Hasil untuk "Ancient history"

Elham Mohammadkhanloo, Syed Mohd Abbas Zaidi, Azadeh Zarei et al.

Throughout history, human beings have utilized animals, minerals and plants for various purposes including use of them as foods and remedies.  The distribution of plants, animals and minerals varies across different regions of the world; however, we can find same species or closely related varieties in different geographical areas. Based on distinct different historical and cultural circumstances, there plants exhibit diverse therapeutic applications. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) as an ancient plant with long history of therapeutic uses is noticeable among traditional medicine of various cultures. Respectively, licorice is found in traditional medicines of Iran, India, Thailand and Korea and is recommended to respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal problems. In modern medicine diverse beneficial effects of licorice has been shown by researches. Licorice effects on oral complications, dyspepsia, dental and gingival problems, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and polycystic ovarian syndrome are examples of its positive role on human health. Considering the inhibitory effect of licorice on 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme type 2, pseudohyperaldosteronism may occur in case of long-term use of high doses and therefore, should be used with cautioun in susceptible patients. In spite of all the researches on licorice, it seems more clinical trials are needed to further confirm the therapeutic effects on this medicinal plant based on the traditional applications.

Yu. L. Obolenskaya

The article seeks to determine the extent to which the national cultural code of the Spaniards is influenced by the designations of people’s place of residence or birth. The historical, cultural, etymological, psycholinguistic and conceptual analysis of such nominations as capital, ciudad, villa, pueblo, aldea, burgo reveals their role in the formation of the national and social identity of the Spaniards, as well as in their mythological, conceptual and linguistic picture of the world. The history and semantics of Spanish toponyms, the mythologems associated with them, as well as the structure of Spanish cities and the way of life there, which are reflected in the language people use, further justify the multicultural nature of their linguistic consciousness. Nearly 80 % of the country’s population perceive themselves as city residents, which is decisive for the social self-identification of Spaniards, as not only the residents of Madrid and other capitals of autonomous communities suffer from the ‘capital resident complex’, but also those who inhabit the ancient capitals of both Christian kingdoms and Muslim Spain of the «Al Andalus» era. The Spanish concepts of ciudad, villa, pueblo, capital and the history of the mythologem of Madrid are regarded as deep-rooted historical and cultural phenomena. Mentioning the symbolic cities of Sagunto, Numancia and Zaragoza, which also play a crucial role in the worldview of the Spanish, is equal to describing the heroism and resilience of the Spanish people. The «carnival element» and the love for puns, which clearly characterize both the national linguistic consciousness and the way the Spaniards speak, nurtured another mythologem — a small Andalusian town of Lepe acquired the status of «capital of jokes».

Cheng Xiaomin

China’s history has been developed for five thousand years, although it is not the exact development time, but the profound cultural deposits and historical process, explain the cultural connotation of China. The judicial responsibility system in ancient China is a part of the development of Chinese history, and can be traced back to the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. After the change of dynasties, the judicial responsibility system has been constantly improved, and a more comprehensive judicial responsibility system in line with socialism with Chinese characteristics has been formed. Therefore, this paper summarizes the meaning of the judicial responsibility system in ancient China, focuses on the development of the judicial responsibility system in various dynasties, and summarizes the characteristics of the judicial responsibility system in ancient China.

Andie Allman

Elena Acquarini

Truth and lies share an element of (in)authenticity that is the affect of associated cognition. Such elements can interfere with relationships and assist – or jeopardize – the individual development path. A lie often veils a reality made of horribly empty spaces which are only inhabited by conflicts caused by the imperfect functioning of that very reality. Identity development may be affected by compliance with ancient masks that are not accessible to subjects – as these masks are not the subjects’ own, but are based on the experiences of the people who preceded them in their family history. These mechanisms often have a traumatic motivation, which apparently remains unprocessed because of a lack of mobilization of the necessary psychic resources. In the transgenerational transmission of family histories, the characteristics of unthinkability and untoldness of the historical-narrative foundations that have come to constitute a lie can generate reflections which are impermeable to historical objectivity. This could be the basis of existential possibilities and psychopathological vulnerabilities.

