Hasil untuk "Cooperation. Cooperative societies"

Helena Calatrava, Daniel Medina, Pau Closas

In Differential GNSS (DGNSS) positioning, differencing measurements between a user and a reference station suppresses common-mode errors but also introduces reference-station noise, which fundamentally limits accuracy. This limitation is minor for high-grade stations but becomes significant when using reference infrastructure of mixed quality. This paper investigates how large-scale user cooperation can mitigate the impact of reference-station noise in conventional (non-cooperative) DGNSS systems. We develop a unified estimation framework for cooperative DGNSS (C-DGNSS) and cooperative real-time kinematic (C-RTK) positioning, and derive parameterized expressions for their Fisher information matrices as functions of network size, satellite geometry, and reference-station noise. This formulation enables theoretical analysis of estimation performance, identifying regimes where cooperation asymptotically restores the accuracy of DGNSS with an ideal (noise-free) reference. Simulations validate these theoretical findings.

Derrick M. Wang, Sebastian Cmentowski, Reza Hadi Mogavi et al.

Digital games offer rich social experiences and promote valuable skills, but they fall short in addressing physical inactivity. Exergames, which combine exercise with gameplay, have the potential to tackle this issue. However, current exergames are primarily single-player or competitive. To explore the social benefits of cooperative exergaming, we designed a custom co-located cooperative exergame that features three distinct forms of cooperation: Free (baseline), Coupled, and Concurrent. We conducted a within-participants, mixed-methods study (N = 24) to evaluate these designs and their impact on players' enjoyment, motivation, and performance. Our findings reveal that cooperative play improves social experiences. It drives increased team identification and relatedness. Furthermore, our qualitative findings support cooperative exergame play. This has design implications for creating exergames that effectively address players' exercise and social needs. Our research contributes guidance for developers and researchers who want to create more socially enriching exergame experiences.

Anhui Sheng, Jing Zhang, Guozhong Zheng et al.

The remarkable adaptability of humans in response to complex environments is often demonstrated by the context-dependent adoption of different behavioral modes. However, the existing game-theoretic studies mostly focus on the single-mode assumption, and the impact of this behavioral multimodality on the evolution of cooperation remains largely unknown. Here, we study how cooperation evolves in a population with two behavioral modes. Specifically, we incorporate Q-learning and Tit-for-Tat (TFT) rules into our toy model, where prisoner's dilemma game is played and we investigate the impact of the mode mixture on the evolution of cooperation. While players in Q-learning mode aim to maximize their accumulated payoffs, players within TFT mode repeat what their neighbors have done to them. In a structured mixing implementation where the updating rule is fixed for each individual, we find that the mode mixture greatly promotes the overall cooperation prevalence. The promotion is even more significant in the probabilistic mixing, where players randomly select one of the two rules at each step. Finally, this promotion is robust when players are allowed to adaptively choose the two modes by real-time comparison. In all three scenarios, players within the Q-learning mode act as catalyzer that turns the TFT players to be more cooperative, and as a result drive the whole population to be highly cooperative. The analysis of Q-tables explains the underlying mechanism of cooperation promotion, which captures the ``psychologic evolution" in the players' mind. Our study indicates that the variety of behavioral modes is non-negligible, and could be crucial to clarify the emergence of cooperation in the real world.

Luis A. Guardiola, Ana Meca, Judith Timmer

We study the coordination of actions and the allocation of profit in supply chains under decentralized control in which a single supplier supplies several retailers with goods for replenishment of stocks. The goal of the supplier and the retailers is to maximize their individual profits. Since the outcome under decentralized control is inefficient, cooperation among firms by means of coordination of actions may improve the individual profits. Cooperation is studied by means of cooperative game theory. Among others we show that the corresponding games are balanced and we propose a stable solution concept for these games.

Hosein rahimi Jafari, Ali Faez, Younos Vakil Alroaia

Abstract Context and purpose. In recent decades, architects have faced serious challenges in the field of housing renovation. They are looking for activities that, in addition to saving energy and less damage to the environment, can have positive effects on customers psychologically, in order to encourage them to buy, and provide a sense of peace from the building environment that has been renovated. Therefore, studying and understanding the relationship between human psychological dimensions and the intention to buy renovated houses becomes especially important. In this study, a general model explaining the effects of these factors on the decision to purchase renovated buildings has been devetoped. Methodology/approach. In this research, a qualitative approach was used in the form of Grounded Theory. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Findings and conclusions. The findings indicate that four main components including perception, motivation, learning, and attitude are emitted from the main phenomenon (the effects of psychological (architectural) factors on the decision to purchase renovated buildings). It should be noted that the mentioned components explain the intention to buy renovated houses. Originality. By modeling and explaining the relationship between the two categories of psychological components and purchase intention, this study provides a platform for construction companies to renovate and supply houses more effectively based on the preferences of the Iranian society.

