Hasil untuk "Trade associations"

Vasileios Greveniotis, Elisavet Bouloumpasi, Adriana Skendi et al.

Grain quality traits in wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.), including protein content, gluten strength, and carbohydrate composition, are key determinants of end-use performance and breeding potential. This study assessed the genetic variability, stability, and multivariate relationships of seed quality traits among elite F7 pure lines derived from six long-term cultivated wheat cultivars. Field trials were conducted across six contrasting environments to evaluate genotype, environment, and genotype × environment (G × E) effects on crude protein, fat, ash, starch, crude fiber, Zeleny sedimentation, carbohydrates, non-starch carbohydrates, and moisture. Combined ANOVA revealed that genotypic effects accounted for the largest proportion of variation, though significant environmental and G × E effects were also observed. Broad-sense heritability was high for protein, Zeleny, and carbohydrate content. Stability analysis using the Stability Index (SI) highlighted A1, A2, A4, C2, E1, and F2 as genotypes combining high mean performance with a consistent expression across all environments. Principal component analysis (PCA) illustrated key trait relationships and trade-offs, particularly the negative association between protein-related traits and carbohydrate accumulation, while revealing the partial clustering of genotypes with similar quality profiles. AMMI and GGE biplots further supported broad adaptation for some genotypes (e.g., E1, F4, E2 for crude protein; F3, F4, E2 for Zeleny) and trait- or environment-specific performance for others. Correlation analyses confirmed positive associations between protein and gluten strength, and negative correlations with carbohydrate traits. Overall, targeted pure-line selection effectively exploits intracultivar genetic variation, offering a practical strategy for identifying superior, resilient wheat lines for breeding programs across diverse environments.

E.G. Machnev, M.M. Tcepelevich, I.O. Tkachenko et al.

<p style="text-align: justify;">This exploratory study aims to investigate the relationship between resting-state frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) and executive functions in adolescent video game players, while also examining potential associations between post-game FAA, in-game performance, and self-reported flow state. A total of 17 Dota 2^&trade; players and 21 CS:GO^&trade; players underwent EEG recordings before and immediately after a training match. FAA was calculated as the difference between the alpha power at frontal electrodes (F3 and F4). Executive functions were assessed via the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2. Post-game data included the team game outcome (win or loss) and measures of flow state. The results revealed a significant positive association between relative left-sided frontal activity and behavioral regulation, and a tentative positive association between relative right-sided frontal activity and emotional regulation. Given the role of left-sided activity in emotional regulation, it may be assumed that regulatory control is selectively involved in suppressing impulsivity. The relationship between FAA and executive functions was inconsistent across recording conditions, highlighting a need for further methodological consideration of this issue. FAA was not associated with team performance or flow state. However, a positive trend emerged between FAA and autotelic experience. These findings challenge the existing literature linking success in sports, approach motivation, and positive emotions to left-frontal activity, highlighting the need for further investigation.</p> <div class="XTranslate" style="all: unset;">&nbsp;</div>

Martina Abbondanza, Valeria Galimberti, Valeria Bonomi et al.

In languages like Italian, all nouns have grammatical gender, which in most cases can be inferred from word endings. Nouns that refer to people may also convey information about the referent’s gender (i.e., semantic gender), as in the case of transparent gender-marked nouns (e.g., maestro[MASC]/maestra[FEM], ‘male/female school teacher’). Gender remains unspecified in the case of bigender nouns (e.g., cantante[MASC, FEM], ‘singer’), though these may carry gender stereotypical associations (dirigente[MASC, FEM], ‘manager’, typically associated with men). To overcome the binary gender distinction in language, one proposal for Italian gender inclusive language introduces the schwa (ə) as a neutral word-ending (e.g., maestrə). There is still no scientific evidence on the efficacy of gender-neutral forms in promoting Italian speakers’ perceptions of these role nouns as gender-neutral and of their potential to reduce grammatical and/or gender stereotypical associations. Here, we present three rating studies to investigate gender associations of role nouns presented in isolation. In Study 1 (N = 106) bigender and gender-marked role nouns with their canonical grammatical endings were tested; in Study 2 (N = 121) we tested bigender nouns and neutralized nouns ending in -ə in the written modality, while in Study 3 (N = 75) in the auditory modality. Results showed that, ə only partially reduces gender associations of neutralized role nouns. When the neutralized form of the noun evokes the masculine (e.g., direttorə, ‘director’) or when a noun carries a strong stereotypical association, as in the case of stereotypically feminine nouns like casalingə (‘homemaker’), the neutralized form seems ineffective. Furthermore, schwa in the written modality appeared more effective than the auditory modality. We discuss our findings also in light of trade-offs of this proposal from linguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives.