José Rafael Gómez Biamón

The Ladins of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol are an ethnic minority with an ancient history, located in the Dolomites Mountains, a place associated with extreme beauty and rugged land. Under the Italian Constitution, Ladins have acquired several legal rights connected with their language and history. Ladins have a history dating to the Roman Empire. Located in a strategic place, with Alpine valleys and mountain paths that connect the Italian Peninsula with Central Europe, several Germanic tribes after the end of the Roman Empire invaded and established themselves in the zone, enforcing their customs and laws. Those so-called “barbaric laws” together with Carolingian and Ecclesiastical law gave birth to a particular system of law during the Middle Ages. Afterward, Ladins became part of the Holy Roman Empire, and later, part of the House of Habsburg. During the aftermath of World War I, Italy obtained the region from the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in the peace treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye of 1919. The Italian experience with the Ladins started soon after World War I with several publications taking the task of understanding the origins of their language and its people. Ever since, Italian interest in the Ladins has not ceased. In 1998 the Italian Constitutional Court recognized the Ladin people their right to be represented in regional institutions, answering to the historical and social reality of Alto Adige/Südtirol. Consequently, the legal resilience of the Ladins gives testimony of a long history of peaceful victories for their rights, associated with the Ladin language, in the context of judicial procedures, political participation, and legislation. In comparison, Ladins living in other regions of Italy like Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia have not reached the same level of autonomy and privileges as those in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

Ana Canalejo Palazón

Reseña de la obra de Manuel Albadalejo Vivero – David Hernández de la Fuente – Stéphane Lebreton – Pierre Schneider (eds.), Non Sufficit Orbis. Geografía histórica y mítica en la Antigüedad, Madrid, Editorial Dykinson, 2020, 700 pp. [ISBN: 978-84-1377-170-0].

Zoya Pogorelova

The article is studying the historical process of formation of rulemaking activity and rulemaking powers of medieval states (after the fall of the Roman Empire before the discovery of America, namely 476–1492 years), including Kievan Rus, on the basis of legal monuments and historiographical sources. The reasons for the monopolization of rulemaking by the ruling elite and rulers, influence on the process of formation of external forms of law of the historical, cultural and socio-economic conditions of the existence of states, power and tradition of the peoples are revealed. Features of procedures of preparation and adoption of legal acts are considered, the history of codification of customary law, peculiarities of elaboration of rules of legal technique, as well as the process of gradual reception of the revised, codified and updated European University of Roman Law in Italy, Germany, France, Switzerland, France cantons, Scandinavian countries, which replaced the ancient custom and resulted from the development of socio-economic relations. The article substantiates the conclusion that the nature of rule-making powers of the states during the Middle Ages stemmed from the theological justification of power and the corresponding conception of the divine election of the ruler, which led to the increase of absolutist tendencies in the exercise of state power, although some manifestations of influence and traceability were observed, although there were some manifestations of the influence of the population on power, and there were elements of the election of rulers in separate historical periods. However, there was a predominant concentration of rulemaking functions in the hands of the supreme power, which were used to effectively control the population with broad discretionary powers of the supreme power. Also noted as a general tendency is the further increase in the professionalisation of rulemaking activities in the period under review, the strengthening of the process of codification of customary law and the almost universal reception of Roman law in Western Europe, which was also characteristic of Kievan Rus.

Fernando Bermejo Rubio

Reseña

Nicolas Dussex, Federica Alberti, Matti T. Heino et al.

Abstract Background Numerous megafauna species from northern latitudes went extinct during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition as a result of climate-induced habitat changes. However, several ungulate species managed to successfully track their habitats during this period to eventually flourish and recolonise the holarctic regions. So far, the genomic impacts of these climate fluctuations on ungulates from high latitudes have been little explored. Here, we assemble a de-novo genome for the European moose (Alces alces) and analyse it together with re-sequenced nuclear genomes and ancient and modern mitogenomes from across the moose range in Eurasia and North America. Results We found that moose demographic history was greatly influenced by glacial cycles, with demographic responses to the Pleistocene/Holocene transition similar to other temperate ungulates. Our results further support that modern moose lineages trace their origin back to populations that inhabited distinct glacial refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Finally, we found that present day moose in Europe and North America show low to moderate inbreeding levels resulting from post-glacial bottlenecks and founder effects, but no evidence for recent inbreeding resulting from human-induced population declines. Conclusions Taken together, our results highlight the dynamic recent evolutionary history of the moose and provide an important resource for further genomic studies.

