Hasil untuk "American literature"

Shishir Shetty, Anthony Errichetti, Sangeetha Narasimhan et al.

Haptic dental simulators are gaining recognition for training dental students. However, there needs to be more evidence of their pedagogical effectiveness. The primary aims were to (1) identify the published studies related to the application of virtual reality (VR) and haptic technology in the restorative dentistry training of dental students, (2) recognize the outcome criteria used in the published studies, and (3) determine the subjective evaluation of VR and haptic technology in the restorative dentistry training by the students. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to find scholarly articles that assessed the utilization of VR and haptics in training students in restorative dentistry. The investigation was performed via seven online databases: Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, Science Direct Freedom Collection, Latin American & Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), EMBASE, and MEDLINE. Of the 268 potential articles assessed, 22 met the inclusion criteria. Findings demonstrated feasibility and acceptability. Additionally, there was improved motor skill acquisition and retention and less time for dental restoration after haptic virtual reality training. With the rising evidence of efficacy and increased utilization of digital technologies, virtual reality, and haptics has a role in improving students’ education outcomes.

Sami Çeliktaş

In this study, an analysis was conducted of the stories of the American short-story writer O. Henry and the Kurdish short-story and novel writer Firat Cewerî, The Gift of Magi and Bîsîklêt, in the context of irony. Such an approach is well-suited to the field of comparative literature. This study examined the literary data that could be provided by analysing two writers and their works, who have different literary, historical and social backgrounds, around a common theme of examination. An analysis of the ironic discourses in the two stories, both of which featured similar subjects and themes, was conducted within the framework of the main types of verbal irony, including situational and dramatic irony, with the aim of explaining how irony functioned in the discourse of each story and how it was connected to the fundamental elements of the narrative. Following a thorough analysis, it was determined that both writers employed the literary device of irony to shed light on the social and personal challenges faced by their characters. Irony functioned as both a narrative tool and a key plot element, allowing for the expression of deep human emotions and experiences. In addition, it was determined that while the use of irony was identified as a central feature of O. Henry's narrative structure, its employment by Firat Cewerî was found to be limited, and implicit rather than explicit, allowing readers to interpret it through the medium of their own experiences and perspectives.

Gloria Celia Carreño

La présente étude met l’accent sur l’importance que revêt, pour les études historiques, la protection des archives de caractère privé et sur leurs méthodologies : sont envisagées les perspectives et questions concernant l’histoire de la vie privée, l’histoire sociale, l’histoire économique, l’histoire des mentalités, l’histoire du travail, la micro-histoire ou encore l’histoire régionale, entre autres. Elle aborde ensuite la méthodologie des archives, ses applications aux archives privées et enfin les caractéristiques de ces archives et le cadre légal dans lequel elles s’inscrivent au Mexique.

Mustafa Otrar, Büşra Turan Tüylüoğlu

Mass urban interventions have been highlighted to have negative effects on neighborhood attachment in old age. However, this situation has been revealed mostly in studies focusing on the Anglo-American context while overlapping the literature on displacement literature and being supported by the literature on gentrification. Therefore, extending related studies to non-Western contexts will enrich the literature. As an example, Istanbul is the city in Türkiye with the highest percentage of an older population and has been undergoing a comprehensive demolition and resettlement process, particularly state-led interventions targeting poorer slums and inner-city neighborhoods. This study uses quantitative methods to investigate the relationship between the type of intervention (state-led, market-led, or mixed model) and older people’s neighborhood attachment in Istanbul. According to the analysis, contrary to expectations, neighborhood attachment has not changed in the direction of decreasing in state-led urban regeneration practices. Although state-led urban regeneration interventions occasionally result in displacement, some positive changes have been reported in terms of housing comfort, safety, and neighborhood prestige, thus mitigating the expected negative effects on neighborhood attachment, which is an outcome that has received little attention in the literature.

