Hasil untuk "Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology"

W. G. Sumner

Marriage increased in the United States from I920 to I930 even when age, nativity, and urban-rural composition are held constant. Early marriage is not increasing. Urban-rural differences and sex differences are less. There are fewer widowed. The volume of marriage among men is nearly the same under varying social conditions, while among women it varies more widely. The large cities discourage marriage, if farms be taken as the norm, by I5 per cent. The country is becoming somewhat more homogeneous in respect to marriage. There have been a number of significant changes in regard to marriage in the United States since the census of I920. In this paper there will be analyzed and discussed a number of the more important changes for which data exist. THE INCREASE IN MARRIAGE The number of marriages increased, per unit of population, from I920 to I930. In I920 there were 599 married out of every i,ooo persons fifteen years old and older, while in I930 there were 605. Why has there been an increase in the numbers married? One possible reason is that the adult population of the present day may have a greater average age than the population of earlier decades, for among the younger ages there are fewer married than among those a little older. There is a technique which can be used to eliminate this variation in age of the population between different years so that comparisons can be made in the percentages married on the basis of populations of the same age. Applying this technique,

A. Ezeh, O. Oyebode, D. Satterthwaite et al.

Massive slums have become major features of cities in many low-income and middle-income countries. Here, in the first in a Series of two papers, we discuss why slums are unhealthy places with especially high risks of infection and injury. We show that children are especially vulnerable, and that the combination of malnutrition and recurrent diarrhoea leads to stunted growth and longer-term effects on cognitive development. We find that the scientific literature on slum health is underdeveloped in comparison to urban health, and poverty and health. This shortcoming is important because health is affected by factors arising from the shared physical and social environment, which have effects beyond those of poverty alone. In the second paper we will consider what can be done to improve health and make recommendations for the development of slum health as a field of study.

C. Colomb, J. Novy

Across the globe, from established tourist destinations such as Venice or Prague to less traditional destinations in both the global North and South, there is mounting evidence that points to an increasing politicization of the topic of urban tourism. In some cities, residents and other stakeholders take issue with the growth of tourism as such, as well as the negative impacts it has on their cities; while in others, particular forms and effects of tourism are contested or deplored. In numerous settings, contestations revolve less around tourism itself than around broader processes, policies and forces of urban change perceived to threaten the right to ‘stay put’, the quality of life or identity of existing urban populations. This book for the first time looks at urban tourism as a source of contention and dispute and analyses what type of conflicts and contestations have emerged around urban tourism in 16 cities across Europe, North America, South America and Asia. It explores the various ways in which community groups, residents and other actors have responded to – and challenged – tourism development in an international and multi-disciplinary perspective. The title links the largely discrete yet interconnected disciplines of ‘urban studies’ and ‘tourism studies’ and draws on approaches and debates from urban sociology; urban policy and politics; urban geography; urban anthropology; cultural studies; urban design and planning; tourism studies and tourism management. This ground breaking volume offers new insight into the conflicts and struggles generated by urban tourism and will be of interest to students, researchers and academics from the fields of tourism, geography, planning, urban studies, development studies, anthropology, politics and sociology.

Nikhil Naik, S. Kominers, R. Raskar et al.

D. Mushnikov, V. A. Kozlov, A. Kostin et al.

S i g n i f i c a n c e . One of the current areas of anti-cancer control is to increase the cancer literacy of the population. However, there is a lack of data on indicators and the current state of cancer literacy of the population, which makes it difficult to assess and correct it. The purpose of the study is to assess the level of cancer literacy of the urban and rural population of central Russia (on the example of the Ivanovo region). Material and methods. A study was carried out on the territory of the Ivanovo region, the program of which included: expert assessments of significant indicators of cancer literacy of the population, conducting a sociological survey of 2000 respondents, including 1000 residents of cities, 1000 residents of rural areas. Mathematical and statistical data processing was carried out using the Statistica program. Differences between the groups were considered significant at p < 0,05. Results. Experts have identified 10 indicators of cancer literacy of the population, which are divided into 3 categories according to their importance for assessment: critically significant, important, and desirable. The survey showed that a third of the population has a low level of cancer literacy, including for critically significant indicators. Differences in the structure of decline in indicators of cancer literacy of the urban and rural population have been established. It is also determined that in the risk zone for a low level of cancer literacy are such categories of the population as: men, young population, people with a low level of education. Conclusion. The data obtained became the basis for the development of proposals to improve the cancer literacy of the population, including 3 areas: monitoring, the formation of a data bank on groups of the population with a low level of cancer literacy, and the implementation of targeted literacy measures. Scope of application of the results obtained. The data obtained in the course of the study can be used in the practical activities of oncological institutions.