John Tuckfield

The unseen translation - translation of a passage of Latin that the student has not seen before, under constraints of time and with limited access to resources - is a persistent element of Latin courses, especially at school level. It is present in A Level courses in England (for example, OCR 2017), in the Scottish Highers (SQA, 2017), in the New Zealand curriculum (NZQA, 2017), and in Australia (VCAA, 2004; Board of Studies, 2009), to name but a few examples. In Victoria, courses have undergone various changes in the last 30 years, but the unseen has remained a constant: there seems to be a consensus among teachers and examiners that the ability to translate a passage of Latin on the spot is a rigorous and enduring test of at least one aspect of a student's skills in Latin.

Caroline T. Cheung, Jérémy Pasquier, Aurélien Bouleau et al.

Abstract Background Nucleoplasmin 2 (npm2) is an essential maternal-effect gene that mediates early embryonic events through its function as a histone chaperone that remodels chromatin. Recently, two npm2 (npm2a and npm2b) genes have been annotated in zebrafish. Thus, we examined the evolution of npm2a and npm2b in a variety of vertebrates, their potential phylogenetic relationships, and their biological functions using knockout models via the CRISPR/cas9 system. Results We demonstrated that the two npm2 duplicates exist in a wide range of vertebrates, including sharks, ray-finned fish, amphibians, and sauropsids, while npm2a was lost in coelacanth and mammals, as well as some specific teleost lineages. Using phylogeny and synteny analyses, we traced their origins to the early stages of vertebrate evolution. Our findings suggested that npm2a and npm2b resulted from an ancient local gene duplication, and their functions diverged although key protein domains were conserved. We then investigated their functions by examining their tissue distribution in a wide variety of species and found that they shared ovarian-specific expression, a key feature of maternal-effect genes. We also demonstrated that both npm2a and npm2b are maternally-inherited transcripts in vertebrates, and that they play essential, but distinct, roles in early embryogenesis using zebrafish knockout models. Both npm2a and npm2b function early during oogenesis and may play a role in cortical granule function that impact egg activation and fertilization, while npm2b is also involved in early embryogenesis. Conclusion These novel findings will broaden our knowledge on the evolutionary history of maternal-effect genes and underlying mechanisms that contribute to vertebrate reproductive success. In addition, our results demonstrate the existence of a newly described maternal-effect gene, npm2a, that contributes to egg competence, an area that still requires further comprehension.

Tomasz Babnis

Augustan Poets on the Roman-Parthian Treaty of 20 BC From the moment Rome established contacts with the Parthian empire in the 1st century BC, its relations with the eastern neighbour became one of the most important points of Roman foreign policy. Attempts to subjugate Parthia ended in Rome’s crushing defeat at Carrhae in 53 BC. Having taken over power in the Roman Republic, Octavian Augustus became much more active in his oriental  policy, wishing to erase the shame brought upon Rome by the defeat. The peace treaty signed in 20 BC was the Emperor’s diplomatic success and was presented as a great triumph by the Roman propaganda. In this paper, I analyse several frag-ments referring to this agreement in the works of the Augustan poets Horace, Propertius and Ovid. The works, written over almost three decades, present this event from various perspectives. On the one hand, they show a strong intermixture of politics and literature, and on the other hand, great talent and artistic skill of the poets writing creatively about issues which were current in Rome at the time.

Gregory Gallo

Abdelouahab Bouchareb

Gary N. Knoppers, Gary N. Knoppers, Deirdre N. Fulton et al.

This conversation with Jacob L. Wright, Rebuilding Identity: The Nehemiah Memoir and its Earliest Readers (BZAW, 348; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2004) began in a special session of the Chronicles-Ezra-Nehemiah section that was held at the national meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature in November 2006 (Washington, DC). It includes an introduction by the editor and contributions by Deirdre N. Fulton, David M. Carr, Ralph W. Klein and a response by Jacob L. Wright.

A. González Blanco

Sin resumen

Jana Horvat

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María Jesús Peréx Agorreta

Sin resumen

James C. VanderKam