Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Boris Kern, Marijanca Ajša Vižintin

Stiki med Republiko Slovenijo ter Bosno in Hercegovino so tesni, kar med drugim lahko pripišemo bogati zgodovini preseljevanja ljudi med državama. Avtorja se v prispevku osredotočata na sodelovalni vidik med različnimi ustanovami in organizacijami, ki so vpete v procese poučevanja slovenščine in/ali ohranjanja slovenske kulture v Bosni in Hercegovini. Posebna pozornost je namenjena vključevanju poučevanja slovenščine na univerzitetni ravni izobraževanja, saj je slednje po razpadu Socialistične federativne republike Jugoslavije za skoraj dvajset let zastalo.

Armen Mirzoyan

This article examines the political stability of Armenia and Israel from 2008 to 2023 using the Stability Index of Political Systems (SIPS) model in a comparative context. The article aims to identify the extent to which internal and external factors shape the stability of political systems in small and medium-sized states in the face of a number of regional and global challenges and risks. The comparative analysis reveals that the experiences of both Armenia and Israel reveal a broader pattern: in small and medium-sized states, particularly those located in geopolitically sensitive and security-challenged regions, political stability is primarily determined by the dynamics of external factors. The results indicate that in both countries, external influences, particularly those related to the national security environment, regional conflicts, and foreign policy pressures, had a dominant impact on domestic political processes and institutional stability. In this context, by highlighting the primacy of external factors, the article contributes to the academic debate on how small states ensure their political stability in the face of persistent regional and global vulnerability.

J. Martinez, Jaime Marti-Herrero, S. Villacis et al.

The objective of this study is to analyze the CO2 emissions and economic impacts of the implementation of the National Efficient Cooking Program (NECP) in Ecuador, which aims to migrate the population from Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)-based stoves to electric induction stoves. This program is rooted in the current effort to change Ecuador's energy balance, with hydroelectric power expected to generate 83.61% of national electricity by 2022, ending the need for subsidized LPG. For this analysis, the 2014 baseline situation has been compared with two future scenarios for 2022: a business-as-usual scenario and an NECP-success scenario. This study demonstrates the viability of migration from imported fossil fuels to locally-produced renewable energy as the basis for an efficient cooking facility. The new policies scenario would save US$ 1.162 billion in annual government expenditure on cooking subsidies, and reducing CO2 emissions associated to energy for cooking in 1.8 tCO2/y.

Peter Kevei, Kata Kubatovics

Consider a critical Galton--Watson branching process with immigration, where the offspring distribution belongs to the domain of attraction of a $(1 + α)$-stable law with $α\in (0,1)$, and the immigration distribution either (i) has finite mean, or (ii) belongs to the domain of attraction of a $β$-stable law with $β\in (α, 1)$. We show that the tail of the stationary distribution is regularly varying. We analyze the stationary process, determine its tail process, and establish a stable central limit theorem for the partial sums. The norming sequence is different from the one corresponding to the tail of the stationary law. In particular, the extremal index of the process is $0$.

Kosto V. Mitov, Nikolay M. Yanev

The paper studies a class of critical Markov branching processes with infinite variance of the offspring distribution. The processes admit also an immigration component at the jump-points of a non-homogeneous Poisson process, assuming that the mean number of immigrants is infinite and the intensity of the Poisson process converges to zero. The asymptotic behavior of the probability for non-visiting zero is obtained. Limiting distributions are proved, under suitable normalization of the sample paths, depending on the offspring distribution, on the distribution of the immigrants and on the intensity of the Poisson process.

Vincent Hickl, Gabriel Gmünder, René M. Rossi et al.

Bacterial colonies are a well-known example of living active matter, exhibiting collective behaviors such as nematic alignment and collective motion that play an important role in the spread of microbial infections. While the underlying mechanics of these behaviors have been described in model systems, many open questions remain about how microbial self-organization adapts to the variety of different environments bacteria encounter in natural and clinical settings. Here, using novel imaging and computational analysis techniques, the effects of confinement to 2D on the collective behaviors of pathogenic bacteria are described. Biofilm-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa are grown on different substrates, either open to the surrounding fluid or confined to a single monolayer between two surfaces. Orientational ordering in the colony, cell morphologies, and trajectories are measured using single-cell segmentation and tracking. Surprisingly, confinement inhibits permanent attachment and induces twitching motility, giving rise to multiple coexisting collective behaviors. This effect is shown to be independent of the confining material and the presence of liquid medium. The nematic alignment and degree of correlation in the cells' trajectories determines how effectively bacteria can invade the space between two surfaces and the 3D structure of the colony after several days. Confinement causes the formation of dynamic cell layers driven by collective motion as well as collective verticalization leading to the formation of densely packed crystalline structures exhibiting long-range order. These results demonstrate the remarkable breadth of collective behaviors exhibited by bacteria in different environments, which must be considered to better understand bacterial colonization of surfaces.

