Hasil untuk "By period"

D. Clayton, E. Schifflers

P. Ghosh, F. Lamb

H. Tei, H. Okamura, Y. Shigeyoshi et al.

L. Shearman, M. Zylka, D. Weaver et al.

M. Rice, K. Wexler, P. Cleave

M. Fagiolini, T. Hensch

R. Artal, M. O??TOOLE

North Greenland Ice Core Project members

L. Ross, Linda M. McLean

P. deMenocal, J. Ortiz, T. Guilderson et al.

Aldo Barba, Massimo Pivetti

Viktoryia Vaitovich

Since Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004, the sizeable community of Polish migrants in one of the top destination countries – the UK – have been subject to growing discrimination and hate speech in the form of negative media coverage, as well as unequal labour practices. This article explores the impact of the 2004 enlargement of the EU on the migratory experiences of Poles by examining the way the cross-EU free-movement regime contributes to their vulnerability and exploitation. It aims to uncover the way European integration explains the unequal treatment of Polish migrants in the ‘old’ Member States. The paper addresses the following questions: what factors have driven the increased number of Polish migrants in the UK in the context of the 2004 EU enlargement? Do economic discrepancies between the EU Member States, which fuel intra-EU migration, likewise shape migrant vulnerabilities? Adopting the theoretical lens of the World-Systems Analysis and the notion of biopower, this paper argues that the peripheral position of Poles in the EU single market during the early post-enlargement period has been reinforced by the migration experiences. This is an outcome of structural pressures that make the perspective of migration appear as aspirational and promising.

Malay Sarkar

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been known to infect humans for eons. It is an airborne infectious disease transmitted through droplet nuclei of 1 to 5 µm in diameter. Historically, tuberculosis (TB) was considered a distinct condition characterized by TB infection and active TB disease. However, recently, the concept of a dynamic spectrum of infection has emerged, wherein the pathogen is initially eradicated by the innate or adaptive immune system, either in conjunction with or independently of T cell priming. Other categories within this spectrum include TB infection, incipient TB, subclinical TB, and active TB disease. Various host- and pathogen-related factors influence these categories. Furthermore, subclinical TB can facilitate the spread of infection within the community. Due to its asymptomatic nature, there is a risk of delayed diagnosis, and some patients may remain undiagnosed. Individuals with subclinical TB may stay in this stage for an indeterminate period without progressing to active TB disease, and some may even experience regression. Early diagnosis and treatment of TB are essential to meet the 2035 targets outlined in the end-TB strategy. This strategy should also include incipient and subclinical TB. This review will focus on the definition, natural history, burden, trajectory, transmissibility, detection, and management of early-stage TB.

H. M. Cheng, Joseph W. Papp, O. Varlamova et al.

K. Treydte, G. Schleser, G. Helle et al.

A. Belot, P. Grosclaude, Nadine Bossard et al.

N. Kanazawa, Y. Onose, T. Arima et al.

Zhihua Qiao, Xiancheng Wang, Hongli Zhao et al.

Abstract Background Exosomes (Exos) from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have a high inclusion content and low immunogenicity, which helps to control inflammation and accelerate the healing of wounds. Unfortunately, the yield of exosomes is poor, which raises the expense and lengthens the treatment period in addition to impairing exosomes’ therapeutic impact. Thus, one of the key problems that needs to be resolved in the current exosome study is increasing the exosome yield. Methods Tetraspanin-6 (TSPAN6) overexpression and knockdown models of ADSCs were constructed to determine the number of exosomes secreted by each group of cells as well as the number of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) within the cells. Subsequently, the binding region of the interaction between TSPAN6 and syntenin-1 was identified using the yeast two-hybrid assay, and the interaction itself was identified by immunoprecipitation. Finally, cellular and animal studies were conducted to investigate the role of each class of exosomes. Results When compared to the control group, the number of intracellular MVBs and ILVs was significantly larger, and the number of ADSCsTSPAN6+-Exos was more than three times higher. However, TSPAN6’s ability to stimulate exosome secretion was reduced as a result of syntenin-1 knockdown. Additional yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that the critical structures for their interaction were the N-terminal, Postsynaptic density protein 95/Discs large protein/Zonula occludens 1 (PDZ1), and PDZ2 domains of syntenin-1, and the C-terminal of TSPAN6. In animal trials, the wound healing rate was best in the ADSCsTSPAN6+-Exos group, while cellular experiments demonstrated that ADSCsTSPAN6+-Exos better enhanced the proliferation and migration of human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Conclusion TSPAN6 stimulates exosome secretion and formation, as well as the creation of MVBs and ILVs in ADSCs. Syntenin-1 is essential for TSPAN6’s stimulation of ADSCs-Exos secretion. Furthermore, ADSCsTSPAN6+-Exos has a greater ability to support wound healing, angiogenesis, and the proliferation and migration of a variety of cells.