Vianney Brouard, Cornelia Pokalyuk, Marco Seiler et al.

In this paper we study invasion probabilities and invasion times of cooperative parasites spreading in spatially structured host populations. The spatial structure of the host population is given by a random geometric graph on $[0,1]^n$, $n\in \mathbb{N}$, with a Poisson($N$)-distributed number of vertices and in which vertices are connected over an edge when they have a distance of at most $r_N\in Θ\left(N^{\frac{β-1}{n}}\right)$ for some $0<β<1$ and $N\rightarrow \infty$. At a host infection many parasites are generated and parasites move along edges to neighbouring hosts. We assume that parasites have to cooperate to infect hosts, in the sense that at least two parasites need to attack a host simultaneously. We find lower and upper bounds on the invasion probability of the parasites in terms of survival probabilities of branching processes with cooperation. Furthermore, we characterize the asymptotic invasion time. An important ingredient of the proofs is a comparison with infection dynamics of cooperative parasites in host populations structured according to a complete graph, i.e. in well-mixed host populations. For these infection processes we can show that invasion probabilities are asymptotically equal to survival probabilities of branching processes with cooperation. Furthermore, we build in the proofs on techniques developed in [BP22], where an analogous invasion process has been studied for host populations structured according to a configuration model. We substantiate our results with simulations.

K. Starkweather, A. Reynolds, F. Zohora et al.

Across human societies, women's economic production and their contributions to childcare are critical in supporting reproductive fitness for themselves, their spouses and children. Yet, the necessity of performing both work and childcare tasks presents women with an adaptive problem in which they must determine how best to allocate their time and energy between these tasks. Women often use cooperative relationships with alloparents to solve this problem, but whether or not women cooperate across different domains (e.g. work and childcare) to access alloparents remains relatively under-explored. Using social network data collected with Shodagor households in Bangladesh, we show that women who need childcare help in order to work draw on cooperative work partners as potential alloparents, and that all women rely heavily on kin, but not reciprocal cooperation for childcare help. These results indicate that Shodagor women strategize to create work and childcare relationships in ways that help solve the adaptive problem they face. We discuss the implications of our results and the example provided by Shodagor women for a broader understanding of women's cooperative relationships, including the importance of socio-ecological circumstances and gendered divisions of labour in shaping women's cooperative strategies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cooperation among women: evolutionary and cross-cultural perspectives’.

Tahereh Yadegari Taheri, Younos Vakil Alroaia, Farshad Faezi Razi et al.

The aim of this research was to design and explain the organizational Intelligent model in Iranian production cooperatives. Based on its objective, this is an applied research while it is a mixed (Qualitative-quantitative) research in terms of the nature of its data. In this Regard, the aspects, components and indexes of the model in the qualitative section by interviewing 15 experts in order to confirm the theoretical sufficiency in a data-based method. Then, in a quantitative part and in a statistical outfit of 8361 people, including employees and managers of production cooperatives across the country, based on Cochran's formula, 350 people were selected by random- stratified sampling method based on the provincial cooperatives office to explain the model. The model was identified based on the aspects of intelligence empowers (causal factors), capabilities of organizational strategies (phenomenon-orientation), intelligence development context (backgrounds), intelligence governance (interventional), intelligence strategies (strategies), intelligence performance (consequences), along with 24 components. Then the relationship between the mentioned components were determined using Interpretive Structural Modelling method to design the model. The designed model was tested and explained by structural equation modelling method. Findings of the SEM shows that ther Dimension "Intelligent Development contexts" on "Intelligent enablers", "Intelligent enablers" on "Organizational Intelligence Capabilities", "Organizational Intelligence Capabilities", on "Intelligent Strategies", and "Intelligent Strategies" on "intelligence performance" has a significant and positive effect. The results indicate that a higher level of intelligent contexts and enablers can improve the performance of production cooperatives and highlight the importance of strategies.

