Hasil untuk "Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade"

Tanveer Ahmad, Dongdong Zhang, Chao Huang et al.

Abstract The energy industry is at a crossroads. Digital technological developments have the potential to change our energy supply, trade, and consumption dramatically. The new digitalization model is powered by the artificial intelligence (AI) technology. The integration of energy supply, demand, and renewable sources into the power grid will be controlled autonomously by smart software that optimizes decision-making and operations. AI will play an integral role in achieving this goal. This study focuses on the use of AI techniques in the energy sector. This study aims to present a realistic baseline that allows researchers and readers to compare their AI efforts, ambitions, new state-of-the-art applications, challenges, and global roles in policymaking. We covered three major aspects, including: i) the use of AI in solar and hydrogen power generation; (ii) the use of AI in supply and demand management control; and (iii) recent advances in AI technology. This study explored how AI techniques outperform traditional models in controllability, big data handling, cyberattack prevention, smart grid, IoT, robotics, energy efficiency optimization, predictive maintenance control, and computational efficiency. Big data, the development of a machine learning model, and AI will play an important role in the future energy market. Our study’s findings show that AI is becoming a key enabler of a complex, new and data-related energy industry, providing a key magic tool to increase operational performance and efficiency in an increasingly cut-throat environment. As a result, the energy industry, utilities, power system operators, and independent power producers may need to focus more on AI technologies if they want meaningful results to remain competitive. New competitors, new business strategies, and a more active approach to customers would require informed and flexible regulatory engagement with the associated complexities of customer safety, privacy, and information security. Given the pace of development in information technology, AI and data analysis, regulatory approvals for new services and products in the new Era of digital energy markets can be enforced as quickly and efficiently as possible.

K. Hainsch, Konstantin Löffler, Thorsten Burandt et al.

Abstract The European Green Deal has been heralded as the“Europe's man on the moon moment” as it aims to achieve 100% GHG reductions by 2050. Achieving the decarbonization of the energy system will be driven by a combination of factors and synergies between technological development, policy exertion and societal attitudes. In this paper, we present an original set of future storylines until the year 2050 to inspire modelers, policy makers, industry actors, and the public to understand: Without technological developments in the next decades, to what extent can we rely on societal commitment or stronger cooperation within the EU to achieve climate targets? What technological innovations could become a cornerstone of an effective European energy transition? Through analyzing four pathways (shaped by the crossroads of policy-technology-society developments), results indicate that high electrification rates are imminent to achieve a rapid decarbonization. This implies that technology development and deployment must go hand-in-hand with strong policy enforcement in the short-term to speed-up the energy transition. Then, based on a review of European energy transition scenarios, these and other insights are compared vis-a-vis with other scenarios studies to identify similarities of pathway results and to elaborate on consolidated findings relevant to the EU Green Deal.

Ning Yan, Guangchao Ma, Xiangjun Li et al.

Xin Meng, Yanni Yu

Anita Singh

N. Diepstraten, L.M.T. Somers, J.A. van Oijen

The hydrogen-fueled direct-injection (DI) compression-ignition (CI) argon power cycle (APC) is a highly efficient and emission-free energy conversion system that relies on the low specific heat capacity of the working fluid argon. Compared to conventional internal combustion engines, the DI CI APC allows to easily adjust the oxygen level of the charge. Besides, the engine operating pressure can be increased at virtually no cost assuming the mechanics of the engine are suitable. In this study, we systematically investigate how to take advantage of these two benefits by varying the intake pressure and oxygen mole fraction using a validated Reynolds-averaged numerical simulation environment. It is found that the optimal amount of oxygen is a trade-off between burn duration and specific heat ratio of the charge. Provided that the oxygen mole fraction is high enough to achieve complete combustion, the sensitivity of thermal efficiency to oxygen mole fraction is relatively low. Increasing the intake pressure for a fixed oxygen level leads to shorter burn durations and less heat loss, thereby significantly increasing thermal efficiency. Flame–wall interaction is a dominant factor that negatively impacts the engine performance, and should therefore be minimized. The highest obtained thermal efficiency is 70%, which is comparable to but mostly higher than efficiencies of state-of-the-art hydrogen fuel cells. The DI CI APC has therefore potential to overcome challenges of conventional engines, without penalizing its strengths.

Zhuo Chen, Florian vom Lehn, Heinz Pitsch et al.

