I study the impact of industrial policies on industrial development by considering an important episode during the East Asian miracle: South Korea's heavy and chemical industry (HCI) drive, 1973--1979. Based on newly assembled data, I use the introduction and termination of industrial policies to study their impacts during and after the intervention period. (1) I reveal that heavy-chemical industrial policies promoted the expansion and dynamic comparative advantage of directly targeted industries. (2) Using variation in exposure to policies through the input-output network, I demonstrate that the policy indirectly benefited downstream users of targeted intermediates. (3) The benefits of HCI persisted even after the policy ended, as some results were slower to appear. The findings suggest that the temporary drive shifted Korean manufacturing into more advanced markets and supported durable change. This study helps clarify the lessons drawn from the East Asian growth miracle. JEL Codes: L5, O14, O25, N6. Keywords: industrial policy, East Asian miracle, economic history, industrial development, Heavy-Chemical Industry Drive, Heavy and Chemical Industry Drive.
Jonás Carmona-Pírez, Adrian J. Peguero, Vanja Dunjko
et al.
We offer detailed proofs of some properties of the Rule 60 cellular automaton on a ring with a Mersenne number circumference. We then use these properties to define a propagator, and demonstrate its use to construct all the ground state configurations of the classical Newman-Moore model on a square lattice of the same size. In this particular case, the number of ground states is equal to half of the available spin configurations in any given row of the lattice.
Biotechnology Industry 5.0 is advancing with the integration of cutting-edge technologies like Machine Learning (ML), the Internet Of Things (IoT), and cloud computing. It is no surprise that an industry that utilizes data from customers and can alter their lives is a target of a variety of attacks. This chapter provides a perspective of how Machine Learning Security Operations (MLSecOps) can help secure the biotechnology Industry 5.0. The chapter provides an analysis of the threats in the biotechnology Industry 5.0 and how ML algorithms can help secure with industry best practices. This chapter explores the scope of MLSecOps in the biotechnology Industry 5.0, highlighting how crucial it is to comply with current regulatory frameworks. With biotechnology Industry 5.0 developing innovative solutions in healthcare, supply chain management, biomanufacturing, pharmaceuticals sectors, and more, the chapter also discusses the MLSecOps best practices that industry and enterprises should follow while also considering ethical responsibilities. Overall, the chapter provides a discussion of how to integrate MLSecOps into the design, deployment, and regulation of the processes in biotechnology Industry 5.0.
Active reconfigurable intelligent surface (ARIS) is a newly emerging RIS technique that leverages radio frequency (RF) reflection amplifiers to empower phase-configurable reflection elements (REs) in amplifying the incident signal. Thereby, ARIS can enhance wireless communications with the strengthened ARIS-aided links. In this letter, we propose exploiting the signal amplification capability of ARIS for channel estimation, aiming to improve the estimation precision. Nevertheless, the signal amplification inevitably introduces the thermal noise at the ARIS, which can hinder the acquisition of accurate channel state information (CSI) with conventional channel estimation methods based on passive RIS (PRIS). To address this issue, we further investigate this ARIS-specific channel estimation problem and propose a least-square (LS) based channel estimator, whose performance can be further improved with the design on ARIS reflection patterns at the channel training phase. Based on the proposed LS channel estimator, we optimize the training reflection patterns to minimize the channel estimation error variance. Extensive simulation results show that our proposed design can achieve accurate channel estimation in the presence of the ARIS noises.
Industry 4.0 operates based on IoT devices, sensors, and actuators, transforming the use of computing resources and software solutions in diverse sectors. Various Industry 4.0 latency-sensitive applications function based on machine learning to process sensor data for automation and other industrial activities. Sending sensor data to cloud systems is time consuming and detrimental to the latency constraints of the applications, thus, fog computing is often deployed. Executing these applications across heterogeneous fog systems demonstrates stochastic execution time behavior that affects the task completion time. We investigate and model various Industry 4.0 ML-based applications' stochastic executions and analyze them. Industries like oil and gas are prone to disasters requiring coordination of various latency-sensitive activities. Hence, fog computing resources can get oversubscribed due to the surge in the computing demands during a disaster. We propose federating nearby fog computing systems and forming a fog federation to make remote Industry 4.0 sites resilient against the surge in computing demands. We propose a statistical resource allocation method across fog federation for latency-sensitive tasks. Many of the modern Industry 4.0 applications operate based on a workflow of micro-services that are used alone within an industrial site. As such, industry 4.0 solutions need to be aware of applications' architecture, particularly monolithic vs. micro-service. Therefore, we propose a probability-based resource allocation method that can partition micro-service workflows across fog federation to meet their latency constraints. Another concern in Industry 4.0 is the data privacy of the federated fog. As such, we propose a solution based on federated learning to train industrial ML applications across federated fog systems without compromising the data confidentiality.