Maria Brennda Ferreira de Gusmão, Vinícius Vital de Oliveira, Natália Maria da Silva Santos et al.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the impact of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in children and adolescents infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Data source: The search procedure was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement. The search was carried out until April 2022 in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Embase, Cochrane Central, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Web of Science, Scopus, and MedRxiv. The combination of terms used was: (Children OR Youth OR Teenagers) AND HIV AND (Tenofovir OR “Antiretroviral therapy”) AND (“Bone density” OR Osteoporosis OR Osteopenia). The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42022312851) Data synthesis: The initial searches resulted in 1156 papers. After the exclusion of duplicate studies, three blinded reviewers analyzed the title and abstract of 563 papers, of which 57 remained to be read in full. Only nine papers met the eligibility criteria and were included in descriptive and risk-of-bias analyses. Regarding study design, four were cross-sectional, three were longitudinal before-after studies without a control group, and two were prospective cohorts. Among these nine papers, seven showed no significant association between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate use and reduced bone mass in young people. However, these papers did not have high methodological quality. Conclusions: Although most of the selected papers found no harmful effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on bone mass, further primary research with higher methodological quality is needed so robust scientific evidences can be obtained.

Cornelia VLAICU

“Evolution is a beautiful thing. To witness something grow, change, and move forward—is sacred,” says Patty Stonefish in her introduction to Deer Woman: An Anthology, a 2017 comic book edited by Elizabeth LaPensée and Weshoyot Alvitre. The Native works discussed in this article re-contextualize Deer Woman, a spirit found in the oral traditions of many Native American nations. They use literature and “sequential art” (Lee Francis IV) as vehicles for retelling old stories in a contemporary setting, have myth live on, and keep tradition alive and valid, rather than lodged in the past, “adding new layers of growth […] just as living trees do” (Bruchac 8). Non-Native cultural products continue to display the tension between “fixity” and “repeatability” (Bhabha 94-95) in the monstrous representation of the “Indian,” a product of the “wétiko” (cannibalistic) impulse of colonialism and patriarchy (Forbes 22). Multiple Native voices “revision”/“re-vision” (Osborn 261) Deer Woman to articulate criticism of the colonially-rooted construction of the Indigenous and employ her tricksterism to subvert static meaning and reclaim sovereignty.

Dan G. Pavel, Dan G. Pavel, Theodore A. Henderson et al.

Brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans were initially developed in 1970's. A key radiopharmaceutical, hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO), was originally approved in 1988, but was unstable. As a result, the quality of SPECT images varied greatly based on technique until 1993, when a method of stabilizing HMPAO was developed. In addition, most SPECT perfusion studies pre-1996 were performed on single-head gamma cameras. In 1996, the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (TTASAAN) issued a report regarding the use of SPECT in the evaluation of neurological disorders. Although the TTASAAN report was published in January 1996, it was approved for publication in October 1994. Consequently, the reported brain SPECT studies relied upon to derive the conclusions of the TTASAAN report largely pre-date the introduction of stabilized HMPAO. While only 12% of the studies on traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the TTASAAN report utilized stable tracers and multi-head cameras, 69 subsequent studies with more than 23,000 subjects describe the utility of perfusion SPECT scans in the evaluation of TBI. Similarly, dementia SPECT imaging has improved. Modern SPECT utilizing multi-headed gamma cameras and quantitative analysis has a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 89% for the diagnosis of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease—comparable to fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Advances also have occurred in seizure neuroimaging. Lastly, developments in SPECT imaging of neurotoxicity and neuropsychiatric disorders have been striking. At the 25-year anniversary of the publication of the TTASAAN report, it is time to re-examine the utility of perfusion SPECT brain imaging. Herein, we review studies cited by the TTASAAN report vs. current brain SPECT imaging research literature for the major indications addressed in the report, as well as for emerging indications. In Part II, we elaborate technical aspects of SPECT neuroimaging and discuss scan interpretation for the clinician.

Jonathan D. Cook, Evan H. C. Grant, Jeremy T. H. Coleman et al.

Abstract The virus that causes COVID‐19 likely evolved in a mammalian host, possibly Old‐World bats, before adapting to humans, raising the question of whether reverse zoonotic transmission to bats is possible. Wildlife management agencies in North America are concerned that the activities they authorize could lead to transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 to bats from humans. A rapid risk assessment conducted in April 2020 suggested that there was a small but significant possibility that SARS‐CoV‐2 could be transmitted from humans to bats during summer fieldwork, absent precautions. Subsequent challenge studies in a laboratory setting have shed new information on these risks, as has more detailed information on human epidemiology and transmission. This inquiry focuses on the risk to bats from winter fieldwork, specifically surveys of winter roosts and handling of bats to test for white‐nose syndrome or other research needs. We use an aerosol transmission model, with parameter estimates both from the literature and from formal expert judgment, to estimate the risk to three species of North American bats, as a function of several factors. We find that risks of transmission are lower than in the previous assessment and are notably affected by chamber volume and local prevalence of COVID‐19. Use of facemasks with high filtration efficiency or a negative COVID‐19 test before field surveys can reduce zoonotic risk by 65 to 88%.