Luc L. Hagenaars, Laura A. Schmidt, Jennifer Falbe

Abstract Objective: To examine policy processes and industry opposition surrounding the first US healthy checkout ordinances (HCO), which mandate nutritional standards for foods and beverages displayed in grocery checkout areas. Design: Qualitative case study comparison using Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework, triangulating city records, advocacy materials and key informant interviews. Setting: Local governments of Berkeley and Perris, California, USA. Participants: Informants, identified from documents and snowball sampling, included community-based organisation members/local advocates (Berkeley n 6; Perris n 1), staff from national nongovernmental organisations providing assistance (Berkeley n 2; Perris n 2), city councilmembers (Berkeley n 2; Perris n 2), city commissioner (Berkeley n 1) and city staff (Perris n 2). Results: We described and compared each city’s HCO enactment process. In both, prior commitments to community-led food environment reforms enabled advocates to garner financial and technical support for early coalition building. Berkeley used soda tax proceeds for a youth-led citizen science project to formulate an enforceable HCO and assess public support. These experiences fostered political commitment to define applicable stores, checkout areas and nutritional standards. Campaigns emphasised protecting children and parents from predatory marketing and impulse buying. Berkeley’s campaign quietly and cautiously engaged mostly independent retailers, attracting limited industry attention; Perris engaged all retailers and after enactment faced open opposition from a chain store and trade associations. Perris’ amended HCO included concessions allowing unhealthy items at many endcaps and long checkout lanes. Conclusions: HCO enactment may be facilitated by prior food policy experience, community capacity, early coalition building, careful policy design and framing and anticipating and managing industry opposition.

Svetlana A. Balashova, Yana A. Usanova, Valeria A. Dolgikh et al.

In the era of globalization, integration groupings have become an important tool for the development of many countries in the world economy. They contribute to the formation of close economic ties and coordination of foreign trade between the participants, which in turn has a favorable effect on the development of the national economy of the country. Participation in integration associations is of great importance for the development of Belarus’ economy and increasing its role in the international arena. Membership in the SCO opens up new prospects for the country and provides an opportunity to expand cooperation with other countries of the Asian region. Once Belarus becomes a full-fledged member of the association, the country will have new ways to develop its potential in various areas, including the economy, logistics, transport, security, culture, education, healthcare, tourism, industrial and agricultural sector, science, as well as experience in international multilateral cooperation. The article is devoted to the topic of assessing the potential of joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization integration association of the Republic of Belarus. In order to assess the prospects of economic cooperation more accurately, the authors conducted an econometric analysis using a modified version of the traditional gravity model of Belarus’ foreign trade with the member countries. As a result, the authors have identified the most significant factors influencing the volume of trade with the member countries. By analyzing the ratio of calculated indicators to the actual level of exports and imports, the authors made a conclusion about the level of realization of trade potential with the SCO countries. As a consequence, the authors proposed possible ways to implement trade by analyzing the commodity structure of foreign trade flows of the Republic of Belarus with the members of the integration association.

Marika A. Schulhof, Dedmer B. Van de Waal, Steven A. J. Declerck et al.

Abstract Functional trade‐offs among ecologically important traits govern the diversity of communities and changes in species composition along environmental gradients. A trade‐off between predator defense and resource competitive ability has been invoked as a mechanism that may maintain diversity in lake phytoplankton. Trade‐offs may promote diversity in communities where grazing‐ and resource‐limited taxa coexist, which determines the extent to which communities are resource‐ or consumer‐controlled. In addition, changes in temperature may alter nutrient demands and grazing pressure, changing the balance between the two regulating factors. Our study aims to understand whether a trade‐off between grazer vulnerability and nutrient limitation promotes coexistence of phytoplankton functional groups in communities that differ in trophic status, and how this trade‐off may shift with warming. We conducted multifactorial experiments manipulating grazing, nutrients, and temperature in phytoplankton communities from three Dutch lakes varying in trophic status, and used a trait‐based approach to classify functional groups based on grazing susceptibility. We found no associations between susceptibility to grazing and response to nutrient additions in any of the communities or temperature regimes, indicating that a competition–defense trade‐off is unlikely to explain diversity within the tested communities. Instead, we observed a tendency toward both a higher grazing resistance and weaker nutrient limitation along with a shift in the functional composition of phytoplankton in communities across a gradient from low to high productivity.