Yuhan Zhao, Quanyan Zhu

Guided cooperation allows intelligent agents with heterogeneous capabilities to work together by following a leader-follower type of interaction. However, the associated control problem becomes challenging when the leader agent does not have complete information about follower agents. There is a need for learning and adaptation of cooperation plans. To this end, we develop a meta-learning-based Stackelberg game-theoretic framework to address the challenges in the guided cooperative control for linear systems. We first formulate the guided cooperation between agents as a dynamic Stackelberg game and use the feedback Stackelberg equilibrium as the agent-wise cooperation strategy. We further leverage meta-learning to address the incomplete information of follower agents, where the leader agent learns a meta-response model from a prescribed set of followers offline and adapts to a new coming cooperation task with a small amount of learning data. We use a case study in robot teaming to corroborate the effectiveness of our framework. Comparison with other learning approaches also shows that our learned cooperation strategy provides better transferability for different cooperation tasks.

R. C. Firman, D. Rubenstein, Jessica M Moran et al.

Climate change is generating an intensification of extreme environmental conditions, including frequent and severe droughts [1] that have been associated with increased social conflict in vertebrates [2-4], including humans [5]. Yet, fluctuating climatic conditions have been shown to also promote cooperative behavior and the formation of vertebrate societies over both ecological and evolutionary timescales [6]. Determining when climatic uncertainty breeds social discord or promotes cooperative living (or both) is fundamental to predicting how species will respond to anthropogenic climate change. In light of this, our limited understanding of the order of evolutionary events-that is, whether harsh environments drive the evolution of sociality [6] or, alternatively, whether sociality facilitates the invasion of harsh environments [7]-and of how cooperation and conflict coevolve in response to environmental fluctuation represent critical gaps in knowledge. Here, we perform comparative phylogenetic analyses on Australian rodents (Muridae: Hydromyini) and show that sociality evolves only under harsh conditions of low rainfall and high temperature variability and never under relatively benign conditions. Further, we demonstrate that the requirement to cooperate under harsh climatic conditions generates social competition for reproduction within groups (reflected in the degree of sexual dimorphism in traits associated with intrasexual competition [8]), which in turn shapes the evolution of body size dimorphism. Our findings suggest that as the environment becomes more severe [1], the resilience of some species may hinge on their propensity to live socially, but in so doing, this is likely to affect the evolution of traits that mediate social conflict.

François Fulconis, Raphael Lissillour

Abstract Classification societies play a major role in maritime safety and the regulation of the international shipping market. They have a dual mission, namely the classification and certification of ships. Paradoxically, the academic literature on the strategic behaviour of classification societies remains very limited. More often than not, the scope of prior research has been limited to the definition of their missions in the shipping ecosystem with an emphasis on their changing legitimacy as maritime accidents occur. Consequently, this paper aims at providing a better understanding of the specific role of classification societies in maritime safety and within the inter-organisational dynamics of international shipping. The study is based on a conceptual framework provided by the behaviourist approach and applied to the inter-organisational dynamics of supply chains. This approach enables in-depth analysis of actors’ strategic behaviours by focusing on four dimensions: power, leadership, conflict and cooperation. The main results highlight the increasingly central and paradoxical role of classification societies. This role encompasses, on the national level, classification and certification processes, and, on the supranational level, the creation of new rules and regulations. The study highlights the importance of their ability to master the official framework and institutional vocabulary, which enable them to strengthen their power and leadership in the shipping market. This capacity helps them to limit conflicts between actors and to encourage certain cooperative behaviours based on relationships of dependence and inter-organisational interdependence.

Yiling Chen, Biaoshuai Tao, Fang-Yi Yu

When can cooperation arise from self-interested decisions in public goods games? And how can we help agents to act cooperatively? We examine these classical questions in a pivotal participation game, a variant of public good games, where heterogeneous agents make binary participation decisions on contributing their endowments, and the public project succeeds when it has enough contributions. We prove it is NP-complete to decide the existence of a cooperative Nash equilibrium such that the project succeeds. We also identify two natural special scenarios where this decision problem is tractable. We then propose two algorithms to help cooperation in the game. Our first algorithm adds an external investment to the public project, and our second algorithm uses matching funds. We show that the cost to induce a cooperative Nash equilibrium is near-optimal for both algorithms. Finally, the cost of matching funds can always be smaller than the cost of adding an external investment. Intuitively, matching funds provide a greater incentive for cooperation than adding an external investment does.

