an analysis of the supply of DiGAs step-by-step, we aimed to create the DiGA-Care Path.MethodsWe conducted three steps to create the DiGA-Care Path. First, a knowledge base was created based on a structured literature research matched with knowledge gathered from the superordinate research project “QuaSiApps” funded by the German Federal Joint Committee. Second, we aimed to create an “ideal-typical” DiGA-Care Path using a flowchart. Third, based on the first path, a final path was developed using the graphical modeling language “Event-Driven Process Chain.”ResultsThe DiGA-Care Path was developed to depict the supply of DiGAs in Germany. The final path is constituted by a “main path” as well as a corresponding “sub-path”. While the “main path” focuses more on the supply environment in which a DiGA is used, the “sub-path” depicts the supply delivered by the DiGA itself. Besides the process itself, the paths include relevant actors to indicate responsibilities for individual process steps.DiscussionThe DiGA-Care Path helps to analyze the current supply of DiGAs step-by-step. Thereby, each step can be investigated in detail to identify problems and to detect further steps where quality improvements can be enabled. Depending on the perspective, focused either on the supply environment, or the supply delivered by the DiGA itself, the “main path” or the “sub-path” can be used, respectively. Besides the potential of the DiGA-Care Path to improve the current supply of DiGAs, it can help as an orientation for international policymakers or further stakeholders either to develop their own integration of apps into healthcare systems or for international manufacturers to consider entering the German market.

Markus K. Brunnermeier, Sergio Correia, Stephan Luck et al.

This paper studies how a large increase in the price level is transmitted to the real economy through firm balance sheets. Using newly digitized macro- and micro-level data from the German inflation of 1919-1923, we show that inflation led to a large reduction in real debt burdens and bankruptcies. Firms with higher nominal liabilities at the onset of inflation experienced a larger decline in interest expenses, a relative increase in their equity values, and higher employment during the inflation. The results are consistent with real effects of a debt-inflation channel that operates even when prices and wages are flexible.

Mario Bossler, Ying Liang, Thorsten Schank

In 2015, Germany introduced a national minimum wage. While the literature agrees on at most limited negative effects on the overall employment level, we go into detail and analyze the impact on the working hours dimension and on the subset of minijobs. Using data from the German Structure of Earnings Survey in 2010, 2014, and 2018, we find empirical evidence that the minimum wage significantly reduces inequality in hourly and monthly wages. While various theoretical mechanisms suggest a reduction in working hours, these remain unchanged on average. However, minijobbers experience a notable reduction in working hours which can be linked to the specific institutional framework. Regarding employment, the results show no effects for regular jobs, but there is a noteworthy decline in minijobs, driven by transitions to regular employment and non-employment. The transitions in non-employment imply a wage elasticity of employment of -0.1 for minijobs. Our findings highlight that the institutional setting leads to heterogeneous effects of the minimum wage.

Albrecht Classen

The topic of court criticism coupled with severe warnings about the dangers of a royal dictator or tyrant was well represented in medieval and early modern literature. Despite our common assumptions about the harmony and idyllic nature of King Arthur’s court and the knights of the Round Table, a closer analysis quickly reveals the horrendous problems vexing medieval society (and our own, perhaps). However, medieval poets were careful not to take off their masks when they depicted evil rulers because they normally depended on their patrons. Nevertheless, the criticism of the evil ruler, and then especially of the criminally minded royal councilor (such as in the much later case of Iago in Shakespeare’s Othello) finds vivid expression in more medieval texts than we might have assumed. After a survey of dramatic cases from pre-modern literature as a basis for the subsequent analysis, this article focuses on the Middle High German version of the Old French Roman de Renart by Heinrich der Glîchezâre (late twelfth century) where the protagonist, the fox Reinhart, operates with astounding intellectual acumen and sophistication to deceive, betray, hurt, and even get his opponents killed without any bad conscience.

Aseel Hussien, Ahmed Abdeen Saleem, Emad Mushtaha et al.

This study aims to examine the literature related to environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for buildings and buildings' refurbishment from 1994 to 2022 by implementing a statistical analysis based on 'Web of Science' databases. LCA is viewed as a consolidated process that measures the environmental performance of buildings and their services, aiming to address the potential environmental impacts over the life cycle of buildings. A total of 1336 retrieved journal publications for LCA for buildings and 169 journal publications for LCA in building refurbishment. The articles' patterns were investigated in terms of subject categories, journals, countries, and the most highly cited articles. The findings reveal that LCA publications for buildings and building refurbishment have increased over the period 1994–2022, with China being the leading country contributing to the largest number of articles and possessing the most significant influence, followed by the USA for LCA in buildings. While Portugal is the leading country, followed by Italy, for LCA Buildings' Refurbishments. 97.08% of the publications were written in English, 2.04% in German, and 0.68% in Spanish. French and Japanese were the remaining languages, each with one publication, accounting for 0.2% of the 1336 building LCA publications. In contrast to refurbishment, LCA publications were written in only two languages, English (98.7%) and German (1.3%). Results show that the subject area differs depending on the type of LCA publication, with building LCA focusing on construction engineering while refurbishment focused on environmental topics. According to the IF, the most influential journal was renewable & sustainable energy for buildings and refurbishment LCA. However, journal distribution within LCA is still limited, and assessment methods and theme analysis still need to catch up with a clear gap in LCA in environmental impact mitigation and analysis methodologies, which will be a prominent direction of future building LCA research.

Tobias Bornheim, Niklas Grieger, Patrick Gustav Blaneck et al.

The growing body of political texts opens up new opportunities for rich insights into political dynamics and ideologies but also increases the workload for manual analysis. Automated speaker attribution, which detects who said what to whom in a speech event and is closely related to semantic role labeling, is an important processing step for computational text analysis. We study the potential of the large language model family Llama 2 to automate speaker attribution in German parliamentary debates from 2017-2021. We fine-tune Llama 2 with QLoRA, an efficient training strategy, and observe our approach to achieve competitive performance in the GermEval 2023 Shared Task On Speaker Attribution in German News Articles and Parliamentary Debates. Our results shed light on the capabilities of large language models in automating speaker attribution, revealing a promising avenue for computational analysis of political discourse and the development of semantic role labeling systems.

Jeanine Treffers-Daller and, Ozlem Çetinoğlu

In this paper we describe the process of collection, transcription, and annotation of recordings of spontaneous speech samples from Turkish-German bilinguals, and the compilation of a corpus called TuGeBiC. Participants in the study were adult Turkish-German bilinguals living in Germany or Turkey at the time of recording in the first half of the 1990s. The data were manually tokenised and normalised, and all proper names (names of participants and places mentioned in the conversations) were replaced with pseudonyms. Token-level automatic language identification was performed, which made it possible to establish the proportions of words from each language. The corpus is roughly balanced between both languages. We also present quantitative information about the number of code-switches, and give examples of different types of code-switching found in the data. The resulting corpus has been made freely available to the research community.