Elementary cellular automata (ECA) are one-dimensional discrete models of computation with a small memory set that have gained significant interest since the pioneer work of Stephen Wolfram, who studied them as time-discrete dynamical systems. Each of the 256 ECA is labeled as rule $X$, where $X$ is an integer between $0$ and $255$. An important property, that is usually overlooked in computational studies, is that the composition of any two one-dimensional cellular automata is again a one-dimensional cellular automaton. In this chapter, we begin a systematic study of the composition of ECA. Intuitively speaking, we shall consider that rule $X$ has low complexity if the compositions $X \circ Y$ and $Y \circ X$ have small minimal memory sets, for many rules $Y$. Hence, we propose a new classification of ECA based on the compositions among them. We also describe all semigroups of ECA (i.e., composition-closed sets of ECA) and analyze their basic structure from the perspective of semigroup theory. In particular, we determine that the largest semigroups of ECA have $9$ elements, and have a subsemigroup of order $8$ that is $\mathcal{R}$-trivial, property which has been recently used to define random walks and Markov chains over semigroups.
Jumpei Yamashita, Hiroki Terashima, Makoto Yoneya
et al.
Understanding temporally attention fluctuations can benefit scientific knowledge and real-life applications. Temporal attention studies have typically used the reaction time (RT), which can be measured only after a target presentation, as an index of attention level. We have proposed the Micro-Pupillary Unrest Index (M-PUI) based on pupillary fluctuation amplitude to estimate RT before the target presentation. However, the kind of temporal attention effects that the M-PUI reflects remains unclear. We examined if the M-PUI shows two types of temporal attention effects initially reported for RTs in the variable foreperiod tasks: the variable foreperiod effect (FP effect) and the sequential effect (SE effect). The FP effect refers to a decrease in the RT due to an increase in the foreperiod of the current trial, whereas the SE effect refers to an increase in the RT in the early part of the foreperiod of the current trial due to an increase in the foreperiod of the previous trial. We used a simple reaction task with the medium-term variable foreperiods (Psychomotor Vigilance Task) and found that the M-PUI primarily reflects the FP effect. Inter-individual analyses showed that the FP effect on the M-PUI, unlike other eye movement indices, is correlated with the FP effect on RT. These results suggest that the M-PUI is a potentially powerful tool for investigating temporal attention fluctuations for a partly unpredictable target.
Objective. As one of the world’s cultural heritages, Dunhuang murals contain profound cultural, historical, social, and artistic values. In this paper, the evolution and progress of character costumes are analyzed and the development process of Chinese costumes is studied. Methods. This paper compares the characteristics of the costumes in different times; the progress and changes in graphics, styles, and textures; and the different characteristics from the costumes in the modern society. It also compares the coupling degree data of clothing culture in the two periods. Through analysis and research it is found that, compared with traditional algorithms, the integration of clothing culture using deep learning algorithms is more coupling. Through the calculation and analysis of clothing evolution in Dunhuang murals, more design inspiration can be provided for Chinese clothing designers, and more strength and research materials can be contributed to future design and clothing development in combination with ancient and modern clothing culture.
With the rapid development of high-mobility wireless communication systems, e.g., high-speed train (HST) and metro wireless communication systems, more and more attention has been paid to the wireless communication technology in tunnel-like scenarios. In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) nonstationary multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel model with high-mobility wireless communication systems using leaky coaxial cable (LCX) inside a rectangular tunnel over the 1.8 GHz band. Taking into account single-bounce scattering under line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) propagations condition, the analytical expressions of the channel impulse response (CIR) and temporal correlation function (T-CF) are derived. In the proposed channel model, it is assumed that a large number of scatterers are randomly distributed on the sidewall of the tunnel and the roof of the tunnel. We analyze the impact of various model parameters, including LCX spacing, time separation, movement velocity of Rx, and K-factor, on the T-CF of the MIMO channel model. For HST, the results of some further studies on the maximum speed of 360 km/h are given. By comparing the T-CF between the dipole MIMO system and the LCX-MIMO system, we can see that the performance of the LCX-MIMO system is better than that of the dipole MIMO system.
Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan, Junayed Hossain, Kaisarul Islam
et al.
In this study, the design of a compact and novel millimeter wave cotton textile-based wearable antenna for body-centric communications in healthcare applications is presented. The free space and on-body antenna performance parameters for the proposed antenna at 60 GHz are investigated and analyzed. The antenna is based on a 1.5 mm thick cotton substrate and has an overall dimension of 7.0 × 4.5 × 1.5 mm3. In free space, the antenna is resonant at 60 GHz and achieves a wide impedance bandwidth. The maximum gain at this resonant frequency is 6.74 dBi, and the radiation efficiency is 93.30%. Parametric changes were carried out to study the changes in the resonant frequency, gain, and radiation efficiency. For body-centric communications, the antenna was simulated at 5 different distances from a three-layer human torso-equivalent phantom. The radiation efficiency dropped by 24% and gradually increased with the gap distance. The antenna design was also analyzed by using 10 different textile substrates for both free space and on-body scenarios. The major benefits of the antenna are discussed as follows. Compared to a previous work, the antenna is very efficient, compact, and has a wide bandwidth. In BCWCs for e-health applications, the antenna needs to be very compact due to the longer battery life, and it has to have a wide bandwidth for high data rate communication. Since the antenna will be wearable with a sensor system, the shape of the antenna needs to be planar, and it is better to design the antenna on a textile substrate for integration into clothes. The antenna also needs to show high gain and efficiency for power-efficient communication. This proposed antenna meets all these criteria, and hence, it will be a good candidate for BCWCs in e-health applications.
This paper proposes a novel multiband antenna using circle and triangle fractals for wireless application. By cutting a triangle slot in the circular monopole, a novel fractal method of the circular nested triangle structure is presented. The above structure is iterated four times, which forms the proposed fractal antenna. The antenna adopts the microstrip feeding method. In order to improve out band rejection and expand bandwidth, a ring resonator is designed on the back of the dielectric plate. The designed antenna covers 1.8 GHz–2.9 GHz applied to Bluetooth, TD-SCDMA, WCDMA, CDMA2000, and LTE33-41, 3.4 GHz–4.6 GHz applied to LTE 42/43 and WiMAX, and 5 GHz–5.6 GHz applied to WLAN. The substrate is FR4 with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02. The size of the fabricated antenna is 87.5 × 61 × 1.6 mm. The measured pick gain achieves 2.98 dBi, 2.58 dBi, and 3.34 dBi at 2.6 GHz, 3.8 GHz, and 5.3 GHz, respectively. The measurement and simulation results are in good agreement, which verifies the rationality of the design.
Channel estimation is a challenging issue in millimeter-wave massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems due to the large number of antennas in the transceiver. Existing methods are usually based on phase shifters which may not be a simple circuit at mmWave band. In this paper, we construct a switch-based architecture for analog processors from the coarray point of view and then propose an atomic ℓ0-norm minimization problem. We then propose an efficient algorithm to solve this problem based on Wirtinger projection. Since the proposed method requires no angle discretization, it does not suffer from grid mismatch effect that greatly deteriorates the estimation performance of grid-based channel estimation methods. Compared to the atomic norm minimization (ANM) method, our method does not involve vectorization of the channel matrix and hence the dimensionality of the problem is much less than that of ANM. We show that our method is able to provide comparable estimation performance to ANM but with much less computational time. Extensive simulations are carried out to verify the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Abdallah Lakhdari, Athman Bouguettaya, Sajib Mistry
et al.