M. Abdi, D. Lupi, C. Jucker et al.

Explanations for the highest levels of sociality typically invoke the concept of inclusive fitness. Sclerodermus, a genus of parasitoid hymenopterans, is quasi-social, exhibiting cooperative brood care without generational overlap or apparent division of labour. Foundress females successfully co-exploit hosts that are too large to suppress when acting alone and the direct fitness benefits of collective action may explain their cooperation, irrespective of kinship. However, cooperation in animal societies is seldom free of conflicts of interest between social partners, especially when their relatedness, and thus their degree of shared evolutionary interests, is low. We screened components of the life-history of Sclerodermus brevicornis for effects of varying co-foundress number and relatedness on cooperative reproduction. We found that the time taken to paralyse standard-sized hosts is shorter when co-foundress number and/or relatedness is higher. This suggests that, while females must access a paralysed host in order to reproduce, individuals are reluctant to take the risk of host attack unless the benefits will be shared with their kin. We used Hamilton’s rule and prior data from studies that experimentally varied the sizes of hosts presented to congeners to explore how the greater risks and greater benefits of attacking larger hosts could combine with relatedness to determine the sizes of hosts that individuals are selected to attack as a public good. From this, we predict that host size and relatedness will interact to affect the timing of host paralysis; we test this prediction in the accompanying study.

Stephanie L. King, W. Friedman, S. Allen et al.

Cooperation between allied individuals and groups is ubiquitous in human societies, and vocal communication is known to play a key role in facilitating such complex human behaviors [1, 2]. In fact, complex communication may be a feature of the kind of social cognition required for the formation of social alliances, facilitating both partner choice and the execution of coordinated behaviors [3]. As such, a compelling avenue for investigation is what role flexible communication systems play in the formation and maintenance of cooperative partnerships in other alliance-forming animals. Male bottlenose dolphins in some populations form complex multi-level alliances, where individuals cooperate in the pursuit and defense of an important resource: access to females [4]. These strong relationships can last for decades and are critical to each male's reproductive success [4]. Convergent vocal accommodation is used to signal social proximity to a partner or social group in many taxa [5, 6], and it has long been thought that allied male dolphins also converge onto a shared signal to broadcast alliance identity [5-8]. Here, we combine a decade of data on social interactions with dyadic relatedness estimates to show that male dolphins that form multi-level alliances in an open social network retain individual vocal labels that are distinct from those of their allies. Our results differ from earlier reports of signature whistle convergence among males that form stable alliance pairs. Instead, they suggest that individual vocal labels play a central role in the maintenance of differentiated relationships within complex nested alliances.

Paul John Parsons, Lena Grinsted, Jeremy Field

Cooperation among kin is common in animal societies. Kin groups may form by individuals directly discriminating relatives based on kin recognition cues, or form passively through natal philopatry and limited dispersal. We describe the genetic landscape for a primitively eusocial wasp, Polistes dominula, and ask whether individuals choose cooperative partners that are nearby and/or that are genetic relatives. Firstly, we genotyped an entire sub-population of 1361 wasps and found genetic structuring on an extremely fine scale: the probability of finding genetic relatives decreases exponentially within just a few meters of an individual's nest. At the same time, however, we found a lack of genetic structuring between natural nest aggregations within the population. Secondly, in a separate dataset where ~2000 wasps were genotyped, we show that wasps forced experimentally to make a new nest choice tended to choose new nests near to their original nests, and that these nests tended to contain some full sisters. However, a significant fraction of wasps chose nests that did not contain sisters, despite sisters being present in nearby nests. Although we cannot rule out a role for direct kin recognition or natal nest-mate recognition, our data suggest that kin groups may form via a philopatric rule-of-thumb, whereby wasps simply select groups and nesting sites that are nearby. The result is that most subordinate helpers obtain indirect fitness benefits by breeding cooperatively.

