Hasil untuk "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"

Patricia Morales Sevillano

En apenas diez años, el escenario en el que se acuñó la expresión “delito de cuello blanco” cumplirá un siglo. Largo tiempo en el que la Criminología ha logrado, no sin esfuerzo, definir con mayor precisión un concepto escurridizo por naturaleza y tremendamente diverso al clásico o común, más atendido desde todo punto de vista. En el presente trabajo, además de recorrer los inicios, primeros y últimos pasos criminológicos sobre aquella delincuencia, aplicaremos lo aprendido en el camino en analizar el delito de nuestro interés: la apropiación indebida de las cantidades percibidas a cuenta en la compraventa de vivienda sobre plano. Nuestra labor persigue una doble finalidad: ofrecer fundada explicación a las incidencias procesales que suelen sufrirse en la investigación y enjuiciamiento de este delito y precisar su indiscutible pertenencia a la criminalidad de cuello blanco.

Sarah Gutkind, Morgan M. Philbin, Emilie Bruzelius et al.

Aim: Most people who need substance use disorder (SUD) treatment do not receive care, often due to costs and lack of health insurance. We investigated whether receipt of government assistance and Medicaid among people with SUDs was associated with past-year SUD treatment use. Methods: We included working-age adults (ages 18–64) with any SUD from the 2015–2019 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (n = 21,461). Government assistance was categorized as past-year receipt of ≥1 assistance programs (e.g., SSI, SNAP, welfare, cash assistance). We estimated the adjusted odds of past-year SUD treatment in a) any or b) specialty settings by government assistance or Medicaid receipt using separate logistic regressions among people with past-year SUD. We controlled for socio-demographics (sex, age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, poverty, urbanicity, employment, private insurance) and survey-year. Results: Among people with SUD, approximately 23 % received government assistance and 19.6 % received Medicaid. Receiving both (12 %) was associated with increased adjusted odds of SUD treatment use in any (aOR = 2.30, 95 % CI: 1.78, 2.97) and specialty (aOR = 2.72, 95 % CI: 2.05, 3.62) treatment settings. Receiving assistance from one or more government programs was associated with approximately 50–60 % higher odds of SUD treatment in any setting and 70–90 % higher odds in specialty settings. Conclusion: Medicaid and government assistance receipt were associated with higher SUD treatment use among people SUD, potentially lowering barriers to treatment access. Receiving at least one government assistance program also increased the likelihood of treatment utilization. Future research should examine which specific government assistance programs may drive associations.

Ana Paula Fregnani Colombi

Referência na teoria crítica contemporânea e uma das principais teóricas da segunda onda do feminismo nos Estados Unidos, Nancy Fraser enfrenta as questões fundamentais do século XXI para a superação do capitalismo em seu livro Capitalismo Canibal: como nosso sistema está devorando a democracia, o cuidado e o planeta — e o que podemos fazer a respeito disso.

Cristina Arroyave-Ocampo, Manuel Ignacio Moreno-Ospina

El objetivo de la investigación es describir las formas de sociabilidad presentes en la “rumba” entre jóvenes universitarios que frecuentaban el sector El Cable de la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia, entre los años 2016 y 2019. La metodología aplicada es la etnografía y se implementan técnicas como la observación participante, las entrevistas estructuradas y no estructuradas. Frente a los hallazgos se puede anotar que: 1. Los jóvenes universitarios en sus espacios de ocio (rumba) pueden potenciar sus relaciones de sociabilidad a partir del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, tomándolas como un dispositivo de mediación que va a potenciar sus relaciones sociales. 2. Las emociones representan un elemento integrador que les permite a los universitarios conectarse con su contexto y con las personas que se encuentran a su alrededor, dándole sentido a aquellos momentos desrutinizadores.

Ronel Davids, Nicolette Roman, Catherine Schenck

Research highlights the complex needs of parents of children with hearing loss. These complex needs include the need for parents to have access to information, be connected with social support networks, consider communication options and have collaborative partnerships with professionals. A mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design using a two-phased approach was implemented in the study. This article reports on the last phase of the study, the consensus workshop. The consensus workshop approach allowed for greater participation, interaction and discussion in the decision-making process in the co-development of a framework to support parents. This phase consisted of two workshops where experts, stakeholders and parents reached consensus on four topics and fifteen sub-topics. Each topic with its sub-topics offers insights into the kind of professional support parents require. The consensus workshop can be considered a valuable tool for multidisciplinary engagement to support parents of children with hearing loss.

Safiya J. Best, Santana Thomas, Nancy Flynn et al.

Sexual assault kits are the standard method for collecting and preserving sexual assault evidence. During the sexual assault examination, swabs are commonly used to collect bodily fluids as sexual assault evidence from the vagina, anus, mouth, and skin. The type of fiber swab used during collection can greatly influence the recovery of the substrate. In cases where lubricant residue may be present, it would be useful to identify the swab type that would be the most efficient in the collection of lubricant residues. In this study, four types of swabs with different fibers (i.e., cotton, polyester, rayon, and foam) with sexual lubricants present, were extracted in various solvents. The extracts were analyzed using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The Pearson correlation coefficient (PCCs) test was applied to determine a pairwise comparison between swab lube extracts and the standard lubricant reference. Visual comparisons of the lubricant reference, blank fiber swab, and the fiber lubricant extract were used to determine peak overlap, significance, and matrix interference.