We propose a novel framework for composing crowdsourced wireless energy services to satisfy users' energy requirements in a crowdsourced Internet of Things (IoT) environment. A new energy service model is designed to transform the harvested energy from IoT devices into crowdsourced services. We propose a new energy service composability model that considers the spatio-temporal aspects and the usage patterns of the IoT devices. A multiple local knapsack-based approach is developed to select an optimal set of partial energy services based on the deliverable energy capacity of IoT devices. We propose a heuristic-based composition approach using the temporal and energy capacity distributions of services. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach.
Víctor Mayoral-Vilches, Martin Pinzger, Stefan Rass
et al.
With its growing use in industry, ROS is rapidly becoming a standard in robotics. While developments in ROS 2 show promise, the slow adoption cycles in industry will push widespread ROS 2 industrial adoption years from now. ROS will prevail in the meantime which raises the question: can ROS be used securely for industrial use cases even though its origins didn't consider it? The present study analyzes this question experimentally by performing a targeted offensive security exercise in a synthetic industrial use case involving ROS-Industrial and ROS packages. Our exercise results in four groups of attacks which manage to compromise the ROS computational graph, and all except one take control of most robotic endpoints at desire. To the best of our knowledge and given our setup, results do not favour the secure use of ROS in industry today, however, we managed to confirm that the security of certain robotic endpoints hold and remain optimistic about securing ROS industrial deployments.
We continue the study of asynchrony immunity in cellular automata (CA), which can be considered as a weaker version of correlation immunity in the context of vectorial Boolean functions. The property could have applications as a countermeasure for side-channel attacks in CA-based cryptographic primitives, such as S-boxes and pseudorandom number generators. We first give some theoretical results on the necessary conditions that a CA rule must satisfy in order to meet asynchrony immunity, the most important one being center permutivity. Next, we perform an exhaustive search of all asynchrony immune CA rules of neighborhood size up to $5$, leveraging on the discovered theoretical properties to greatly reduce the size of the search space.
Alejandro Lancho, Jöhan Ostman, Giuseppe Durisi
et al.
In recent years, the derivation of nonasymptotic converse and achievability bounds on the maximum coding rate as a function of the error probability and blocklength has gained attention in the information theory literature. While these bounds are accurate for many scenarios of interest, they need to be evaluated numerically for most wireless channels of practical interest, and their evaluation is computationally demanding. This paper presents saddlepoint approximations of state-of-the-art converse and achievability bounds for noncoherent, single-antenna, Rayleigh block-fading channels. These approximations can be calculated efficiently and are shown to be accurate for SNR values as small as 0 dB and blocklengths of 168 channel uses or more.
Wilhelm Hasselbring, Sören Henning, Björn Latte
et al.
The visions and ideas of Industry 4.0 require a profound interconnection of machines, plants, and IT systems in industrial production environments. This significantly increases the importance of software, which is coincidentally one of the main obstacles to the introduction of Industry 4.0. Lack of experience and knowledge, high investment and maintenance costs, as well as uncertainty about future developments cause many small and medium-sized enterprises hesitating to adopt Industry 4.0 solutions. We propose Industrial DevOps as an approach to introduce methods and culture of DevOps into industrial production environments. The fundamental concept of this approach is a continuous process of operation, observation, and development of the entire production environment. This way, all stakeholders, systems, and data can thus be integrated via incremental steps and adjustments can be made quickly. Furthermore, we present the Titan software platform accompanied by a role model for integrating production environments with Industrial DevOps. In two initial industrial application scenarios, we address the challenges of energy management and predictive maintenance with the methods, organizational structures, and tools of Industrial DevOps.
A series-fed linear substrate-integrated dielectric resonator antenna array (SIDRAA) is presented for millimeter-wave applications, in which the substrate-integrated dielectric resonator antenna (SIDRA) elements and the feeding structure can be codesigned and fabricated using the same planar process. A prototype 4 × 1 SIDRAA is designed at Ka-band and fabricated with a two-layer printed circuit board (PCB) technology. Four SIDRAs are implemented in the Rogers RT6010 substrate using the perforation technique and fed by a compact substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) through four longitudinal coupling slots within the Rogers RT5880 substrate. The return loss, radiation patterns, and antenna gain were experimentally studied, and good agreement between the measured and simulated results is observed. The SIDRAA example provides a bandwidth of about 10% around 34.5 GHz for 10 dB return loss and stable broadside radiation patterns with the peak gain of 10.5–11.5 dBi across the band.