The ruling on Rechterlijk Pardon (judicial pardon) or passing sentence of guilt without imposing penal sanction is regulated in Article 54 paragraph (2) of Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning Criminal Code. On the other hand, various academic drafts of the Criminal Procedure Law, and draft of the Criminal Procedure Law dated March 21, 2023, did not contain a ruling on the same. Meanwhile, the draft of criminal procedure code dated February 17, 2025, March 3, 2025, March 15, 2025, and March 20, 2025 mentions this legal institution only in passing. The legal lacunae resulting from this disharmony consequently make it impossible the passing such a sentence in practice. Numerous legal academic writings on Judicial Pardon can be found written by Indonesian legal scholars, but none seems to focus on the legal history of this institution using primary legal sources and none of those articles refers to most recent draft criminal procedure code. Moreover, those articles still refer to the old criminal code and criminal procedure code draft. The method used in this research is legal normative, using statutory approach as well as comparative law. The main argument here is that the ruling about judicial pardon should be added into the draft of the criminal procedure code. With the intent to rectify the existing legal lacunae, this article discusses the above shortcomings and addresses the existing disharmony between criminal law and criminal procedural law and how to fill in the legal gaps. The author's main arguments are, taking in consideration the necessity to harmonize substantive and procedural law, first, that the legislature should synchronize-harmonize internally and externally the academic draft of the draft criminal procedure law and with the existing criminal code. Secondly, in the draft criminal procedure code should be added a ruling making the passing of judicial pardon a possibility. Third, to add a ruling obligating judge who pass such sentences to adequately support his/her decisions with arguments. Lastly, to add another ruling elaborating on for what crimes would judicial pardon be allowed and to what extent such sentences would be eligible to be challenged
This paper critically examines the evidence of Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) practice in Ontario, as documented in reports from the Ontario Chief Coroner’s MAID Death Review Committee (MDRC), of which the author is a member. Drawing on case narratives and anonymized discussions summarized in a recent MDRC report on dementia, and in earlier MDRC reports, the author highlights troubling components of current MAID practice, particularly focusing on MAID of persons with dementia. The paper documents at times minimalistic capacity evaluations, questionable informed consent procedures, and flexible interpretations of legal criteria such as “reasonably foreseeable natural death” and “advanced state of irreversible decline.” The analysis reveals how current practices may circumvent criminal law-based legislative safeguards, including through the use of Waivers of Final Consent that resemble advance requests for MAID, which are prohibited under the Criminal Code. The paper argues that guidance documents of the Canadian Association of MAID Assessors and Providers contribute to practices that appear in tension with the law. In conclusion, the paper calls for an overhaul of the system, including through stricter legislative criteria, independent review mechanisms, and enhanced professional oversight, which should reflect the irreversible and most serious outcome of the procedure.
Ana María Lozano Hurtado, Oleskyenio Enrique Flórez Rincón, Jaime Alberto Carmona Parra
et al.
El artículo tuvo como objetivo principal analizar la propensión al suicidio en jóvenes universitarios y su relación con las prácticas de inclusión y exclusión social. Para este fin, se realizó una revisión documental, metodológicamente promovida desde un análisis comparativo de 20 investigaciones científicas encontradas en bases de datos como Scopus, ScienceDirect y PubMed. A partir de ello, se configuran constructos literarios respecto a una relación e influencia entre las prácticas de inclusión, exclusión social y el suicidio en los jóvenes universitarios. Para finalizar, se concluyó que los aspectos sociales son de gran relevancia para el bienestar o malestar psicológico de los jóvenes y pueden actuar tanto como factores de riesgo como factores protectores frente a este fenómeno.
Inspired by ancient Rome, the Napoleonic senatus-consulte is a legal norm drafted by the conservative Senate under the aegis of Napoleon. This text embodies a norm that is both contra legem and contra constitutionem. The dissolution of the marriage between Napoleon and Josephine was contrary to the articles of the Civil Code concerning divorce by mutual consent. Joséphine's rights were violated. Moreover, the senatus-consulte violated article 14 of the Imperial Constitution of Floréal 28, Year XII, which provided for the establishment of a statute relating to the imperial family. The latter, dated March 30, 1806, prohibits divorce for all members of the imperial family, including the Emperor. Such violations were justified by necessity: the continuity of the Empire depended on the birth of an imperial prince. Joséphine would thus be responsible for the absence of a male heir, according to the Emperor and the Senate. The senatus-consulte, the Emperor's political weapon, crossed a new threshold with Napoleon's divorce. Whereas this senatorial norm had hitherto been used in the context of public law to further the Emperor's designs, it now came to regulate private law and provoke Empress Josephine's vulnerability.
