Hasil untuk "City planning"

A. Awasthi, Karthikeyan Venkitusamy, S. Padmanaban et al.

Andrea Orsolya WALLNER, Eszter Karlócainé BAKAY

City-level public parks constitute key elements in delivering cultural ecosystem services and reinforcing urban identity. This study applies a comparative, quantitative methodology to examine how large-scale public parks contribute to these services within diverse Hungarian urban contexts. The analysis categorizes park functions related to recreation, sports, thematic design, and symbolic meaning. Findings indicate that the richness and variety of cultural services are influenced not only by city size or park scale but also by historical legacies, spatial configuration, and planning intent. These parks are thus identified as multifunctional urban nodes of ecological, social, and cultural relevance.

Ming Ma, Yichen Zhang, Jiquan Zhang et al.

Abstract Earthquakes, as one of the common natural phenomena in China, can directly lead to the collapse of buildings and trigger secondary effects such as landslides and tsunamis, often resulting in significant property losses and casualties. Therefore, conducting seismic risk assessments for regions holds great practical significance. Current disaster research typically requires a comprehensive consideration of the probabilities of disaster-causing factors, the instability of disaster-prone environments, and the vulnerability of disaster-bearing entities. In low seismic risk areas, studying the vulnerability of these entities is particularly important. However, most current research on social vulnerability (SV) in the context of earthquake disasters employs a single weighting method, which is largely constrained by data types and makes it challenging to fully reflect the characteristics of social vulnerability. To address this issue, this study focuses on Changchun City and constructs a comprehensive index system consisting of 12 indicators from the perspectives of exposure, sensitivity, and coping capacity. The TOPSIS model and game theory-based combined weighting method have been utilized to calculate the Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI). In this framework, subjective weights were determined using the G2 method, while objective weights were computed by integrating the CRITIC method and the entropy weighting method, thus forming a more scientifically reasonable weight distribution approach. The results of various weighting combinations demonstrate that the model can effectively express social vulnerability and further elucidate the influence of each indicator on regional vulnerability. The findings indicate that Chaoyang District and Yushu City exhibit high levels of social vulnerability. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the reasons behind this phenomenon and proposes corresponding policy recommendations, providing specific guidance for mitigating social vulnerability in these areas. This research is fundamentally significant for promoting the implementation of earthquake disaster prevention and reduction planning in Changchun City and fostering sustainable regional development.

Alfina Modiash, Nany Yuliastuti

Program kampung tematik merupakan inovasi pemerintah yang menonjolkan potensi lokal kampung bertujuan mengangkat kearifan lokal, meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan kualitas lingkungan permukiman.  Kampung Blangkon Potrojayan merupakan salah satu kampung tematik yang berpotensi dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat serta mendukung kearifan lokal menjadi sebuah ikonik di Kota Surakarta berupa produk budaya jawa yaitu blangkon. Namun, masih terdapat permasalahan terkait dukungan infrastruktur kawasan maupun kualitas pengelolaan kampungnya. Salah satunya berupa kegiatan promosi yang masih bersifat konvensional serta jaringan jalan yang dipergunakan sebagai tempat menjemur blangkon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tindakan pengembangan kampung tematik yang berkelanjutan di Kampung Blangkon Potrojayan. Dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif berupa analisis skoring untuk mengetahui kondisi eksisting dan tingkat keberlanjutan kampung serta metode Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) untuk mengetahui tingkatan prioritas tindakan yang dapat menjadi usulan perbaikan. Hasil penelitian didapatkan Kampung Blangkon Potrojayan berada pada tingkat cukup berkelanjutan dengan skor 2,21 dimana terdapat 4 atribut yang menjadi prioritas utama dilakukan pengembangan yaitu kondisi jaringan jalan, jenis media promosi, pekerja yang kompeten, keikutsertaan kegiatan pameran. Prioritas pertama tindakan yang perlu dilakukan dalam mengembangkan Kampung Blangkon Potrojayan berupa perlu ditetapkannya lahan khusus penjemuran blangkon komunal yang terdapat di kawasan rencana kampung wisata dalam rangka meningkatkan kenyamanan pergerakan wisatawan dan warga lokal.