The ever-increasing importance of both energy security and sustainability motivates the design of carbon-neutral petroleum replacements from renewable resources. Fuel candidates are conventionally selected from existing databases with limited scope. This work presents a novel artificial intelligence-based fuel design approach, which identifies molecules tailor-made for a particular application by screening millions of candidates. The approach is demonstrated by the design of fuel blending components for spark-ignition engines. A virtual pool consisting of 26.2 million fuel molecules is first developed by considering all possible combinations of predefined structural groups. The practical application potential of these molecules is evaluated based on the joint consideration of various properties estimated by artificial neural network-based quantitative structure–property relationship models. A two-stage design process is performed. In particular, a number of species with novel and complex structures are identified. These are expected to allow for high efficiency and low emissions simultaneously, but have not attracted previous investigation in the literature yet.

Lorenzo Cotrozzi, Anna Driutti, Fedor Ignatov et al.

PrecisionSM is an annotated database that compiles the available data on low-energy cross sections of electron-positron collisions into hadronic channels. This database organizes and collects data samples from $e^+e^-$ experiments, which are used as input for the data-driven theoretical evaluation of the muon anomalous magnetic moment, $a_μ$, serving as a precise test of the Standard Model when compared to the experimental measurements of $a_μ$. The database is accessible through a custom website (https://precision-sm.github.io) which contains details about the data samples, such as the treatment of radiative corrections, as well as links to papers on INSPIRE-HEP and to tables on HEPData. The PrecisionSM database was developed within a Joint Research Initiative in the group application of the European hadron physics community, STRONG2020, and is now incorporated into the RadioMonteCarLow2 Working Group (RMCL2 WG) activities, which have the more general goal of improving the theoretical description of scattering processes at $e^+e^-$ colliders. The results of Phase I of the new RMCL2 WG have been published in Aliberti et al, arXiv:hep-ph/2410.22882. In this proceeding, we will report on the status of the PrecisionSM database, which currently contains a list of the dominant $2π$ channel as well as $3π$ and $π^0γ$, and on the ongoing work for the other channels and for responsive plots.

J. V. Schijndel, Rutger de Mare, Nort Thijssen et al.

In 2022 the Dutch Energy System used some 2700 PJ of energy. Some 86% of its input was natural gas, crude oil and coal. The other 14% were renewables. A network of power-generation units, refineries and petrochemical complexes converted fossil resources into heat (700 PJ), power (400 PJ), transportation fuels (500 PJ) and chemicals (400 PJ). Some 700 PJ were lost due to conversion and transport. CO2 emissions were 160 Mt in 2022 of which 65 Mt by industry and 30 Mt by mobility. Transformation of this system into a Net Zero CO2 system calls for replacement of fossil resources by renewable heat, power and carbon. Decarbonisation of heat & power for residential and mobility is well underway at the moment. However, decarbonisation of industry and recarbonisation of shipping & aviation fuels, as well as recarbonisation of feeds for chemicals, is hampering progress. This paper concludes that current policies, predominantly based on trading CO2 emission certificates (ETS) is insufficient for industry to justify investment decisions. A carbon tax of 100 �/t CO2 on top of ETS prices (currently some 70 �/t CO2) is still insufficient for viable business cases. This paper shows that a combination of mandated production volumes for renewable fuels supported by opex subsidies, investors� willingness to accept lower costs of capital, off-takers� willingness to pay higher prices for green products and producers� willingness to accept lower returns on their investment, may drive industry towards viable business cases. Financial support comes from government through their return of extra CO2 tax income and income from sales of ETS certificates to producers, off-takers and investors (risk mitigation assurances). This paper shows how QuoMare�s TDES (Transformation of the Dutch Energy System) is deployed to outline a policy framework that provides robust incentives to industry to invest in decarbonisation and recarbonisation projects.

G. Krishna, K. V. S. M. Babu, Divyanshi Dwivedi et al.

The rapid increase in Electric Vehicle (EV) adoption provides a promising solution for reducing carbon emissions and fossil fuel dependency in transportation systems. However, the increasing numbers of EVs pose significant challenges to the electrical grids. In addition, the number of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and Microgrids (MGs) is increasing on a global scale to meet the energy demand, consequently changing the energy infrastructure. Recently, energy-sharing methods have been proposed to share excess energy from DERs and EVs in Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure (EVCI) and MGs. Accommodating this sharing mechanism with the existing electrical distribution systems is a critical issue concerning the economic, reliability, and resilience aspects. This study examines the ever-changing field of EVCI and the critical role of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading in mitigating the problems with grid management that result from unorganized EV charging and intermittency in DER. Also, the possibility of energy sharing in electrical distribution systems for microgrids and EVCI on various energy-sharing methods and algorithms are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the application of market clearing algorithms like game theory, double auction theory, blockchain technology, optimization techniques, machine learning algorithms, and other models from the existing literature are presented. This paper discusses the policies, economic benefits, environmental impacts, societal advantages, and challenges in distribution systems related to sharing in EVCI and MGs. A roadmap for future research and sharing strategies is provided to guide policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders toward a sustainable, resilient, and efficient energy market by integrating P2P technology into EVCIs and MGs.