Shirin Qiam, Lewis J. Lehe

This study introduces a novel dataset of parking lot boundaries covering fifteen US cities. We generate this dataset using a deep learning segmentation model described in Qiam et al. (2025), and a subsequent post-processing workflow. The dataset, publicly available in shapefile format, enables spatial analysis of parking land use at both inter- and intra-city levels. To estimate the share of off-street land used for off-street parking, we link these polygons with tax parcel datasets, in order to exclude streets and public sidewalks. Off-street surface parking accounts for as little as 3.4% of parcel land in Oakland and as much as 10.7% in Anaheim, with central business districts ranging from 2.3% in Boston to 31.7% in Tulsa.

Ariel Favier, Christine Hedde-von Westernhagen, Meghan Krieg et al.

More than half of the world's population now lives in urban environments, which concentrate services and infrastructure to satisfy the material needs of a growing number of inhabitants. The interdependencies between physical infrastructure systems are required for cities to function efficiently, but simultaneously expose cities to new hazards. Failures that emerge from one infrastructure system and cascade through these interdependencies are becoming larger and more frequent due to climate change and growing urban environments. Because of the uneven distribution of resources and basic services, cascade failures often exacerbate pre-existing socioeconomic inequalities. Human communities rely on both social capital and infrastructure services to prepare for, manage, and recover from these challenging scenarios, but the overlap between social and physical infrastructure creates unpredictable feedback dynamics. While prior research has focused on either social capital or physical infrastructure in urban disaster management, an integrative view of these two perspectives is seldom explored. In this paper, the feedback mechanisms between the physical and social layers of different urban designs are identified and analyzed to optimize relief response. Methodologically, we identify cities with high accessibility that have undergone disasters. From these cities, we measure their physical and social resilience indicators before and after disaster as a means to evaluate the impact of accessibility on disaster relief and preparedness. We will supplement this empirical analysis with a simulation that captures a cascade failure/disaster through a multilayer infrastructure and social network model.

Devashish Khulbe, Stanislav Sobolevsky

Delineating areas within metropolitan regions stands as an important focus among urban researchers, shedding light on the urban perimeters shaped by evolving population dynamics. Applications to urban science are numerous, from facilitating comparisons between delineated districts and administrative divisions to informing policymakers of the shifting economic and labor landscapes. In this study, we propose using commute networks sourced from the census for the purpose of urban delineation, by modeling them with a Graph Neural Network (GNN) architecture. We derive low-dimensional representations of granular urban areas (nodes) using GNNs. Subsequently, nodes' embeddings are clustered to identify spatially cohesive communities in urban areas. Our experiments across the U.S. demonstrate the effectiveness of network embeddings in capturing significant socioeconomic disparities between communities in various cities, particularly in factors such as median household income. The role of census mobility data in regional delineation is also noted, and we establish the utility of GNNs in urban community detection, as a powerful alternative to existing methods in this domain. The results offer insights into the wider effects of commute networks and their use in building meaningful representations of urban regions.