Yulia Vertakova, Anna Kazantseva, Vladimir Plotnikov

Purpose. The growth in the scale of economic activity of mankind has caused destructive environmental changes. Economic activity in the twentieth century has become a significant geological and biospheric factor. This led to the formation of the Sustainable Development Concept and Green Growth Theory. One of the tools for the practical implementation of these approaches is the introduction of Green Supply Chains into the business. The purpose of the study is the analysis of Green Supply Chains as an innovative tool for doing business, as well as the study of its reflection in modern scientific literature. Methodology / approach. The research used methods of comparative and retrospective analysis, an institutional approach, structural-functional and scientometric analysis. As data sources, information was used from the international bibliographic database Scopus and the national (Russian) bibliographic database elibrary.ru. Results. One of the ways of transforming enterprises, industries and the economy under the influence of the Sustainable Development Concept is to introduce Green Supply Chain (GSC) into business practice. Understanding the importance of implementing this tool, business entities and their stakeholders form a «social order» for GSC research. This caused a surge in interest of researchers in many countries around the world to this issue. In the last decade, interest in these issues in the world scientific literature has been growing like an avalanche. Moreover, if initially the main studies were conducted in European and North American countries, by now the championship has passed to Asian countries. This geographical redistribution of research efforts leads to the modernization of the economies of rapidly growing Asian countries, primarily China and India. This will inevitably lead to an improvement in their competitive position in the world. At the same time, business and authorities in not all developing economies realized the strategic importance of GSC. This applies to Russia, Ukraine and several other countries. This situation objectively weakens their competitive position in the global economy. Originality / scientific novelty. The article quantitatively evaluated the research activity in studying the problems of Green Supply Chains. This study is based on chronological and geographical factors. Identified trends: a shift in the center of world research in Asia; correlations between the pace of green modernization of the economy and research activity in the field of Green Supply Chains; country differentiation in research activity. The advantages of Green Supply Chains as an innovative tool for doing business are shown. Practical value / implications. A substantive analysis showed that the concept of Green Supply Chains and its implementation in business can lead to significant positive changes not only in the economy, but also in society. In this regard, in countries where this concept has not yet become significant and is perceived by the authorities and business as something secondary, politicians should pay more attention to it. It is necessary to activate a special direction of state policy aimed at stimulating the formation and development of Green Supply Chains in the national economy.

Will Norman

Gail Sherman

K. B. Chan MBBS, FRCSEd(Orth), Raymond Yeung MBBS, FRCSEd(Orth)

Background: Although percutaneous surgery for the treatment of hallux valgus is popular in Europe, there is sparse English written literature documenting its efficacy. This study described the operative techniques using percutaneous basal closing wedge osteotomy of the first metatarsal in correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus (HV) and its short-term clinical outcomes. We postulated that satisfactory correction of hallux valgus (HV) angle, intermetatarsal (IM) angle, and patients’ clinical outcomes could be achieved with this technique. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 25 feet in 23 patients who underwent a percutaneous basal closing wedge osteotomy of the first metatarsal (MT1) combined with a mini-open modified McBride procedure and mini-open resection of medial eminence. Follow-up averaged 21.5 months. Radiographic outcomes included pre- and postoperative HV angle, IM angle, absolute and relative shortening of MT1, and time to union. American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores were compared between pre- and postoperatively. Results: The average HV angle improved from 39.4 (range, 29-58.3) degrees preoperatively to 14.7 (range, 0.1-23.2) degrees postoperatively ( P < .05). IM angle improved from 14.9 (range, 6.7-22.4) degrees to 6.6 (range, 0.9-14.8) degrees ( P < .05). The average absolute shortening was 3.8 (range, 0.27-12.91) mm and the relative shortening was 0.8 (range, 0.05-1.91) mm. There was no delayed union or malunion at the osteotomy site. The average AOFAS score improved from 39 (range, 12-50) to 81 (range, 70-93) ( P < .05). Conclusions: Satisfactory hallux valgus deformity correction and patients’ outcomes were achieved with this technique. Our results are similar to results reported in other studies using open techniques. There was no malunion or delayed union of the osteotomy. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series study.