Nader Talebi

This article is an autoethnographic reflection on the complexities of transnational power relations involved in knowledge production on migration. It is based on the author’s experiences in German academia between 2015 and 2022 as a first-generation migrant from the Middle East. The article engages with the complexity of transnational spaces and the consequences of this complexity for conceptualisation, categorisation and problematisation in migration studies. Tracing such complexities is followed by a discussion on colonial legacies in academic discourses in Germany, on the one hand, and oppressive regimes’ appropriation of anti-colonial efforts in the Middle East, on the other. By drawing on examples from teaching, research and public discussions, the article demarcates a ‘reorientalist’ tendency in migration studies, which renders Middle Eastern people mere victims of colonial intervention, casting them as passive subaltern subjects, and reproducing a Eurocentric gaze with a decolonial façade. Lastly, it discusses the researchers’ multiple and shifting positionalities from the viewpoint of a migrant researcher conducting research on migration. The article calls for consistent mapping of studies through inclusive partnerships spanning diverse geographies to explore multifaceted perspectives.

Yacouba Boubacar Mainassara, Landy Rabehasaina

We consider an observed subcritical Galton Watson process $\{Y_n,\ n\in \mathbb{Z} \}$ with correlated stationary immigration process $\{ε_n,\ n\in \mathbb{Z} \}$. Two situations are presented. The first one is when $\mbox{Cov}(ε_0,ε_k)=0$ for $k$ larger than some $k_0$: a consistent estimator for the reproduction and mean immigration rates is given, and a central limit theorem is proved. The second one is when $\{ε_n,\ n\in \mathbb{Z} \}$ has general correlation structure: under mixing assumptions, we exhibit an estimator for the the logarithm of the reproduction rate and we prove that it converges in quadratic mean with explicit speed. In addition, when the mixing coefficients decrease fast enough, we provide and prove a two terms expansion for the estimator. Numerical illustrations are provided.

Mulugeta F. Dinbabo

Maja

This article explores the role of everyday objects in long-distance relationships (LDRs) that connect two geographically distant partners. Focusing on LDRs within Europe, the study is based on interviews with people in such relationships. The article discusses one of the practices of creating a partner’s abstract presence, called recognizing the sentimental value of objects. As part of developing and maintaining intimacy in the relationship, imagining the partner’s presence is reinforced through emotional objects. The article contributes to the intersection of material culture and mobility studies by exploring the role of objects in emotionally linking geographically distant partners.

Irenius Konkor, Isaac Luginaah, Winston Husbands et al.

Objective: Canada became a preferred destination for many non-European and non-American migrants since the introduction of favorable immigration policies in the late 1960 s. Blackimmigrants from the African and Caribbean regions however are a known vulnerable population to HIV infection in Canada. Even though first-generation immigrants might differ from subsequent generations in terms of culture and beliefs which are important for health outcomes and behaviors, research examining disparities in their use of preventative healthcare is limited. This study aimed to examine generational disparities in the uptake of HIV screening services among a sample of heterosexual Black men in Ontario, Canada. Methods: We used data from a cross-sectional survey sample (n = 829) that was collected from heterosexual Black men in four Ontarian cities (Toronto, Ottawa, London and Windsor) between March 2018 and February 2019. We used the negative log-log link function of the binomial family to examine the independent relationship between immigration status and the uptake of HIV testing and the cumulative effect of other predictor variables on HIV testing in nested models. Results: Findings from multivariate analysis show second-generation immigrants were significantly less likely to test for HIV compared with their first-generation immigrant counterparts. After controlling for theoretically relevant variables, the second-generation immigrants were 53% less likely to test for HIV. We further observed that participants with good knowledge of HIV transmission (OR=1.05; p > 0.05) and those who were older were more likely to test for HIV. Those with masculine tendencies (OR=0.98; p > 0.05) and those who reported not having sexual partner were less likely to test (OR=0.57; p > 0.01). Religion emerged as a significant predictor of HIV testing as Christians (OR=1.62; p > 0.05) and other believers (OR=1.59; p > 0.05) were more likely to test for HIV when compared to their Muslim counterparts. Conclusion: HIV prevention policies may need not only prioritize first-generation immigrants, but the wellbeing of their descendants as well. This could be achieved by implementing programs that will enhance second-generation immigrants’ use of HIV screening services. Additionally, HIV educational programs would be of relevance and especially so as respondents with good knowledge of HIV transmission consistently demonstrated higher likelihood of testing for their HIV status.

Shayegheh Ashourizadeh, Mehrzad Saeedikiya

The authors hypothesised that export develops in the network of business collaborations that are embedded in migration status. In that, collaborative networking positively affects export performance and immigrant entrepreneurs enjoy higher collaborative networking than native entrepreneurs due to their advantage of being embedded in the home and the host country. Moreover, the advantage of being an immigrant promotes the benefits of collaborative networking for export compared to those of native entrepreneurs. A total of 47,200 entrepreneurs starting, running and owning firms in 71 countries were surveyed by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and analysed through the hierarchical linear modelling technique. Collaborative networking facilitated export and migration status influenced entrepreneur networking, in that, immigrant entrepreneurs had a higher level of collaborative networking than native entrepreneurs. Consequently, immigrant entrepreneurs seemed to have benefited from their network collaborations more than their native counterparts did. This study sheds light on how immigrant entrepreneur network collaborations can be effective for their exporting.