Introduction: the article considers norms of the conventions for the pacific
settlement of international disputes adopted on May 6 (18), 1899 and October 5
(18), 1907 in The Hague on the initiative of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II. Attention
is drawn to the proposal to establish procedures for the work of international
commissions of inquiry in relation to various situations of an interstate nature. It
was assumed that they would resolve disputes between states that did not concern
honor or essential interests, but only related to differences in the assessment of
factual circumstances. The initiators of the proposals, members of the Russian
delegation, believed that raising the issue was timely, relevant and would be
significant in resolving individual interstate conflicts. Purpose: by studying archival
documents, conventions of 1899 and 1907 for the pacific settlement of international
disputes, works of researchers of that period, to bring to the legal community
the information about origins of the issues of disarmament, rules of warfare, and
peaceful settlement of international disputes with a view to their possible use in
making individual decisions in the modern period. Methods: content analysis,
analysis, comparison, comparative historical, formalization, comparative legal,
structural and functional, with a focus on a systematic approach. The results of the
study of historical documents, the analysis of individual facts related to the work
of international commissions of inquiry for the pacific settlement of international
disputes, and the application of the analogy method to modern conditions are also
of applied importance. The article reveals legal grounds for concluding agreements
between the disputing parties, the timing of the creation of commissions,
procedures for their activities – place of residence, conditions of relocation,
language of communication, powers of the chairman, members, commissioners,
the specifics of preparing final documents, and their role.
Perkawinan merupakan ikatan lahir bathin antara pria dan wanita untuk membentuk suatu rumah tangga yang bahagia dan kekal berlandaskan kepada Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa. Perkawinan merupakan suatu perbuatan hukum yang menimbulkan akibat hukum bagi pihak yang melaksanakannya. Dalam masyarakat Indonesia yang beragam banyak yang melaksanakan perkawinan beda agama sehingga perlunya kepastian hukum untuk melindungi hak dan kewajiban sebagai warga negara yang melaksanakan perkawinan. Dalam polemik ini Mahkamah Agung menerbitkan SEMA No. 2 Tahun 2023 sebagai Petunjuk Bagi Hakim Dalam Mengadili Perkara Permohonan Pencatatan Perkawinan Antar-Umat yang Berbeda Agama dan Kepercayaan, namun setelah terbitnya SEMA tersebut hal ini tidak mengurangi keinginan masyarakat dalam melaksanakan perkawinan beda agama. Sehingga berdasarkan permasalahan diatas maka rumusan permasalahan nya adalah: 1. Bagaimana pengaturan perkawinan beda agama di Indonesia? 2. Bagaimana Akibat Hukum terhadap anak yang lahir dari perkawinan beda agama setelah berlakunya SEMA No. 2 Tahun 2023? Metode pendekatan masalah yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif, sumber data dalam penelitian ini berasal dari penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dan analisis dan pengolahan data yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian: 1). Perkawinan diatur dalam Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 jo Undang- Undang No. 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perkawinan. Dalam UUP, perkawinan yang sah apabila perkawinan tersebut sesuai dengan Pasal 2 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 yaitu perkawinan tersebut harus dilaksanakan berdasarkan agama masing-masing dan dicatatkan pada pencatatan perkawinan. Selanjutnya Mahkamah Agung menerbitkan SEMA No. 2 Tahun 2023 Petunjuk Bagi Hakim Dalam Mengadili Perkara Permohonan Pencatatan Perkawinan Antar-Umat yang Berbeda Agama dan Kepercayaan 2.) Terhadap anak yang lahir dari orang tua yang melakukan perkawinan beda agama setelah terbitnya SEMA No. 2 Tahun 2023 Petunjuk Bagi Hakim Dalam Mengadili Perkara Permohonan Pencatatan Perkawinan Antar-Umat yang Berbeda Agama dan Kepercayaan adalah tidak sah karena perkawinan tersebut tidak sah. Sehingga anak tersebut hanya memiliki hubungan perdata dengan ibunya dan keluarga ibunya sesuai Pasal 43 ayat (1) UUP.