Kieran Elrod, Katherine Flanigan, Mario Bergés

Designing socially active streets has long been a goal of urban planning, yet existing quantitative research largely measures pedestrian volume rather than the quality of social interactions. We hypothesize that street view imagery -- an inexpensive data source with global coverage -- contains latent social information that can be extracted and interpreted through established social science theory. As a proof of concept, we analyzed 2,998 street view images from 15 cities using a multimodal large language model guided by Mehta's taxonomy of passive, fleeting, and enduring sociability -- one illustrative example of a theory grounded in urban design that could be substituted or complemented by other sociological frameworks. We then used linear regression models, controlling for factors like weather, time of day, and pedestrian counts, to test whether the inferred sociability measures correlate with city-level place attachment scores from the World Values Survey and with environmental predictors (e.g., green, sky, and water view indices) derived from individual street view images. Results aligned with long-standing urban planning theory: the sky view index was associated with all three sociability types, the green view index predicted enduring sociability, and place attachment was positively associated with fleeting sociability. These results provide preliminary evidence that street view images can be used to infer relationships between specific types of social interactions and built environment variables. Further research could establish street view imagery as a scalable, privacy-preserving tool for studying urban sociability, enabling cross-cultural theory testing and evidence-based design of socially vibrant cities.

Luís M. A. Bettencourt, Ivanna Rodriguez, Jordan T. Kemp et al.

Cities are characterized by the coexistence of general aggregate patterns, along with many local variations. This poses challenges for analyses of urban phenomena, which tend to be either too aggregated or too local, depending on the disciplinary approach. Here, we use methods from statistical learning theory to develop a general methodology for quantifying how much information is encoded in the spatial structure of cities at different scales. We illustrate the approach via the multiscale analysis of income distributions in over 900 US metropolitan areas. By treating the formation of diverse neighborhood structures as a process of spatial selection, we quantify the complexity of explanation needed to account for personal income heterogeneity observed across all US urban areas and each of their neighborhoods. We find that spatial selection is strongly dependent on income levels with richer and poorer households appearing spatially more segregated than middle-income groups. We also find that different neighborhoods present different degrees of income specificity and inequality, motivating analysis and theory beyond averages. Our findings emphasize the importance of multiscalar statistical methods that both coarse-grain and fine-grain data to bridge local to global theories of cities and other complex systems.

Rico H Herzog, Till Degkwitz, Trivik Verma

Urban digital twins are increasingly perceived as a way to pool the growing digital resources of cities for the purpose of a more sustainable and integrated urban planning. Models and simulations are central to this undertaking: They enable "what if?" scenarios, create insights and describe relationships between the vast data that is being collected. However, the process of integrating and subsequently using models in urban digital twins is an inherently complex undertaking. It raises questions about how to represent urban complexity, how to deal with uncertain assumptions and modeling paradigms, and how to capture underlying power relations. Existent approaches in the domain largely focus on monolithic and centralized solutions in the tradition of neoliberal city-making, oftentimes prohibiting pluralistic and open interoperable models. Using a participatory design for participatory systems approach together with the City of Hamburg, Germany, we find that an open Urban Model Platform can function both as a public technological backbone for modeling and simulation in urban digital twins and as a socio-technical framework for a collaborative and pluralistic representation of urban processes. Such a platform builds on open standards, allows for a decentralized integration of models, enables communication between models and supports a multi-model approach to representing urban systems.

Marc Duran-Sala, Martin Hendrick, Gabriele Manoli

Urban-induced changes in local microclimate, such as urban heat islands and air pollution, are known to vary with city size, leading to distinctive relations between average climate variables and city-scale quantities (e.g., total population). However, these approaches suffer from biases related to the choice of city boundaries and they neglect intra-urban variations of urban characteristics. Here, we use high-resolution data of urban temperatures, air quality, population, and street networks from 142 cities worldwide and show that their marginal and joint probability distributions collapse onto a set of general scaling functions. Using a logarithmic relation between urban spatial features and climate variables, we find that average street network properties are sufficient to characterize the entire variability of the temperature and air pollution fields observed within and across cities. These findings provide a unified statistical framework for characterizing intra-urban climate variability, with important implications for climate modeling and urban planning.

Mingxuan Liu, Honglin He, Elisa Ricci et al.