Ayyoob Sharifi

S. Shirowzhan, Willie Tan, S. Sepasgozar

Smart technologies are advancing, and smart cities can be made smarter by increasing the connectivity and interactions of humans, the environment, and smart devices. This paper discusses selective technologies that can potentially contribute to developing an intelligent environment and smarter cities. While the connectivity and efficiency of smart cities is important, the analysis of the impact of construction development and large projects in the city is crucial to decision and policy makers, before the project is approved. This raises the question of assessing the impact of a new infrastructure project on the community prior to its commencement—what type of technologies can potentially be used for creating a virtual representation of the city? How can a smart city be improved by utilizing these technologies? There are a wide range of technologies and applications available but understanding their function, interoperability, and compatibility with the community requires more discussion around system designs and architecture. These questions can be the basis of developing an agenda for further investigations. In particular, the need for advanced tools such as mobile scanners, Geospatial Artificial Intelligence, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Geospatial Augmented Reality apps, Light Detection, and Ranging in smart cities is discussed. In line with smart city technology development, this Special Issue includes eight accepted articles covering trending topics, which are briefly reviewed.

Donna Houston, J. Hillier, Diana Maccallum et al.

E. Rall, Rieke Hansen, S. Pauleit

Abstract Urban green infrastructure (UGI) planning is a new approach to planning that aims to develop multifunctional networks of green and blue spaces designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services, and thereby, to improve quality-of-life in cities. However, moving current practice in urban green space planning towards the UGI planning approach will require higher quality information about a wider array of ecosystem services than currently measured and more spatially detailed social valuation methods. This paper explores the added value of public participation GIS (PPGIS), a relatively new type of survey for obtaining social values, as a tool for UGI planning. We do this by surveying real-life assessment tools for CES used in the case study city of Berlin and comparing the results of these with those of a PPGIS survey conducted in the city. The discussion centers on application of PPGIS results for UGI planning, focusing on their potential for enhancing multifunctionality at different spatial scales. At the site-level, the tool can help target conflict and less valued areas for redesign and management, as well as identifying particularly loved park features for protection. At the district- and city-level, we found potential for improving representativeness and accuracy of expert-based assessments, identifying coldspots and difficult-to-map functions, correcting deficits and increasing understanding of functional synergies. Outside of enhancing multifunctionality assessment, PPGIS may also support implementation of other defining principles of UGI planning, such as connectivity of green spaces, integrating urban green infrastructure with other infrastructure and ensuring collaborative, socially-inclusive planning processes.

M. Marzouk, A. A. Othman

Abstract Rapid urbanization is one of the present characteristics in both developed and developing countries. It is projected that by 2050 around 68 % of the world’s population shall live in urban areas. As a result, many city development initiatives are proposed by various research centers or through academia to aid in managing the process. One of the most evolving concepts through the past two decades is Smart Cities. The concept of smart cities has been defined and formulated by many research efforts and organizations. However, most of these definitions and initiatives focus on the operation stage of the city. This paper proposes an inclusive framework for integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographical Information System (GIS) to plan and forecast the utility infrastructure needs for expanding and emerging cities to highlight the concept of “smartness” during the planning stage. The considered infrastructure needs are freshwater consumption, sewage capacity and electrical energy requirements. Firstly, the city is broken down into several districts, lands and plots. Afterwards, through the assignment of relevant land use, building type information and various other information, an interactive tool is originated to allow for the formulation of different city development schemes and the representation of their respective resulting infrastructure needs. The framework is targeted to be flexible enough in order to be applied to any city, not just a single case as smart city solutions need to adopt to diverse cities’ needs. The proposed framework is advocated to enforce the concept of both smart and sustainable cities by taking a closer look at the city’s planning and development stages and infrastructure requirements which shape a sizable part of the city’s performance throughout its expansion and development. It can also serve as a decision support tool for better planning and management of smart city infrastructure requirements. Finally, a case study is represented to demonstrate the practical features of the proposed framework.

V. Turner, E. French, J. Dialesandro et al.

Heat has become a central concern for cities everywhere, but heat governance has historically lagged behind other climate change hazards. This study examines 175 municipal plans from the 50 most populous cities in the United States to understand which aspects of urban heat are included or not in city plans and what factors explain inclusion. We find that a majority of plans mention heat, but few include strategies to address it and even fewer cite sources of information. The term ‘extreme heat event’ (EHE) is significantly more likely to be paired with institutional actions as a part of hazard planning, while ‘urban heat island’ (UHI) is more likely to be paired with green and grey infrastructure interventions as a part of general planning. Disparity and thermal comfort framings are not significantly related to any solutions and are used least. Plan type, followed by environmental networks (e.g. C40, Urban Sustainability Directors Network, Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities), explain variation in plan content; social and environmental context do not. Findings point to the emergence of two independent heat governance systems, EHE and UHI, and several gaps in heat planning: integration, specificity, solutions, disparity, economy, and thermal comfort.