Stepp Mayes, McKenna Peplinski, Kelly T Sanders

Electrifying the residential sector is critical for national climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, but increases in electricity demand could drive-up emissions from the power sector. However, the emissions associated with electricity consumption can vary depending on the timing of the demand, especially on grids with high penetrations of variable renewable energy. In this study, we analyze smart meter data from 2019 for over 100 000 homes in Southern California and use hourly average emissions factors from the California Independent System Operator, a high-solar grid, to analyze household CO _2 emissions across spatial, temporal, and demographic variables. We calculate two metrics, the annual household electricity-associated emissions (annual-HEE), and the household average emissions factor (HAEF). These metrics help to identify appropriate strategies to reduce electricity-associated emissions (i.e. reducing demand vs leveraging demand-side flexibility) which requires consideration of the magnitude and timing of demand. We also isolate the portion of emissions caused by AC, a flexible load, to illustrate how a load with significant variation between customers results in a large range of emissions outcomes. We then evaluate the distribution of annual-HEE and HAEF across households and census tracts and use a multi-variable regression analysis to identify the characteristics of users and patterns of consumption that cause disproportionate annual-HEE. We find that in 2019 the top 20% of households, ranked by annual-HEE, were responsible for more emissions than the bottom 60%. We also find the most emissions-intense households have an HAEF that is 1.7 times higher than the least emissions-intense households, and that this spread increases for the AC load. In this analysis, we focus on Southern California, a demographically and climatically diverse region, but as smart meter records become more accessible, the methods and frameworks can be applied to other regions and grids to better understand the emissions associated with residential electricity consumption.

Uri Zamir, Joshua H. Baraban, Peter Fjodorow et al.

Meeting the demands of sustainable energy economy requires diagnostics of the chemical processes surrounding future fuels and contemporary combustion applications. Pioneered in 1970, Intracavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (ICAS) has evolved to be a powerful instrument in the toolbox of combustion diagnostics. It owes its ultra-high sensitivity to the enhancement of the effective absorption pathlength by placing the absorber inside the cavity of a broadband laser. In this review we introduce the complementary strengths of ICAS to other methods: ultra-high sensitivity to narrowband absorption alongside the immunity to broadband losses, multiplexed detection and (µs-scale)-temporal resolution. We outline the basic concepts and features of ICAS, focusing on the laser dynamics regime where an absorbing sample in the laser resonator yields the well-known Lambert-Beer law. We chart the progress made over the years in visible (dye-jet laser) and near infrared (fiber laser) ICAS speciation in flames, by highlighting case studies where species like long considered ''hard-to detect'' 1CH2 and HCO radicals, along with O-atoms, C2, NH2, HNO, CN, and HCN were measured, as well as thermometry and speciation applications demonstrated in shock tubes, flow-cells and flames based on (stationary or time-resolved) measurements of multicomponent spectral matrices containing lines of CH4, C2H2, CO2, CO, OH and H2O. We highlight the contributions of ICAS in gas-phase nanomaterial synthesis, exemplified in prototypical iron-doped flames and discuss prospective applications in spray-flame pyrolysis and metal-powder combustion. Finally, we present advances in the development of lasing media based on Cr2+ and Fe2+-doped chalcogenide crystals and fluoride crystals doped with trivalent lanthanides, that meet the (ICAS-specific) requirement associated with the necessity to have a gain media lasing directly in the desired wavelength range, and therefore to expand this technique into the important mid-infrared and ultraviolet spectral ranges.

Matthias Weitzel, Toon Vandyck, Rafael Garaffa et al.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has led to strong economic repercussions globally. In particular, turbulences on international energy markets and reduced flows of natural gas from Russia to the EU led to a sharp increase of natural gas prices. In this paper, we investigate the effect of higher gas prices on the European economy using the computable general equilibrium model JRC-GEM-E3. Numerical simulations quantify direct and indirect (via spillovers to electricity prices) implications for macro-economic outcomes, sectoral trade and employment, and distributional impacts across household income deciles. Results indicate that the (indirect) macro-economic impacts from electricity price changes induced by higher gas prices are larger than the (direct) impact of the gas price increase. Spatial heterogeneity in gas price impacts across regions globally leads to trade and competitiveness impacts, but has little influence on aggregate GDP impacts. The energy price shock is regressive, and results indicate strong employment impacts in particular sectors. Finally, the scenarios indicate that the macro-economic impact of the same energy price shock would be reduced by more than two thirds, if it were to occur in an economy that has decarbonised to achieve the EU’s 2030 climate targets. This illustrates that decarbonising the economy enhances the resilience to fossil fuel price increases.