Urban embodied AI agents, ranging from delivery robots to quadrupeds, are increasingly populating our cities, navigating chaotic streets to provide last-mile connectivity. Training such agents requires diverse, high-fidelity urban environments to scale, yet existing human-crafted or procedurally generated simulation scenes either lack scalability or fail to capture real-world complexity. We introduce UrbanVerse, a data-driven real-to-sim system that converts crowd-sourced city-tour videos into physics-aware, interactive simulation scenes. UrbanVerse consists of: (i) UrbanVerse-100K, a repository of 100k+ annotated urban 3D assets with semantic and physical attributes, and (ii) UrbanVerse-Gen, an automatic pipeline that extracts scene layouts from video and instantiates metric-scale 3D simulations using retrieved assets. Running in IsaacSim, UrbanVerse offers 160 high-quality constructed scenes from 24 countries, along with a curated benchmark of 10 artist-designed test scenes. Experiments show that UrbanVerse scenes preserve real-world semantics and layouts, achieving human-evaluated realism comparable to manually crafted scenes. In urban navigation, policies trained in UrbanVerse exhibit scaling power laws and strong generalization, improving success by +6.3% in simulation and +30.1% in zero-shot sim-to-real transfer comparing to prior methods, accomplishing a 300 m real-world mission with only two interventions.

Maria S. Frolova

In 2021-2023 In Yekaterinburg, 3 volumes of author's essays were published on the development of the cultural sphere of the capital of the Urals. The release of review texts was initiated by the Department of Culture of the Yekaterinburg Administration. On 864 pages, using archival materials, unique historical and contemporary photographs, the “spirit of the development of the arts” is presented - music, theater and cinema in Volume 1, sculpture, painting and architecture in Volume 2, literature, art education and the educational system in Volume 3. The chosen genre - essays - is original and productive. Texts are a form of summing up, recording successes in the development of the Yekaterinburg/Sverdlovsk sphere of culture. The tercentenary anniversary of Yekaterinburg (the city can be scientifically categorized as a regional or peripheral capital), which took place in 2023, is an occasion for reflection and further planning. Richly illustrated, gift-type books are deep and original from the point of view of analytics of the development of the cultural sphere. The authors were leading academic researchers and employees of the largest cultural institutions of Yekaterinburg - the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore, UrFU named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, the Museum of the History of Yekaterinburg, the Sverdlovsk Music School named after P. I. Tchaikovsky. Using the general scientific critical method, methods of synthesis and analysis, the text of the review provides a brief overview of all three volumes of essays, characterizes the merits of the publication, and provides criticism.

Alexis Briggs

Black young adults participate in activism to challenge and transform oppressive systems. In this qualitative study, we employed thematic analysis and used the framework of sociopolitical development (SPD) to explore their motivations and challenges to participation amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the summer of 2020 in the United States. Semi-structured interviews with 22 Black young adults in early 2022 revealed that social identities, sense of legacy, impact, and morals drove their participation. Further, contending with systemic oppression, impact, harm, and working with others challenged their participation. This study holds valuable insights for stakeholders as they support and empower young Black activists navigating social justice efforts in our dynamic and evolving sociopolitical landscape. Further, this work highlights the enduring tradition of activism within the Black community and emphasizes the need to empower young Black activists as change agents in the pursuit of a more equitable society.

Zeng Guanwen, Serok Nimrod, Lieberthal Efrat Blumenfeld et al.

We analyze the patterns of traffic jams in urban networks of five large cities and an urban agglomeration region in China using real data based on a recently developed jam tree model. This model focuses on the way traffic jams spread through a network of streets, where the first street that becomes congested represents the bottleneck of the jam. We extended the model by integrating additional realistic jam components into the model and find that, while the locations of traffic jams can vary significantly from day to day and hour to hour, the daily distribution of the costs associated with these jams follows a consistent pattern, i.e., a power law with similar exponents. This distribution pattern appears to hold not only for a given region on different days, but also for the same hours on different days. This daily pattern of exponent values for traffic jams can be used as a fingerprint for urban traffic, i.e., jam-prints. Our findings are useful for quantifying the reliability of urban traffic system, and for improving traffic management and control.

Timo Häckel, Luca von Roenn, Nemo Juchmann et al.