Disability models are conceptual frameworks used to understand and
investigate the phenomenon of disability. Social and medical models stand
out as key in disability studies. In her works, British sociologist Carol
Thomas offered a critical review of the social model of disability and its
supplement, which formed a new conceptualization of disability called the
social-relational model. Aiming to overcome the exclusivity of previous
approaches, Thomas recognizes the essence of disability in the relational
area, between persons with and without impairment, where according to her
are the key elements of disability. This model offers a perspective that
makes room for both the physical and social aspects of impairment and
enables the analysis of the psychological implications of the experience of
impairment and disability that transcends the traditional dichotomies of
medical and social, healthy and diseased. In this overview paper, the
medical and social model of disability will be presented in basic terms,
followed by the key elements and concepts of the socialrelational model of
disability from the original publications of Carol Thomas and other authors
who relied on it, as well as a discussion of the importance of the
socialrelational model for disability studies and related disciplines.
The paper consists of two parts: one - analysis of obtaining permission to conduct pre-trial investigative action from economic aspects and another on the lessons learned in the Republic of Lithuania during the reforms in the civilian security sector.An essential component of an effective pre-trial investigation is not just investigative actions prescribed by criminal procedure laws, their procedures for conduction during one of the criminal process stages – a pre-trial investigation, qualification of investigators, prosecutors, their skills, secondary law that regulates conduction of investigative actions in details. Also, how does the investigative action work at the preliminary stage of conducting the investigative actions? Is it effective and efficient? For example, in obtaining permission for such actions as a search, covert surveillance, or wiretapping. The author analyses investigative actions from an economic point of view in the first part of this paper. The paper aims to introduce obstacles, misunderstandings, and committed mistakes before launching and during the implementation of the reforms in the Lithuanian criminal justice system after the collapse of the Soviet Union, namely, in the civilian security sector. The author of this paper presents his experience through bullet points named “lessons learned” of being a participant in the above-mentioned reforms. The outcomes of this paper are going to be important in light of the reform in the civilian security sector launched and still going on in Ukraine after the Revolution of Dignity of 2014. It helps to avoid mistakes that were made during reforms in the Republic of Lithuania.
The principle of legality is stipulated by article 2 of the Criminal Procedure Code and it is designed to guarantee the primacy of the law in criminal procedure, so that the criminal proceedings are carried out according to the legal provisions. In the present article the author tries to clarify some controversial issues regarding the consequences of the infringement of article 311 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Procedure Code. The article mentioned above regulates the procedure of widening the scope of criminal investigation or changing the charges. Hence, in the situation where, after the criminal investigation started, the criminal investigation body finds new facts, new data concerning the involvement of other individuals or circumstances that can lead to changing the charges for the offense, that body shall order the widening of the criminal investigation scope or the changing of the charges. This study analyzes the situation where the criminal investigation in rem had begun only for a singular act from the structure of the unit continued crime, followed by the discovery of a new act which is part of the structure of the same continued crime. Changing the charges without starting an investigation in rem for this - new discovered - act is an infringement of article 311 and therefore a violation of the principle of legality. Regarding the nature of the sanction that is to be imposed in such situations, several views have emerged in case law. The author points out that the only sanction applicable in these case is the relative nullity of the ordinance and the irregularity of the indictment.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
O artigo analisa os precedentes do Tribunal Penal Internacional (tpi) que trataram da exclusão de provas obtidas ilicitamente com base na alínea "b" do artigo 69(7) do Estatuto de Roma. Esse dispositivo prevê uma norma altamente discricionária, segundo a qual uma prova obtida por meio de violação de direitos humanos internacionalmente reconhecidos pode ser excluída do processo se a sua admissão, nas circunstâncias em que a prova foi coligida, for antiética ou atentar contra a integridade dos procedimentos. Para viabilizar a análise dos precedentes, o artigo se divide em três capítulos. Primeiro, aponta diferentes fundamentações lógicas para a exclusão de provas ilícitas, para extrair dessas lógicas fatores de admissão/exclusão que podem ter reflexos no tpi. Em seguida, tece alguns comentários sobre o regime de admissão e de exclusão de provas segundo a jurisprudência do Tribunal. Dispondo de um arcabouço histórico e legal para analisar as decisões, o terceiro capítulo articula as lógicas de exclusão com os precedentes do tpi para tentar identificar a fundamentação do artigo 69(7), e sugere uma interpretação avaliando se os precedentes se adequam a ela.