Ahmed Mohammed, Ahmed Shmroukh, Nouby Ghazaly et al.

In the present study, a modified pyramid-solar-still (MPSS) with new multiple stepped basin areas was investigated in the weather conditions of Qena, Egypt, at a location of (Latitude: 26.16°, Longitude: 32.71°). Boosting the output of the pyramid solar still is the primary focus of the proposed strategy. To achieve this, four basins were built and integrated into the pyramid solar still, with their size increasing in proportion to the surface area of the condensing glass. A 25% increase in basin area per square meter of solar still was achieved compared to conventional pyramid solar still (CPSS) with the same condensing cover area. The thermal performance and productivity of the suggested solar still were demonstrated by developing energy balance equations for temperature components and then analytically computing their solutions. The results showed compatibility between theoretical and experimental results. The highest yields for CPSS were 2524 mL/m2, and for MPSS, they were 3415 mL/m2. The stepped area enhanced the yield by 35.3% compared with CPSS. Moreover, the efficiency of CPSS and MPSS was recorded as 23.5% and 31.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum yield of freshwater was obtained for the northern condensing cover, with the recorded value reaching 1174 mL/m2. Distilled water under the proposed system would cost $0.0179 per liter. Finally, the TDS and pH levels are in accordance with WHO recommendations for the quality of drinking water.

Francesco Giovanni Celiberto

We review the semi-inclusive hadroproduction of a neutral hidden-flavor tetraquark with light and heavy quark flavor at the HL-LHC, accompanied by another heavy hadron or a light-flavored jet. We make use of the novel TQHL1.0 determinations of leading-twist fragmentation functions to describe the formation mechanism of a tetraquark state within the next-to-leading order perturbative QCD. This framework builds on the basis of a spin-physics inspired model, taken as a proxy for the lowest-scale input of the constituent heavy-quark fragmentation channel. Then, all parton-to-tetraquark fragmentation functions are consistently obtained via the above-threshold DGLAP evolution in a variable-flavor number scheme. We provide predictions for a series of differential distributions calculated by the hands of the JETHAD method well-adapted to NLL/NLO+ hybrid-factorization studies, where the resummation of next-to-leading energy logarithms and beyond is included in the collinear picture. We provide corroborating evidence that high-energy observables sensitive to semi-inclusive tetraquark emissions at the HL-LHC exhibit a fair stability under radiative corrections as well as MHOU studies. Our analysis constitutes a prime contact point between QCD resummations and the exotic matter.

Qingchao Gao, Tuo Li, Chanjuan Liu et al.

Abstract Thanks to the high power/energy densities together with lower cost, potassium ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) have broad application prospects. Nevertheless, the significant volume changes during K+ intercalation/deintercalation together with the misfit between anode as well as cathode limit their further development. Herein, hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon (N-HPC) is fabricated and used as two electrodes materials for PIHCs. The three-dimensional hierarchical porous structure and large interlayer distance of N-HPC afford enough space to alleviate the volume expansion of potassium. Furthermore, the suitable N doping enables additional active sites towards K+ storage and improves electrical conductivity of electrodes. Hence, the constructed PIHCs assembled with dual N-HPC electrodes deliver a high energy density of 103.5 Wh kg‒1 at 1000.0 W kg‒1. Meanwhile, the PIHCs devices also display superior cycling stability, achieving a capacity retention rate of 70.2% after 10,000 cycles at 1.0 A g‒1. Graphical Abstract Hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon (N-HPC) is fabricated and used as two electrode materials for PIHCs. The three-dimensional porous structure of N-HPC, the larger inter-layer distance, and the synergy of N-doped introduction of more active sites make it have good magnification properties. At the same time, the assembled PIHCs cycle of 10000 laps has an excellent cycle retention rate.

Elvis Dze Achuo, Honore Oumbe Tekam, Nembo Leslie Ndam et al.

