Hasil untuk "Sociology"

J. B. Calhoun

P. Berger

A. Pickering

N. Tavuchis

Što je to isprika? Koje su funkcije ispri­ ke? Koji su njeni nužni, a koji varijabilni ele­ menti? Na koji način se isprika razlikuje od objašnjavanja, nijekanja i opravdavanja? Kako učimo ispričavati se? Postoji li međuodnos isprike i oprosta? Je li u pravu američki satiričar ABierce kada kaže da je "isprika zapravo pripremanje terena za buduće grijehe"? To su samo neka od pitanja na koja Nicholas Tavuchis (profesor sociolo­ gije na Sveučilištu u Manitobi /Zapadna Ka­ nada/) pokušava odgovoriti u pokušaju da nam približi temu kojoj, iako je svakodnev­ na, ne pridajemo veće značenje. Iako, naime, ispričavanje rabimo gotovo svakodnevno, vrlo rijetko ga analiziramo. Pitanja koja u pravilu nikada ne postavljamo jesu: kako se dovodimo u situaciju da se nekome ispričavamo, kako vršimo procjenu kada je nužno ispričati se, a kada je dovoljno jedno­ stavno ignorirati i ne spominjati temu koja se odnosi na naš čin? Nakon što smo prekršili neku normu, mi priznajemo da smo učinili nešto loše, iskazujemo žaljenje i obećavamo da se to neće ponoviti. A tada? Da li je to dovoljno? Da li je to sve? Iako smo se ispričali i dan nam je oprost (ako jest), još uvijek nismo u stanju izbrisati činjenicu da smo počinili nešto zbog čega smo se morali ispričati. Ipak, promislimo li o tome, postajemo svjesni či­ njenice da je isprika u stanju vratiti međul­ judske odnose u "normalu". Kako je to moguće? Kako tri riječi poput: "Zao mi je", uspijevaju postići takav rezultat? Iako autor nastoji sociološki obraditi temu, svjestan je da "isprika" i interakcijski procesi koji je proizvode nužno sadrže i elemente filologije, sociolingvistike, socijalne psihologije, antro­ pologije, filozofije, prava i religije. Opisi su i primjeri u knjizi, tako, "eklektični" te obu­ hvaćaju (pored sociološke i srodne literatu­ re) i stripove, aforizme, etnografske zapise i druge tiskovne izvore. Tavuchisa zanimaju si­ tuacije u kojima (individualno ili kolektivno) činimo ili kazujemo nešto što krši moralni imperativ, vrijeđa nekoga ili dovodi u opa­ snost naš socijalni status. Nešto što istovre­ meno nema za posljedicu formalne sankcije (legalnu kaznu). U takvim situacijama, jedini je izlaz jedina mogućnost "rehabilitacije" i povratka društvene harmonije da izjavimo: "Mea Culpa", tvrdi Tavuchis. Čineći to, priz­ najemo da je krivnja na nama, prihvaćamo odgovornost, izražavamo iskreno žaljenje i obećavamo da se takvo što više neće pono­ viti. Međutim, činjenica da ne možemo samo tako popraviti učinjeno vodi nas sljedećim pitanjima: 1. Da li se isprikom stanje stvarno vraća u "normalu"? 2. Da li postoji nešto što bi se moglo nazvati "granicom" do koje se isprika uva­ žava, odnosno točka iznad koje više nije do­ voljno samo ispričati se već je nužno i obeštetiti oštećenog? Tavuchis tvrdi da isprika igra važnu ulo­ gu u društvenom životu, posebice na razini organizacije skupina. Budući da organizacij­ ski sustavi i uređenje unutargrupnih odnosa nisu uvijek pisani ili lako uočljivi, oni mo­ raju biti spoznati kroz interakciju te potvrđeni od strane ostalih članova tako što će oni podržavati (ili negirati) radnje novih članova. U ovakvim situacijama "isprika" se javlja kao potreba stalnog prisjećanja tko smo i što smo stvorili, odnosno uočavanja onog što je određenim činom ugroženo. Isprika se može smatrati i oblikom samokažnjavanja, jer moramo prepričati i ponovo "preživjeti" naše djelo. Tražeći oprost, nasto­ jimo zadržati naše članstvo u ovoj ili onoj skupini.

D. Sherkat, C. Ellison

A. Portes

R. Giulianotti

Acknowledgements. Glossary. Foreward. 1. The Essence of Football: the historical and social bases of the global game. 2. The Twentieth--century Sport: football, class and nation. 3. Spectator Cultures: passion at play in Europe and Latin America. 4. Football Grounds: emotional attachments and social control. 5. The Price of Victory: football finance and the television revolution. 6. Footballa s Players: from local heroes to international stars. 7. The Goal of Winning? football, science, tactics and aesthetics. 8. The Cultural Politics of Play: ethnicity, gender and the a post--fana mentality. Afterword. Notes. References. Index.

Anna Lieb, Maneesh Arora, Eni Mustafaraj

Unsupervised machine learning techniques, such as topic modeling and clustering, are often used to identify latent patterns in unstructured text data in fields such as political science and sociology. These methods overcome common concerns about reproducibility and costliness involved in the labor-intensive process of human qualitative analysis. However, two major limitations of topic models are their interpretability and their practicality for answering targeted, domain-specific social science research questions. In this work, we investigate opportunities for using LLM-generated text augmentation to improve the usefulness of topic modeling output. We use a political science case study to evaluate our results in a domain-specific application, and find that topic modeling using GPT-4 augmentations creates highly interpretable categories that can be used to investigate domain-specific research questions with minimal human guidance.