The trend for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is growing with prospective air taxis, parcel deliverers, and medical and industrial services. Safe and efficient UAM operation relies on timely communication and reliable data exchange. In this paper, we explore Cooperative Perception (CP) for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), considering the unique communication needs involving high dynamics and a large number of UAS. We propose a hybrid approach combining local broadcast with a central CP service, inspired by centrally managed U-space and broadcast mechanisms from automotive and aviation domains. In a simulation study, we show that our approach significantly enhances the environmental awareness for UAS compared to fully distributed approaches, with an increased communication channel load, which we also evaluate. These findings prompt a discussion on communication strategies for CP in UAM and the potential of a centralized CP service in future research.

V. E. Kozlov, Т. А. Titova

This article considers the features of “ethnic culture” and its place in the everyday and spiritual life of the Russian urban population of the Republic of Tatarstan. Its symbolic and functional importance for various sociodemographic groups is explored. The population of Tatarstan is viewed as a single historical and ethnographic community descending from the Great Russians of the Volga region. The structure of the social identity types and the characteristics of ethno-cultural group practices are described. Special attention is paid to how social space and ethno-cultural needs are related. The comparative analysis of different social groups of the urban and rural Russian residents of Tatarstan is carried out. The study employs the hermeneutic approach to decipher social phenomena with symbolic meanings. The theoretical insights and generalizations are based on the materials of a comprehensive ethno-sociological study performed on the modern Russian population of Tatarstan in 2022 with the help of both quantitative (mass survey) and qualitative (in-depth interviews, focus group) methods. The results obtained show a direct relationship between the type of ethnic identity and the level of ethno-cultural needs among the Russian urban population of Tatarstan. It is also concluded that many ethno-cultural practices, from the ritualized tradition to personal interiorization, have transformed under the influence of the socio-cultural landscape of the city.

Jennifer Candipan, N. E. Phillips, R. Sampson et al.

While research on racial segregation in cities has grown rapidly over the last several decades, its foundation remains the analysis of the neighbourhoods where people reside. However, contact between racial groups depends not merely on where people live, but also on where they travel over the course of everyday activities. To capture this reality, we propose a new measure of racial segregation – the segregated mobility index (SMI) – that captures the extent to which neighbourhoods of given racial compositions are connected to other types of neighbourhoods in equal measure. Based on hundreds of millions of geotagged tweets sent by over 375,000 Twitter users in the 50 largest US cities, we show that the SMI captures a distinct element of racial segregation, one that is related to, but not solely a function of, residential segregation. A city’s racial composition also matters; minority group threat, especially in cities with large Black populations and a troubled legacy of racial conflict, appears to depress movement across neighbourhoods in ways that produce previously undocumented forms of racial segregation. Our index, which could be constructed using other data sources, expands the possibilities for studying dynamic forms of racial segregation including their effects and shifts over time.

A. J. Atchadé, Madjouma Kanda, Fousséni Folega et al.

Anarchic urbanization and land artificialization expose urban ecosystems and ecosystem services (ES) to threat. Urban ecosystems and trees play a crucial role in improving urban environments, and their management depends on the perceptions and preferences of urban residents. An assessment of the socio-ecological factors determining the perception of the actors allows for the proper design and planning of ecological urban policies and urban adaptation to climate change. The objective of this work was to determine the key determinants (factors) of urban stakeholders’ perceptions of ES in generating socio-ecological information for planning and preservation of ecosystems in Cotonou municipality. In this way, we assessed the perception and discriminating variables of the different stakeholders of urban ES provided in the city of Cotonou. Thus, 381 city dwellers were individually interviewed after statistical sampling. Focus group discussions with the stakeholders also made it possible to highlight the ES provided in the different land use units (LU). The results show that 73.23% of the city dwellers agreed that they were aware of ecosystem services. The hierarchical classification shows two homogeneous groups of perceivers with ethnicity, age, and education as statistically discriminating sociological variables (pv ˂ 0.001). Urban dwellers in the city of Cotonou perceived more SEs in the cultural and regulatory services category significantly (pv 3). The principal component analysis (PCA) reveals the varying availability of ES according to the different LU in the city. It will be worthwhile to apply this study in the processes of decision-making in climate and environment policy planning for sustainable cities in Africa and all over the world because it adds scientific value.