O. G. Karpovich, T. V. Vershinina

The Union State of Belarus and Russia is the oldest of the existing integration associations in the Eurasian space and, undoubtedly, is one of the foundations of the emerging architecture of Eurasian integration. During the period of its existence, the Union State has done a lot of work on the path of rapprochement of fraternal peoples, and even more ambitious tasks are to be implemented. This article examines the main problems of the Union construction, analyzes the key areas of cooperation between the member states of the Union State. The impressive advanced integration experience of the Union State in social, military-political, scientific-educational, as well as in a number of areas of the economic sphere can be used in the implementation of integration initiatives within other Eurasian regional associations and is extremely important and in demand precisely during the transition to multipolarity and the formation of the Eurasian center on the world stage. The Union State is a fraternal relationship proven over the years, built on mutual respect, attention to problems, joint achievements and the implementation of plans to mobilize common potential, guaranteed support in difficult periods without waiting for immediate returns. The benefits of such relations are achieved not only by scaling the market, conducting a coordinated foreign trade and technical policy, characteristic of the participants of “ordinary” economic associations. The predictability and trust inherent in fraternal friendship make it possible, for example, to lower individual thresholds for economic (and not only) security, since the reliable functioning of the economy is achieved together.

Aqib Mujtaba, P. Jena, D. Mukhopadhyay

Ingrid Giesinger, Jiehui Li, E. Takemoto et al.

Key Points Question What is the association of mortality with baseline and repeated assessments of posttraumatic stress disorder in a population exposed to the World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001, over 13 years of follow-up? Findings In this cohort study of 63 666 World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees, posttraumatic stress disorder was associated with an increased risk of mortality and associations were strengthened when considering posttraumatic stress disorder status over time compared with a single posttraumatic stress disorder assessment at study entry. Meaning Without considering the time-varying outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder, important differences in the association of posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality may be masked.

Mićović Andrej

The paper analyses unfair trading practices that arise as a result of imbalance in bargaining power between suppliers and buyers of agricultural and food products. Considering that unfair practices also exist in the relations established between consumers and traders, that special rules have been adopted in this regard, the peculiarities and differences that exist between these rules were first pointed out, i.e., in terms of the approach to regulating these practices. Furthermore, the classification of unfair trade practices as absolutely and relatively prohibited was performed, and, finally, the rules on the way in which suppliers are protected from unfair practices were set out. Basically, the method of protection (administrative protection, at the initiative of the competent authorities or at the request of relevant organizations and associations) justifies the adoption of special rules that establish an effective system of protection of suppliers from unfair trading practices.

Frolova Elena, Turgel Irina, Ishukov Alexander et al.

Taking into account that new trends are emerging in the field of international economic integration in pandemic world the authors aimed to study the role of the country's participation in global value chains (GVCs) in the development of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU or EAEU) national pharmaceutical industry. The article reveals the contradictory essence of modern concepts of interaction between the countries of integration associations and GVCs including its specificity for the EEU. An analysis of the pharmaceutical industry in EEU before and in the pandemic is carried out, and the features of such interaction are revealed in more detail in Kazakhstan case. The results showed the presence of low volumes of pharmaceutical products in EEU intraregional trade and minimum presence in GVCs. The hypothesis was partially confirmed that the countries localized the GVC “production” stage on their territory received gain as the increase in domestic production in pandemic period, despite the fact that this stage corresponds to low added value. The novelty is in the development of a reproductive approach to the study of integration groups. Recommendations are given to increase the share of economic entities of the EEU countries in the process of forming regional value chains.

Richard Ross Shaker, Brian R. Mackay

As the most populous continent, and its dominant role in the global economy, Asia is arguably the most important region for understanding global change. To evaluate and guide humanity’s growth toward a more sustainable future, indicators and their composite indices have been adopted as key tools resulting in a paralyzing amount for decision-makers, practitioners, and researchers to choose from. Although research has improved understanding of development metrics for evaluating and monitoring global change, making progress toward sustainability remains as open as ever. Building from previous work, 44 Asian nations were studied using four guiding research questions: (i) What are the hidden dimensions within a collection of known sustainable development indices, and what differentiates winning locations from losing ones? (ii) Are the three major divisions of sustainability (economic growth, social equity, environmental integrity) equally supported by these development measuring initiatives? (iii) How do common global change indicators statistically respond to the canonical development dimensions? (iv) Do recent population growth and urbanization trends move humanity closer to planetary sustainability? Those questions were explored using four amassing methodological stages. First, six hidden development dimensions (factor axes) were revealed while maintaining over 80% of 35 known sustainable development indices’ variation. The dimensions expressed: (F1) human well-being synergies; (F2) environmentally efficient happiness; (F3) ecological integrity to economic performance trade-off; (F4) peace, prosperity, and natural resources protection; (F5) economic and political liberty; and (F6) generosity. Second, a mega-index of sustainable development (MISD) was created by combining the six latent dimensions. Third, spatial patterns of the hidden development axes, MISD, and nine common global change metrics were explored. Fourth, using global and local inferential tests, associations between the canonical development dimensions, MISD, and global change indicators were made. The human well-being synergies dimension (F1) explained over one-third of the total variance, and positively clustered in northern Asia and negatively in southern Asia. The MISD ranked Singapore best, followed by Cyprus, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Kyrgyzstan, and Malaysia; Afghanistan ranked worst, then China, Syria, Russia, Turkmenistan, and India. Overall, improved sustainable development position came through increased population density, decreased country area, lower latitude, and a greater proportion of urban land cover. This cross-country analysis reiterates an underrepresentation of biogeochemical (ecosphere) conditions across development indices; moreover, spatial patterns of favorable development were rarely found simultaneous. Trade-offs and the lack of spatial concordance will make achieving sustainability a very difficult task in an urbanizing world without limits.