Alexandre Calzavara Yoshida, Patricia Cristina Venturini, Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes et al.

The Atmospheric Dynamics Mission ADM-Aeolus was successfully launched in August 2018 by the European Space Agency (ESA). The Aeolus mission carried a single instrument, the first-ever Doppler wind lidar (DWL) in space, called Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument (ALADIN). Aeolus circled the Earth, providing vertical profiles of horizontal line-of-sight (HLOS) winds on a global scale. The Aeolus satellite’s measurements filled critical gaps in existing wind observations, particularly in remote regions such as the Brazilian Amazon. This area, characterized by dense rainforests and rich biodiversity, is essential for global climate dynamics. The weather patterns of the Amazon are influenced by atmospheric circulation driven by Hadley cells and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which are crucial for the distribution of moisture and heat from the equator to the subtropics. The data provided by Aeolus can significantly enhance our understanding of these complex atmospheric processes. In this long-term validation study, we used radiosonde data collected from three stations in the Brazilian Amazon (Cruzeiro do Sul, Porto Velho, and Rio Branco) as a reference to assess the accuracy of the Level 2B (L2B) Rayleigh-clear and Mie-cloudy wind products. Statistical validation was conducted by comparing Aeolus L2B wind products and radiosonde data covering the period from October 2018 to March 2023 for Cruzeiro do Sul and Porto Velho, and from October 2018 to December 2022 for Rio Branco. Considering all available collocated winds, including all stations, a Pearson’s coefficient <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> of 0.73 was observed in Rayleigh-clear and 0.85 in Mie-cloudy wind products, revealing a strong correlation between Aeolus and radiosonde winds, suggesting that Aeolus wind products are reliable for capturing wind profiles in the studied region. The observed biases were −0.14 m/s for Rayleigh-clear and −0.40 m/s for Mie-cloudy, fulfilling the mission requirement of having absolute biases below 0.7 m/s. However, when analyzed annually, in 2022, the bias for Rayleigh-clear was −0.95 m/s, which did not meet the mission requirements.

Claudia Antonino, Graziana Difonzo, Giuseppe Natrella et al.

The dairy sector is constantly innovating in response to the critical issues connected to sustainability and healthiness and to the increasing consumer demand for products with nutritional benefits. This study aimed to develop an innovative fermented dessert made from donkey milk (FDMD) added with oat flour (OF) and wheat germ oil (WGO). Different concentrations of OF and WGO (8, 10, and 12, and 3, 5, and 7 % w/w) were tested to optimize texture and, for this purpose, D-optimal mixture design was used. The best structural formulation obtained (11.5% w/w of OF and 3.5% w/w of WGO) was fortified with two further ingredients including dark chocolate 3% w/w, and pomegranate extract rich in ellagic acid (0.5 w/w, FDMD-A, and 1% w/w, FDMD-B) for improving flavor and nutritional properties. The quality and safety characteristics of the product during 30 days of storage were evaluated. The application of the Design of Experiment (DoE) proved successful in achieving the desired structural characteristics using 11.5% w/w OF and 3.5% w/w WGO. The addition of pomegranate extract did not negatively influence the textural and rheological characteristics of the samples, instead acting positively on the stability of the product during storage. Moreover, it had an impact on total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, showing better results at 1% level of fortification (FDMD-B). The shelf-life study demonstrated that both formulations were microbiologically safe and stable and were appreciated by the panel involved in the sensory analysis. Finally, poor proteolysis took place during the 30-day storage period, indicating that the two samples did not significantly change over the 30 days of storage.