Ana Maura Tomesani

Abstract: this article is part of a PhD thesis interested in confronting the demands of Latin American law enforcement institutions with programs in the security sector reform fostered by foreign agencies for international assistance on the continent. The guiding hypothesis of this study is that programs of international aid focused on the security sector reform in Latin America overlook law enforcement demands for institutional strengthening. I suggest that the international offering in this area follows a regional agenda, which is basically preventive and is very resistant to work with law enforcement organizations. Part of the work is mapping donor and recipient countries for analyzing programs implemented in Latin American countries. This article presents the literature review for this investigation and the first results of our empiric research.

Craig Edward Colten

This paper considers the contrasting and deliberate efforts to reshape the Tluvial futures of two important American cities which essentially re-wrote their riparian heritages. Chicago’s aggressive extension of its commercial reach through its artiTicial connection with the Mississippi has become embodied in its environmental, political, and literary history. Conversely, New Orleans crafted a defensive local culture in its environmental history, politics, and literature. The contrasting investments in river-altering infrastructure and urban relationships with the one river expose the signiTicance of each city’s position within a watershed and in shaping its respective cultural history and its identity.

Valentine Vasak

In the plays of Edward Albee, the animal – or as Jacques Derrida would say, the animot – can only be approached indirectly: in The Zoo Story, Jerry is haunted by the glaring eyes of a dog and a whiff of bestiality pervades the stage of The Goat. In their monologues, male characters keep reenacting their visual encounters with animals. Yet, although theater is etymologically bound up with the act of seeing, the audience hardly ever sets eye on non-human species. This paper seeks to investigate this paradoxical dramatization through speech of animals lurking offstage. I will therefore question Emmanuel Lévinas’ claim that animals cannot partake in face to face encounters, dwelling on the ethical consequences of Derrida’s postulate that “The animal looks at us and we are naked before it”. In the plays under study, these encounters, be they confrontational or lustful, enable the male characters to assert their predatory masculinity by “catching sight” of these figures of the other. Indeed, as the often feminized beasts remain offstage, or are even sacrificed in a gruesome reenactment of the tragic goat song, the audience is led to question the boundaries between species, speeches, gender and genre.

Cecilia Mafla Bustamante

El 4 de octubre de 2012, la profesora Cecilia Mafla Bustamante entrevistó al conocido poeta cuencano Efraín Jara Idrovo. En este diálogo el escritor narra su trayectoria poética, su ideología política y sus influencias literarias nacionales e internacionales. También hace reflexiones, conjuntamente con su hijo Johnny Jara, sobre el poema Sollozo por Pedro Jara, considerado su mejor obra. Además, examina la estructura semiótica del signo lingüístico y su carácter biplano que mira hacia el sentido y hacia la materialidad del signo, según la teoría de Jan Muka?ovský. Profundiza su pensamiento existencial en el concepto “el mundo es la configuración de la conciencia”, y finalmente medita sobre el proceso de la escritura y la producción poética en el Ecuador.

Anne Mørk

This article examines Robert F. Kennedy’s status as an icon to the American public and both liberals and conservatives. The difficulty in categorizing Kennedy’s complex political beliefs within just one of many liberal traditions is key to understanding his popularity with various—and often opposing—groups within American politics. Whereas conservatives favor Kennedy’s tough attitude on law-and-order, liberals admire Kennedy’s electoral appeal and ability to unite voters. However, the American people have adopted Kennedy as a non-partisan icon in the tradition of Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., and John F. Kennedy. Starting with Kennedy’s death, the American people remembered him as a martyr of American democracy, justice, and equality. In the new millennium, Kennedy has frequently been presented in the media and political rhetoric as tough, but compassionate, and thereby as a liberal icon for the ages.