F. Hoover, S. Meerow, Z. Grabowski et al.

ABSTRACT Green infrastructure (GI) has become a panacea for cities working to enhance sustainability and resilience. While the rationale for GI primarily focuses on its multifunctionality (e.g. delivering multiple ecosystem services to local communities), uncertainties remain around how, for whom, and to what extent GI delivers these services. Additionally, many scholars increasingly recognize potential disservices of GI, including gentrification associated with new GI developments. Building on a novel dataset of 119 planning documents from 19 U.S. cities, we utilize insights from literature on justice in urban planning to examine the justice implications of criteria used in the siting of GI projects. We analyze the GI siting criteria described in city plans and how they explicitly or implicitly engage environmental justice. We find that justice is rarely explicitly discussed, yet the dominant technical siting criteria that focus on stormwater and economic considerations have justice implications. We conclude with recommendations for centering justice in GI spatial planning.

C. Brinkley, Jenny Wagner

Abstract Problem, research strategy, and findings Environmental justice (EJ) seeks to correct legacies of disproportionately burdening low-income and Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) communities with environmental hazards that contribute to health inequalities. Federal and state policies increasingly require plans to assess and incorporate EJ principles. The current lack of accessible data and plan evaluation on EJ has been a barrier to policy setting and benchmarking. We created a framework for analyzing content across a large corpus of plans by using quantitative text analysis on 461 California city general plans, also known as comprehensive plans. To verify results and identify specific policies, we conducted content analysis on a subset of seven plans. Demonstrating the broad applicability of EJ principles in planning, policies spanned all required elements of general plans: housing, circulation, land use, health, safety, open space, air quality, and noise. We found that the most headway in EJ planning has been made in cities with a majority population of color and well before the 2018 California state mandate to address EJ. Policies were primarily focused on preventing adverse exposures as opposed to correcting for legacies of inequality. Further, although all policies address vulnerable populations and places, very few specifically address race or racism. Thus, EJ has been largely operationalized as health equity. Takeaway for practice We identified 628 EJ policies focused on vulnerable populations across the seven city plans included in content analysis. The smorgasbord of policy approaches provides fodder for cities across the United States to incorporate an EJ approach to planning. Gaps in focus areas reveal room for policy innovation (e.g., emphasis on language justice, formerly incarcerated individuals, and noise ordinance policing). We invite planners and community advocates to search across California’s plans for EJ policy inspiration and to use the appendix of EJ policies cataloged in this research as a benchmark of city-level innovation.

Rachel M. Adams, Candace M. Evans, Lori Peek

The National Science Foundation-supported CONVERGE facility was established in 2018 as the first social science-led component of the Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI). Headquartered at the Natural Hazards Center at the University of Colorado Boulder, CONVERGE identifies, trains, connects, and funds researchers across disciplines in the hazards and disaster field. This article provides an overview of one of our most widely used tools, the CONVERGE Training Modules. These free, interactive, online trainings are designed for students, early career professionals, and others who are new to hazards and disaster research and practice. Since July 2019, our team has released 10 modules that cover a range of foundational topics in hazards and disaster research, including Institutional Review Board procedures, conducting emotionally challenging research, cultural competence, collecting and sharing perishable data, social vulnerability, and disaster mental health. In addition, CONVERGE offers advanced trainings in specialized topics such as broader ethical considerations for hazards and disaster researchers, reciprocity, gender-based violence in fieldwork, and public health implications of hazards and disaster research. Between July 2019 and November 2022, 6,311 unique users registered for the modules, and these users logged 7,222 module completions. Of the module completions to date, the largest percentage of users completed only one (46.0%) of the available trainings, although a small group of “superusers”—whom we surveyed for this article—have completed all or almost all of the available modules. When asked why they planned to complete the modules at the time of registration, most users indicated that it was to fulfill a classroom or other educational requirement (51.2%), for personal interest/to learn more (9.0%), or to prepare for or to support research (7.1%) or practice-oriented activities (5.8%). In addition to providing more information regarding module users, this article details the development of the technology and discusses the impact and success of this tool for transferring knowledge and skills to the hazards and disaster research and practice community. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for this research-based educational intervention.