Wan Juntao, D. E. Lyubina

The Asia-Pacific region today represents an example of deep regional economic integration. This was largely facilitated by the creation of the TRANS-Pacific Partnership. The undisputed advantages of the Trans-Pacific Partnership are the following: opening markets to all member countries, unifying trade rules, removing obstacles to financial cooperation, creating a favorable investment climate and new guarantees to protect small and medium-sized businesses. The analysis of historical stages of creation and development of a such kind of regional association allows us to trace the evolution of economic integration processes and assess the effectiveness and attractiveness of this type of integration. The study of the specifics of the origin of such a large integration Association in Asia is of interest from the point of view of searching for new “growth points” for integration associations in the Eurasian region and in particular in the post-Soviet space.

Najmiah Rosli, Nazrin Rahman, Mokhtar Saidin et al.

Excavations in Sungai Batu have revealed numerous archaeological artifacts that link Sungai Batu to a life heavily associated with trading. The discovered artifacts originated back to the 1st century; therefore, was established as one of the oldest known civilization in Southeast Asia. This encouraged researchers to dig deeper on Sungai Batu’s archaeological events; however, many of the studies were relatively superficial and did not portray the dynamics between Sungai Batu trading complex and its ancient river as a whole but explained in localized sections. This paper seeks to provide a conclusion of the past events in the area based on geological, geophysical and geotechnical studies. The discussions include tracing the ancient Sungai Batu flows and the trading complex for better illustration of their associations so that future archaeological endeavors could discover more trade and religious artifacts aside from jetty structural remains, iron smelting sites, potteries and stupa at Sungai Batu.

L. Spillman

J. Goldstone, C. Tilly

Yi Shin Tang, Bruno Youssef Yunen Alves de Lima

Abstract The international trade system has been facing a relative decrease in the relevance of tariffs in favour of non-tariff, regulatory requirements (technical, sanitary and phytosanitary standards). The proliferation of these measures, which essentially consist of rules on product labelling and on production processes and methods, may be explained by the growing influence of private agents, such as corporations and business associations. Although these players are willing to develop and enforce a competing regulatory framework such as this on a broader range of topics, this may also generate more fragmented trade rules at both geographic and substantive levels, thus leading to a significant resistance among governments to integrate private standards into the multilateral trade system. Therefore, a mounting debate emerges on the ways in which private standards have been stonewalled in the current negotiation processes of the World Trade Organization (WTO). By relying on Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework (MSF), we address this question with a particular focus on the current efforts and struggles within the WTO to incorporate private regulations into the international trade agenda.

Jacques-Olivier Charron

We construct a new measure of finance industry policy preferences from letters sent by finance trade associations to Congress. Using 1083 bills scheduled for consideration in Congress between 1998 and 2018, we show that the industry uses a multi-faceted approach to achieve outcomes that are in line with its stated policy preferences. When finance trade associations jointly lobby for a bill, Congress members who receive relatively more campaign contributions from the finance industry are more likely to cosponsor pro-finance regulation and to vote profinance. Our results suggest that following the money is insufficient for understanding the industry’s ability to affect regulation.

Ni Ketut Supasti Dharmawan, Made Sukma Prinjandhini Salain, Benjamin Halliwell

The existence of traditionally managed Balinese city hotels is increasingly threatened by the presence of chain hotels, which are internationally managed with an excellent standard of hotel hospitality. In a commercial context, franchised hotels benefit the franchisor, franchisee, and consumers in terms of the quality of hotel standardization and reputation. Still, such hotels remain incomparable to the Balinese city hotels managed traditionally by family owners. In the legal context, the emergence of various types of modern franchised city hotels in Bali is influenced by suitable laws and policies, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement with one of its ground bases called the “Non-Discrimination Principle” at the international level and at the regional level, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Economic Community, which also emphasizes that one of the important central pillars of the multilateral trading system is a region fully integrated into the global economy. The emergence of modern chain city hotels has prevented the local city hotels from competing in terms of both the infrastructure and quality management services. To overcome these crucial issues, the model provisions of the local government regulation and self- regulation framework of hotel associations must be constructed to strengthen the local city hotels as chain hotels by implementing traditional values, e. g. , the Tri Hita Karana, the corporate social responsibility as a strategic development, and human rights approaches, that comply with the WTO Agreement and the laws and policies at the regional level.

L. Nixon, Pamela Mejía, Andrew Cheyne et al.