Andrea Kottow

El artículo propone una revisión del imaginario del SIDA -entendiendo la enfermedad como una práctica discursiva-en tres obras literarias latinoamericanas: Salón de belleza de Mario Bellatín, Loco afán, de Pedro Lemebel y El desbarrancadero, de Fernando Vallejo, con el fin de rastrear las implicancias de trabajar discursivamente con el tópico de una enfermedad de alta sensibilidad social. El poner en circulación el imaginario del SIDA implica impulsar una reflexión acerca de límites, normatividades y poderes, vinculando estas problemáticas con la sexualidad y el deseo. En el espacio de las obras literarias confluyen diversas y complejas líneas discursivas, haciendo del SIDA una plataforma móvil que permite el desplazamiento entre el pensamiento teórico, autobiográfico y estético, funcionando la enfermedad como sustento de un proyecto estético e identitario subversivo.<br>The present article proposes a revisión of AIDS imaginary -understanding the disease as a discursive practice- in three Latin-American works of literature: Salón de belleza, by Mario Bellatín, Loco afán, by Pedro Lemebel, and Fernando Vallejo's El desbarrancadero, looking into the implications of working discursively with the topic of a disease of high social sensibility. Bringing the imaginary of aids to the public sphere leads to a reflection about boundaries, norms and power, linking these issues with sexuality and desire. Diverse and complex lines of discourses converge in the place created by literary works, turning AIDS into a mobile platform that allows for a transfer between theoretical, autobiographical and aesthetic thinking, stating the disease as a foundation of an aesthetic and subversive identity project.

Kerry-Ann Escayg

This article challenges the homogeneity of the teaching profession in Canada by articulating the pressing need for a more diverse teaching body, as it relates to students’ academic achievement and social well being. Given the subject location and interest of the author, literature reviewed in this paper primarily revolves around research on Black educators. The essential themes that underscore this paper are: teachers of colour as role models, culturally relevant pedagogy, and pedagogies of Black teachers. While there is a growing body of literature on teachers of colour in the American context, there still exists a paucity of Canadian research on teacher diversity, and the ways in which pre-service programs are implicated in the recruitment and retention of racialized teacher candidates. Using an anti-racist lens, I examine the role of Black educators within the nexus of representation and pedagogical diversity. Finally, I elucidate the integral role of Faculties of Education in responding to an equitable representation of Canadian teachers.

Basheer Nafi

In this issue of AJISS we present a diverse number of articles that deal with a wide range of issues. The thorny and continuously debated relation between Islam and the West is the subject of four contributions: Ralph Coury’s “A Neoimperial Discourse on the Middle East,” Charles Butterworth’s “On Others as Evil: Toward a Truly Comparative Politics,” Ali A. Mazrui’s “Islam in a More Conservative Western World,” and M. Hazim Shah ibn Abdul Murad’s review essay on “Islam and Contemporary Western Thought.” Commonly, it is the reports of missionaries, travel literature, colonialist memoirs, or orientalist texts that have been the main field of research for studying western attitudes toward Islam. In contrast, Ralph Coury’s contribution takes an uncommon approach to exploring these attitudes by using the works of Paul Bowles, the American expatriate novelist, as a principle research tool. Bowles has spent most of his productive life in Morocco, where the Arab and Islamic constitutional elements of the people and their life make up the fabric and background of his novels and his other writings. In this penetrating analysis of Bowles’s views of Islam and of Arabs, Coury links the inner psychodramatic self of the novelist to his political and cultural unconscious in order to provide an alternative insight to his works. Looking at the issue from a different perspective, Charles E. Butterworth brings to the fore a variant reading of the western cultural heritage. Butterworth begins his study by emphasizing that, as far as the relation between Islam and the West is concerned, “for exchange to be fruitful, each party needs to look at the best in his or her own tradition, rather than at the worst, or even the ordinary, and ask that the interlocutor do the same for his or her tradition.” By this, Butterworth endeavors to recover the other, the lost and forgotten dimension of the westem mind: the mind of Homer, of Socrates, and of Albert Camus. It is the tentative mind that is seen as relevant to Islamic-western dialogue, the self-doubtful mind, where the human traits of wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice lend themselves very prominently to a particular part of the western discursive tradition. Instilled with the wisdom and insight of a keen observer of the human condition, Ali A. Mazrui treats the subtle ideo-political transformation of the West as well as that of the Muslims living in the West, not as students or travelers, but as members of this society. His findings rest on three main ...