Hsiu-Wan Tsai, Ying-Chieh Lee

Farmland can provide various ecosystem services such as food production, groundwater recharge, and carbon storage. However, the overall value of farmland ecosystem services and differences in their spatial distribution are rarely studied, particularly with regard to farmland with crop rotations. In this study, we developed an assessing framework for appraising the overall value of ecosystem services of farmland with crop rotations on the basis of Costanza’s global ecosystem service valuation method. Changhua County in central Taiwan is used as a case study to estimate the impact of land use change on its farmland ecosystem services. We also applied the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model to analyze the spatial distribution of individual ecosystem services. Results from the global ecosystem service value method indicates that land use change in the study area caused a steady decline in overall farmland ecosystem service value between 1981 and 2021. However, if the practice of farmland crop rotation is included, the proposed method for evaluating ecosystem services of farmland indicate an increase in total ecosystem service value (ESV). The overall ecosystem services of farmland with crop rotations assessed was between 1.27 and 1.69-fold higher than the gross domestic product (GDP) for farming in the region and between 17 and 45.3-fold higher than the agricultural expenditure reported by the local government. The findings of this study also suggest local government can reference the spatial distributions of ecosystem service to dynamically adjust subsidies and resources for farmland, thereby enhancing agricultural governance and achieving sustainability goals.

Katherine Burley Farr, Kaihui Song, Zhi Yi Yeo et al.

Abstract Although the potential for cities and regions to contribute to global mitigation efforts is widely acknowledged, there is little evidence on the effectiveness of subnational mitigation strategies. Here we address this gap through a systematic review of 234 quantitative mitigation case studies. We use a meta-analytical approach to estimate expected greenhouse gas emissions reductions from 12 categories of mitigation strategies. We find that strategies related to land use and development, circular economy, and waste management are most effective and reliable for reducing emissions. The results demonstrate that cities and regions are taking widespread action to reduce emissions. However, we find misalignment between the strategies that policymakers and researchers focus on, compared to those with the highest expected impacts. The results inform climate action planning at the city and regional level and the evaluation of subnational climate targets.

Roberta Cucca, Thomas Thaler

The Covid-19 pandemic and energy, climate, and demographic crises have shown how cities are vulnerable to these impacts and how the access to green and blue spaces has become highly relevant to people. One strategy that we can observe is the strong focus on the resilience discourse, meaning implementing more green and blue spaces in urban areas, such as at previous brownfield quarters. However, social justice implications of urban greening have been overlooked for a long time. The implementation of strategies to improve the quality and availability of the green and blue infrastructures may indeed have negative outcomes as far as housing accessibility is concerned by trigging gentrification processes. Issues related to environmental justice and socio-spatial justice are increasing in contemporary cities and call for a better understanding of the global and local mechanisms of production and reproduction of environmental and spatial inequalities. This thematic issue includes eleven articles with different methodologies, with examples from Europe and North America as well as different lenses of green gentrification. Some articles focus more on the question of costs, benefits, and distributional consequences of various infrastructural options for urban greening. Others, instead, discuss how the strategic urban planning tools and policy processes take into account distributional consequences, with specific attention on participatory processes.

Javier Arroyo, Javier Arroyo, Javier Arroyo et al.

Optimal controllers can enhance buildings’ energy efficiency by taking forecast and uncertainties into account (e.g., weather and occupancy). This practice results in energy savings by making better use of energy systems within the buildings. Even though the benefits of advanced optimal controllers have been demonstrated in several research studies and some demonstration cases, the adoption of these techniques in the built environment remains somewhat limited. One of the main reasons is that these novel control algorithms continue to be evaluated individually. This hampers the identification of best practices to deploy optimal control widely in the building sector. This paper implements and compares variations of model predictive control (MPC), reinforcement learning (RL), and reinforced model predictive control (RL-MPC) in the same optimal control problem for building energy management. Particularly, variations of the controllers’ hyperparameters like the control step, the prediction horizon, the state-action spaces, the learning algorithm, or the network architecture of the value function are investigated. The building optimization testing (BOPTEST) framework is used as the simulation benchmark to carry out the study as it offers standardized testing scenarios. The results reveal that, contrary to what is stated in previous literature, model-free RL approaches poorly perform when tested in building environments with realistic system dynamics. Even when a model is available and simulation-based RL can be implemented, MPC outperforms RL for an equivalent formulation of the optimal control problem. The performance gap between both controllers reduces when using the RL-MPC algorithm that merges elements from both families of methods.