Those with mental illness, learning disabilities, and speech and language difficulties continue to be over rep- resented in the global criminal justice system, create immense difficulties for these individuals in navigating the system itself, and the prison environment, and contribute to the revolving door of incarceration. Very little is known with regard to the situation of the mentally ill and mentally incapacitated in African criminal justice systems. In this Commentary we discuss how the Criminal Procedure Act in South Africa still does not fully comply with the or the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Person with Disabilities in criminal proceedings. An urgent review of due process is warranted where the existence of capacity based defense needs are to be considered. It is vital to distinguish between intellectual and psycho-social disability, regarding assessment and issuance of appropriate court orders to the specific needs of the person, the identified disability and the interest of justice. Consistency in mental capacity or illness assessment using validated screening tools and specialist expert reports provided to the court should comply with the general requirements of expert evidence.
We tend to think that if we are rewarded or punished, it is due to the fact that we deserve it – that we did something that merits such praise or blame. In this article, I am interested in its relationship with criminal responsibility and criminal punishment. Whilst desert is an important concept in criminal responsibility its importance is, at times, undeveloped. My aim in this work is not to reject desert or deny its importance in criminal punishment. Instead, I will rework the concept of desert defended mainly by retributivism. I will approach this issue by considering the problem of desert in relation to rewards and punishment. Furthermore, I distinguished between two particular ways in which desert plays different and important roles: formal desert and material desert.
This study aims to analyze the causes of the disparity in the criminal prosecution against acid attack. It is suspected that there has been a conspiracy of abuse of power between investigators and prosecutors, which reflects injustice in the criminal procedure law. This research clarifies a case study of the disparity of prosecution through mutually acknowledged norms and values. Case studies also enable the researchers to study the real thing, and gain a better understanding of what disparities in criminal prosecution. The result of the research showed that it was suspected that there had been a conspiracy of abuse of power between the investigator and the prosecutor, so that there was no justice for the victim. The researchers suggest limiting the prosecutors 'discretion and the existence of an independent institution for prosecutors' supervisory functions.
Vicarious trauma (VT) has been studied in mental health experts for over 30 years due to their engagement with victims of trauma and exposure to details of events, crimes, and tragedies experienced by their patients. Recently, VT studies have been extended to first responders as they also engage with victims on a level which may affect their own wellbeing. First responders involved in the criminal justice system, such as law enforcement personnel, have benefited from these studies as the results have helped drive organizational change. However, other professionals throughout the criminal justice system, such as forensic scientists, have had far fewer studies published, and the awareness of VT they may be experiencing has only recently come to light. While this review is not exhaustive of all literature on VT, it showcases key studies and research gaps that could benefit the forensic science community and associated criminal justice system professionals.
Transformasi fiqh jinayah ke dalam hukum pidana nasional (c.q. KUHP) hingga saat ini masih
memantik perdebatan di kalangan ahli. Baik dalam tataran teoritis maupun implementasinya. Selain itu upaya tersebut terkendala faktor baik eksternal maupun internal. Padahal secara yuridis formal eksistensi hukum Islam diakui menjadi sub sistem hukum nasional. Namun realitas transformasi ini yang seiring dengan pembaruan KUHP masih berjalan di tempat. Paper ini bertujuan menganalisis urgensi transformasi fiqh jinayah ke dalam hukum pidana nasional. Kedua untuk mengetahui paradigma transformasi serta model integrasi pidana Islam kaitannya dengan pembaruan hukum nasional pidana di Indonesia.Pendekatan yang dipakai adalah yuridis-filosofis dengan metode studi dokumentasi kritis. Paper ini menghasilkan simpulan bahwa eksistensi hukum pidana Islam mempunyai urgensi untuk diakomodir ke dalam hukum pidana nasional berdasarkan argumentasi argumentasi filosofis. Kedua, paradigma positivisasi fiqh jinayah menggunakan harus memakai paradigma kritis. Serta, model integrasi maqashidy istishlahy merupakan model paling ideal untuk menyatukan fiqh jinayah dengan hukum pidana nasional.