Bahman KHosravipour, Khadijeh Soleimani Harooni, nadia ani

Given the many barriers to women entrepreneurship that hinder their success in economic activities, identifying them will help encourage and facilitate the success of women entrepreneurs. Therefore, in this research, the views of rural women in the central part of Kermanshah Province on the rural entrepreneurship barriers were measured. This research was a survey type and the instrument used was a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSSv20 software. The obstacles were prioritized in six groups of development, personality, socioeconomic, socio-cultural, managerial, and family.

hasan asheghi, tahereh bigi, roholah shahsavan

The purpose of this study was to determine the competence in cooperative management and to identify and categorize the competencies of cooperative managers. In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative research approach has been used. To formulate the research framework, the first literature and the history of managerial competence development with emphasis on the competence of cooperative managers, then the framework for the implementation of the interview were formulated and interviews and content analysis, data and research data were collected. The statistical population of the research were experts in the field of cooperative management, which was selected by a targeted sampling method of 7 people with academic-managerial characteristics. The findings of the theoretical part were finalized with their co-authorship. The findings of this research showed that addressing the competencies of managers and developing competencies is one of the strategic paths of sustainable development and profitability of cooperatives. The findings also indicated that the competencies of the cooperative managers could be categorized and explained in three parts of their management, management, and business management. The results of this study indicated that competencies should be defined and explained in order to develop the competence of cooperative managers, and should be developed with methods and practices such as education, counseling, management and research.

Vítor V. Vasconcelos, Phillip M. Hannam, Simon A. Levin et al.

While the benefits of common and public goods are shared, they tend to be scarce when contributions are provided voluntarily. Failure to cooperate in the provision or preservation of these goods is fundamental to sustainability challenges, ranging from local fisheries to global climate change. In the real world, such cooperative dilemmas occur in multiple interactions with complex strategic interests and frequently without full information. We argue that voluntary cooperation enabled across multiple coalitions (akin to polycentricity) not only facilitates greater generation of non-excludable public goods, but may also allow evolution toward a more cooperative, stable, and inclusive approach to governance. Contrary to any previous study, we show that these merits of multi-coalition governance are far more general than the singular examples occurring in the literature, and are robust under diverse conditions of excludability, congestability of the non-excludable public good, and arbitrary shapes of the return-to-contribution function. We first confirm the intuition that a single coalition without enforcement and with players pursuing their self-interest without knowledge of returns to contribution is prone to cooperative failure. Next, we demonstrate that the same pessimistic model but with a multi-coalition structure of governance experiences relatively higher cooperation by enabling recognition of marginal gains of cooperation in the game at stake. In the absence of enforcement, public-goods regimes that evolve through a proliferation of voluntary cooperative forums can maintain and increase cooperation more successfully than singular, inclusive regimes.

Paolo Berta, Veronica Vinciotti, Francesco Moscone

Motivated by reasons such as altruism, managers from different hospitals may engage in cooperative behaviours, which shape the networked healthcare economy. In this paper we study the determinants of hospital cooperation and its association with the quality delivered by hospitals, using Italian administrative data. We explore the impact on patient transfers between hospitals (cooperation/network) of a set of demand-supply factors, as well as distance-based centrality measures. We then use this framework to assess how such cooperation is related to the overall quality for the hospital of origin and of destination of the patient transfer. The over-dispersed Poisson mixed model that we propose, inspired by the literature on social relations models, is suitably defined to handle network data, which are rarely used in health economics. The results show that distance plays an important role in hospital cooperation, though there are other factors that matter such as geographical centrality. Another empirical finding is the existence of a positive relationship between hospital cooperation and the overall quality of the connected hospitals. The absence of a source of information on the quality of hospitals accessible to all providers, such as in the form of star ratings, may prevent some hospitals to engage and cooperate with other hospitals of potentially higher quality. This may result in a lower degree of cooperation among hospitals and a reduction in quality overall.

R. Popat, S. A. Crusz, M. Messina et al.

The idea from human societies that self-interest can lead to a breakdown of cooperation at the group level is sometimes termed the public goods dilemma. We tested this idea in the opportunistic bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, by examining the influence of putative cheats that do not cooperate via cell-to-cell signalling (quorum-sensing, QS). We found that: (i) QS cheating occurs in biofilm populations owing to exploitation of QS-regulated public goods; (ii) the thickness and density of biofilms was reduced by the presence of non-cooperative cheats; (iii) population growth was reduced by the presence of cheats, and this reduction was greater in biofilms than in planktonic populations; (iv) the susceptibility of biofilms to antibiotics was increased by the presence of cheats; and (v) coercing cooperator cells to increase their level of cooperation decreases the extent to which the presence of cheats reduces population productivity. Our results provide clear support that conflict over public goods reduces population fitness in bacterial biofilms, and that this effect is greater than in planktonic populations. Finally, we discuss the clinical implications that arise from altering the susceptibility to antibiotics.