Hernando Sáenz Acosta, Florent Demoraes, Ángela Lucía Rozo

El presente articulo tiene como objetivo presentar un análisis de las condiciones de vida de los hogares, según la tenencia de la vivienda en zonas periféricas y peri centrales de Bogotá. De manera mas especifica, trata de comprobar la existencia de diferencias entre los inquilinos y los propietarios. Si bien consideramos criterios habituales para describir las condiciones de vida de los hogares, tales como su nivel socioeconómico, el déficit cualitativo de la vivienda, el hacinamiento y la provisión de servicios públicos, también incluimos indicadores menos comunes que remiten a las prácticas de movilidad cotidiana de los individuos. Las principales fuentes de datos utilizados provienen de la Encuesta Multipropósito de 2017 y la Encuesta de Movilidad Urbana de 2019. Entre las principales conclusiones se observa que las características de la vivienda y el acceso a servicios públicos son muy parecidos entre los arrendatarios y propietarios, lo que implica condiciones de vida bastante similares entre los dos grupos, desde este punto de vista, salvo el hacinamiento, que es mayor entre los inquilinos. Se evidencia también una cierta homogeneidad entre ambos grupos en lo que se refiere a sus movilidades cotidianas, siendo las diferencias asociadas, ante todo, a su localización en el espacio metropolitano.

Hannes Weinbrenner, Jasmin Breithut, Wiebke Hebermehl et al.

Out of nowhere the COVID-19 pandemic has turned people’s everyday lives upside down. Public places in urban areas were closed. However, leaving the house for recreational and leisure purposes in nature was still allowed in Germany – even during lockdown in March and April of 2020. As a result, urban forests have gained unprecedented importance – not only for recreational activities, but also for maintaining social contacts and coping with psychological stress. With these diverse requirements, many people have appropriated urban forests in new and changed ways. Using the example of the forests around the southern German city of Freiburg, a team of researchers from the Department of Societal Change at the Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (FVA) carried out a mixed-method study to investigate how these appropriation practices are working and to shed some light on the relevance of forests for city residents in these circumstances. In addition to the statistical analysis of an online questionnaire, ethnographic observation data and Instagram posts were analyzed. This methodological triangulation was carried out in order to purposefully combine the strengths of each method while at the same time reducing the intrinsic biases and blind spots. This resulted in a better understanding of the importance of urban forest during this extraordinary period of time. Our results show that urban forests became critically important during the lockdown. Many visitors appropriated the forest with very different motives and for different purposes. For many visitors, the forest provided the same functions during this extraordinary period that public spaces otherwise do. The forest was not only consumed as a natural space, but also constructed by visitors as a social space. We can illustrate how this social meaning was both negotiated and reproduced. To provide an abstraction of our results, we refer to the theory of spatial appropriation as well as to new approaches in sociology of space that conceptualize space as a network of social relations. These results give rise to broader questions for future research projects, recreational forest research, forest and health, and forest planning.

Xu Ge, Dasaraden Mauree, Roberto Castello et al.

Currently, more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, which leads to major changes in land use and land surface temperature (LST). The associated urban heat island (UHI) effects have multiple impacts on energy consumption and human health. A better understanding of how different land covers affect LST is necessary for mitigating adverse impacts, and supporting urban planning and public health management. This study explores a distance-based, a grid-based and a point-based analysis to investigate the influence of impervious surfaces, green area and waterbodies on LST, from large (distance and grid based analysis with 400 m grids) to smaller (point based analysis with 30 m grids) scale in the two mid-latitude cities of Paris and Geneva. The results at large scale confirm that the highest LST was observed in the city centers. A significantly positive correlation was observed between LST and impervious surface density. An anticorrelation between LST and green area density was observed in Paris. The spatial lag model was used to explore the spatial correlation among LST, NDBI, NDVI and MNDWI on a smaller scale. Inverse correlations between LST and NDVI and MNDWI, respectively, were observed. We conclude that waterbodies display the greatest mitigation on LST and UHI effects both on the large and smaller scale. Green areas play an important role in cooling effects on the smaller scale. An increase of evenly distributed green area and waterbodies in urban areas is suggested to lower LST and mitigate UHI effects.