Nuo Xu, Kai Yang, Fukang Zhu

In the fields of sociology and economics, the modeling of matrix-variate integervalued time series is urgent. However, no prior studies have addressed the modeling of such data. To address this topic, this paper proposes a novel matrix-variate integer-valued autoregressive model. The key techniques lie in defining two leftand right-matricial thinning operators. The probabilistic and statistical properties of the proposed model are investigated. Furthermore, two estimation methods are developed: projection estimation and iterative least squares estimation. The corresponding asymptotic properties of these estimators are established. Additionally, the order-determination problem is addressed. In the simulation studies, the estimation results are given and the theoretical properties are verified. Finally, it is shown that the matrix-variate integer-valued autoregressive model is superior to the continuous matrix-variate autoregressive and multivariate integer-valued autoregressive models for matrix-variate integer-valued time series data.

H. Clements

M. Dean

E. Cohen

R. Jean Cadigan, Margaret Waltz, John M. Conley et al.

Heritable human genome editing has garnered significant attention in scholarly and lay media, yet questions remain about whether, when, and how heritable genome editing ought to proceed. Drawing on interviews with scientists who use genome editing in their research and professionals engaged in human genome editing governance efforts, we examine their views on the permissibility of heritable genome editing and the governance strategies they see as necessary and realistic. For both issues, we found divergent views from respondents. We place the views of these scientists and governance professionals within the context of the larger bioethical discussion of heritable genome editing governance, along a continuum of hard to soft approaches. These respondents’ views highlight the challenges of various hard forms of governance and the potential virtues of soft governance approaches.

Ronsard KASONGO NGAMUKIE

La lutte contre le paludisme ne constitue pas une nouvelle préoccupation dans le champ des investigations scientifiques. Plusieurs études ont été menées à ce sujet. Quant à la présente recherche, la préoccupation essentielle porte sur les stratégies mises en place et pour ce faire, apprécier le niveau d’appropriation des mécanismes de lutte contre la malaria par les Kinois, au niveau de leurs entités locales.

Vinicius Lima, Umit Karabiyik

Crime linkage is the process of analyzing criminal behavior data to determine whether a pair or group of crime cases are connected or belong to a series of offenses. This domain has been extensively studied by researchers in sociology, psychology, and statistics. More recently, it has drawn interest from computer scientists, especially with advances in artificial intelligence. Despite this, the literature indicates that work in this latter discipline is still in its early stages. This study aims to understand the challenges faced by machine learning approaches in crime linkage and to support foundational knowledge for future data-driven methods. To achieve this goal, we conducted a comprehensive survey of the main literature on the topic and developed a general framework for crime linkage processes, thoroughly describing each step. Our goal was to unify insights from diverse fields into a shared terminology to enhance the research landscape for those intrigued by this subject.

Анастасия Анатольевна Данилова, Екатерина Вячеславовна Забелина, Александра Юрьевна Телицына et al.

Здоровье людей пенсионного возраста, как объективное, так и субъективное, рассматривается в качестве критерия эффективной поздней социализации. В статье представлены результаты разработки модели факторов субъективного здоровья, а также ее эмпирической верификации применительно к этапу поздней социализации — на выборке пенсионеров, проживающих в г. Челябинске и Челябинской области (Россия) (N=291). В результате теоретического анализа была представлена модель факторов субъективного здоровья в условиях поздней социализации, в которой, как предполагается, биологические, социально-экономические и когнитивно-эмоциональные факторы влияют на формирование субъективного здоровья людей на пенсии. Метод анкетирования применялся для регистрации биологических (пол, хронологический возраст, наличие или отсутствие инвалидности) и социально-экономических показателей (образование, религиозная идентичность, социальное окружение и др.). Для оценки когнитивно-эмоционального фактора были использованы психодиагностические методики, определяющие субъективный возраст и базисные убеждения пенсионеров. Основным методом анализа данных выступил метод моделирования структурными уравнениями. Результаты моделирования показали хорошее соответствие эмпирических данных разработанной модели. Обнаружено, что все три группы факторов вносят вклад в улучшение субъективного здоровья пенсионеров, при этом когнитивно-эмоциональные факторы являются медиаторами, опосредующими влияние биологических и социально-экономических переменных. Результаты исследования актуализируют значимость когнитивно-эмоциональных факторов в процессе поздней социализации личности и обосновывают важность применения когнитивной психотерапии в позднем возрасте при нормальном старении. Благодарность. Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-28-00421, https://rscf.ru/project/22-28-00421/.

Jan E. Stets, J. Turner

C. Robinson, A. Sali, W. Baumeister

Alireza Zakari

Clara Medina-García, Clara Medina-García, Sharmada Nagarajan et al.

Literatures on social innovation, collective agency and multi-actor collaboration stress the importance of action research and joint problematization to research ongoing processes of collaboration and transformation to advance both theory and practice in these fields. In this paper we analyze our experience building a transdisciplinary action research (TAR) trajectory between 2020 and 2021 to investigate socially innovative multi-actor collaborations (IMACs) and urban governance innovation trajectories in the city of Leuven (Belgium). We specifically focus on (1) how we involved a wide array of researchers, stakeholders and practitioners in the TAR trajectory; (2) how we enacted joint problematization and action, ensuring that all facilitative leadership roles were taken care of; (3) the challenges that the specific COVID context posed on TAR and the innovative tools and approaches we took to adapt under such circumstances; and (4) how our TAR contributed to the ongoing IMACs in Leuven. Discussing our experience in relation to issues raised in action research literature, we summarize key dimensions, roles and tasks necessary in TAR to enable facilitative leadership and multi-actor collaboration and successfully drive joint problematization and transformative change. We conclude that our TAR trajectory in Leuven became a case study of IMAC in itself, and so learnings from our TAR directly dialogue with and inform our empirical analysis of the performance of IMACs too. Through this realization and the analysis of our experience, we get to broader question the role of action research and researchers in urban governance innovation.