As regards the question whether natural resource affluence is a benediction or curse to sustainable development, the jury's verdict is still awaited. While we impatiently await the jury's verdict, this study provides empirical evidence that Mother Nature is responsible for Africa's predicaments with regard to economic development and environmental sustainability. Specifically, the system GMM estimates from 37 African economies reveal that: (i) natural resource affluence inhibits economic development, (ii) resource rents exacerbates carbon emissions thereby impeding environmental sustainability (iii) natural resource rents interacts with governance to produce negative synergy effects on economic growth and environmental pollution, (iv) resource rents interacts with ICT to produce respective positive net effects and negative synergy effects on economic growth and pollution emissions, (v) while non-renewable energy consumption inhibits economic growth and exacerbates pollution emissions, renewable energy consumption promotes environmental protection, (vi) we provide evidence of the U-shaped and inverted N-shaped EKC for natural resources, while also validating the inverted U-shaped EKC hypothesis relating to the nexus between per capita GDP and pollution emissions. Contingent on these findings, African countries can break the chains of the resource curse by designing sound and complementary policies upon attainment of the established thresholds by the policy modulating variables. Equally, various governments should strengthen governance quality and encourage digitalisation of the resource sector. Furthermore, African governments should propel the energy transition process by increasing investments in alternative clean energy sources in order to catalyse the attainment of the continent's Agenda 2063.

J. B. Formiga, João Duarte

The lack of a well-established solution for the gravitational energy problem might be one of the reasons why a clear road to quantum gravity does not exist. In this paper, the gravitational energy is studied in detail with the help of the teleparallel approach that is equivalent to general relativity. This approach is applied to the solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations known as $pp$-wave spacetimes. The quantization of the electromagnetic energy is assumed and it is shown that the proper area measured by an observer must satisfy an equation for consistency. The meaning of this equation is discussed and it is argued that the spacetime geometry should become discrete once all matter fields are quantized, including the constituents of the frame; it is shown that for a harmonic oscillation with wavelength $λ_0$, the area and the volume take the form $A=4(N+1/2)l_p^2/n$ and $V=2(N+1/2)l_p^2λ_0$, where $N$ is the number of photons, $l_p$ the Planck length, and $n$ is a natural number associated with the length along the $z$-axis of a box with cross-sectional area $A$. The localization of the gravitational energy problem is also discussed. The stress-energy tensors for the gravitational and electromagnetic fields are decomposed into energy density, pressures and heat flow. The resultant expressions are consistent with the properties of the fields, thus indicating that one can have a well-defined energy density for the gravitational field regardless of the principle of equivalence.

D. Hess, M. Renner

Abstract This study reviews conservative political party policy positions in six European countries with high greenhouse-gas emissions (France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, and the U.K.). Using party platform statements from recent election campaigns, the positions of moderate conservative parties are compared with those of far-right political parties to investigate similarities and differences on energy-transition policy. Three areas of policy are considered: climate-change mitigation, fossil-fuel development or sunsetting, and renewable energy and energy efficiency development. In the countries examined, moderate conservative parties generally remain committed to climate-mitigation policy and renewable energy and energy efficiency policy, but there are some roll-backs of support, and there is variation in their support for fossil-fuel development. Far-right parties tend to show evidence of rejection of climate science, opposition to decarbonization in general, support for natural gas hydraulic fracturing technologies, support for continued use of coal, and opposition to some types of policy favorable to renewable energy and energy efficiency. However, some far-right parties, notably in France and Spain, share several important positions with the center-right parties. The study cautions against assuming an automatic linkage between far-right parties and opposition to energy-transition policies and against assuming that far-right parties will oppose all types of energy-transition policies.

M. K. Anser, Zahid Yousaf, K. Zaman et al.

Abstract The study examined the role of energy demand, natural resources, and financial development indicators on carbon (CO2) emissions, emissions from fossil fuel (FFUEL) combustion, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the context of Saudi Arabia for the period of 1975–2018. The results show that electric power consumption increases CO2 emissions and GHG emissions while industry value added increases FFUEL combustion in a country. The study confirmed the U-shaped relationship between per capita income (GDPpc) and FFUEL combustion, whereas there is a monotonic increasing relationship between GDPpc and CO2 emissions in a given time period. There is a positive relationship between domestic credit to private sector (DCPS) and CO2 emissions & GHG emissions, which shows a negative impact on environmental degradation. The study verified the ‘pollution haven hypothesis’ in terms of increasing CO2 emissions and GHG emissions due to account of trade liberalization policies, while the ‘resource curse hypothesis’ is confirmed in relation of ores and metal (ORM) exports and FFUEL combustion. The following positive factors that will contribute in the Saudi vision 2030, i.e., oil rents, FDI inflows, energy prices, and trade openness will exert a positive variance shocks in terms of reduction in CO2 emissions, while electric power consumption, oil rents, and energy prices will substantially decreases FFUEL combustion over a time horizon. Finally, ORM exports, industrial value added, insurance and financial services, energy prices, trade openness, and merchandizing imports will decline GHG emissions over a next 10 years time period.