Themba Nyasulu

The recent rise in migrant remittances across Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the important issues currently dominating economic policy discourse in the region. Given the large volume of remittance flows, it is obvious that they have important positive and negative economic effects on the individual families and economies that receive them. Therefore, this paper critically examines channels through which remittance transfers affect microeconomic and macroeconomic activity, and suggests policy options available to Sub-Saharan African countries in terms of harnessing their development potential. The paper affirms that prospects for remittances to facilitate economic development remain high provided that recipient countries put in place institutional frameworks capable of mitigating the malign effects and enhancing the benign effects of remittances.

Shamsu Deen-Ziblim, Adadow Yidana

Over the past four decades, Accra has witnessed an increasing influx of young women who migrate to the city with the sole aim of carrying goods. This paper examines the migration processes of these young women, who mostly migrate from the northern part of Ghana to Accra, in the South. A sample of 216 female porters were selected for the study. A survey, personal interviews, and focus group discussions were the main tools for data collection. The reasons for their migration, the parties involved in the decision to migrate, and how their migration was financed were explored. The study revealed that the migration process of female porters is enabled by social networks; the women have varying levels of social capital, which facilitates movement and settlement. These social networks increase the social asset base of female porters and provide safety nets for them. It is found that the reasons for their migration are related to the declining importance of agriculture and the non-availability of jobs at their origin, which can be blamed on the liberalisation of the Ghanaian economy. It is also found that mothers are deeply involved in their daughters’ migration decisions.

Noah Riseman

I was meant to spend the first half of 2020 on research study leave at the University of Cologne. My partner and I rushed back to Australia in mid-March, disrupting our plans and forcing me into a new working paradigm. The disruption wound up sending me into one of the most productive periods of my career. In this article, I reflect on how my privileges—­both earned and unearned—­have contributed to a boom in my academic work at the same time that it has wreaked havoc on the entire sector. I also reflect on how COVID-19 has exposed and exacerbated inequalities in Australian universities.

Alexander E. Beasley, Phil Ayres, Martin Tegelaar et al.

Mycelium networks are promising substrates for designing unconventional computing devices providing rich topologies and geometries where signals propagate and interact. Fulfilling our long-term objectives of prototyping electrical analog computers from living mycelium networks, including networks hybridised with nanoparticles, we explore the possibility of implementing Boolean logical gates based on electrical properties of fungal colonies. We converted a 3D image-data stack of \emph{Aspergillus niger} fungal colony to an Euclidean graph and modelled the colony as resistive and capacitive (RC) networks, where electrical parameters of edges were functions of the edges' lengths. We found that {\sc and}, {\sc or} and {\sc and-not} gates are implementable in RC networks derived from the geometrical structure of the real fungal colony.

Pirita Frigren, Keiu Telve

Parallels are drawn between representations of early 20th century Finnish maritime labourers on foreign merchant ships and present-day Estonian blue-collar commuter workers who work in the construction sector in Finland. We ask how the workers at both the times comment the media representations of them and how the possible analogues can be understood. The study focuses on two themes: stereotypes and masculinity ideals related to mobile work. The data comprise seamen’s letters, construction workers’ interviews, and media sources. By combining anthropological and historical analyses, we show that, rather than being occupation specific or related to time, certain features related to mobility, physical work, and gender tend to reappear in different kinds of circumstances. The features are characterised by the paradox of positive expectations and negative prejudices. We suggest that present-day discussions on cross-border work benefit not only from comparisons between different areas and occupations but also from historical juxtapositions.

Doudou Li, Mei Zhang

In this paper, a critical Galton-Watson branching process with immigration $Z_{n}$ is studied. We first obtain the convergence rate of the harmonic moment of $Z_{n}$. Then the large deviation of $S_{Z_n}:=\sum_{i=1}^{Z_n} X_i$ is obtained, where $\{X_i\}$ is a sequence of independent and identically distributed zero-mean random variables with tail index $α>2$. We shall see that the converging rate is determined by the immigration mean, the variance of reproducing and the tail index of $X_1^+$, comparing to previous result for supercritical case, where the rate depends on the Schröder constant and the tail index.

Péter Kevei, Péter Wiandt

In this short note we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the moments of the stationary distribution of a subcritical multitype Galton-Watson process with immigration.

Bojan Basrak, Peter Kevei

We investigate subcritical Galton-Watson branching processes with immigration in a random environment. Using Goldie's implicit renewal theory we show that under general Cramér condition the stationary distribution has a power law tail. We determine the tail process of the stationary Markov chain, prove point process convergence, and convergence of the partial sums. The original motivation comes from Kesten, Kozlov and Spitzer seminal 1975 paper, which connects a random walk in a random environment model to a special Galton-Watson process with immigration in a random environment. We obtain new results even in this very special setting.