M. Kleymenov, I. Kleymenov

The authors provide a criminological view on series about criminals and those who should counteract them, which are broadcast in primetime and continue to be popular for a long time after their premiers. From the culturological standpoint, crime series in new Russia demonstrate an evident degradation, manifested in the glorification of those whom Fyodr M. Dostoyevsky called «murderers and prostitutes». The unceremonious crossing of the «red line» of moral prohibitions is highly meaningful - it represents the ideology of nihilism, permissiveness, and dehumanization of a person. A typical feature of Russian crime series is copying the West, and propaganda of Western club culture that is unimaginable without drugs. It is persistently impressed upon the viewers that drug-dealing business is protected by corrupt law enforcement officers. Crime series are often either explicitly or implicitly aimed at creating a negative image of law enforcement agencies: police officers do not only «protect» the business, but commit intentional crimes; prosecutors, as a rule, have close links with criminals, and customs officers - with smugglers. The negative picture presented by the series is aggravated by numerous legal blunders. Endless distortions of Russian legislation together with a typical readiness of servants of the law to violate it give some people the idea that vigilante justice and righteous revenge are admissible. The relative number of people sympathizing with the idea of vigilante justice is high and rather stable. It is an obvious symptom of the pathology of social organism indicating that the processes of the de-organization of legitimate power are under way. Some scholars assess such processes positively in their research, as manifestations of legal pluralism and community justice. It is an attempt to legalize the archaic forms of resolving conflicts in society. Modern experience of the break-up of states shows that when the state ceases to be the regulator of certain spheres of public life, its place is eventually taken by criminals. It is only possible to counteract this by strengthening the state power on the constitutional basis.

Vincenzo Ruggiero

Vincenzo Ruggiero reviews Critical Criminology and Literary Criticism by Rafe McGregor

P. M. Boselli, M. Basagni, J. M. Soriano

Simple Summary Nowadays, enhancing development of mathematical models is very important to help in the prediction of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID1-19). However, the vast majority of published model-based predictions do not cover people who left the epidemic COVID-19 positive (alive) and they must be included in studies to guarantee a more accurate model for application in public health. The epidemic development phenomenon can be obtained with a modelling framework. Abstract On 11 March 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). As of 12.44 GMT on 15 January 2021, it has produced 93,640,296 cases and 2,004,984 deaths. The use of mathematical modelling was applied in Italy, Spain, and UK to help in the prediction of this pandemic. We used equations from general and reduced logistic models to describe the epidemic development phenomenon and the trend over time. We extracted this information from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Spanish Ministry of Health, Consumer Affairs, and Social Welfare, and the UK Statistics Authority from 3 February to 30 April 2020. We estimated that, from the seriousness of the phenomenon, the consequent pathology, and the lethal outcomes, the COVID-19 trend relate to the same classic laws that govern epidemics and their evolution. The curve d(t) helps to obtain information on the duration of the epidemic phenomenon, as its evolution is related to the efficiency and timeliness of the system, control, diagnosis, and treatment. In fact, the analysis of this curve, after acquiring the data of the first three weeks, also favors the advantage to formulate forecast hypotheses on the progress of the epidemic.

Joanna J. J. Wang, Thomas Fung, Donald Weatherburn

Abstract The spread of COVID-19 has prompted Governments around the world to impose draconian restrictions on business activity, public transport, and public freedom of movement. The effect of these restrictions appears to vary from country to country and, in some cases, from one area to another within a country. This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 restrictions imposed in New South Wales (NSW) by the State Government. We examine week-to-week changes in 13 categories of crime (and four aggregated categories) from 2 January 2017 to 28 June 2020. Rather than using the pre-intervention data to make a forecast and then comparing that with what is actually observed, we use a Box–Jenkins (ARIMA) approach to model the entire time series. Our results are broadly in accord with those of other studies, but we find no effect of the lockdown (upward or downward) on domestic assault.

Anna Kovar

The analysis of racialised police attitudes has been frequently addressed in academic articles, but the application of a Neo-Durkheimian approach has been largely overlooked. This article will apply Durkheimian theory to illuminate the need for a shift in crime and punishment policy and practices to avoid the present societal moral stagnation. In order to do so it will address both, the recent Black Lives Matter protests in America and the 2011 Riots in London. The use of the two case studies signifies the continuity of problematic police behaviour and political address. It is evident that such an article is embedded in an extremely sensitive topic, therefore it does not presume to provide a solution to the overwhelming circumstances. Rather, in illuminating the relevance of Durkheimian theory it signifies that current global circumstances demand a moral shift in societal understandings of solidarity and “the cult of the individual”, providing pivotal foundations for police practices. However, this requires participation of criminologists alongside practitioners and activists.

Dorothea Delpech, Herve Borrion, Shane Johnson

Abstract Illegal activities concerning terrestrial species (TS) are responsible for a variety of health, environmental, economic and security issues. The majority of academic research associated with species relates to conservation, with few publications specifically investigating the scale of crimes impacting species or how they can be prevented. This article systematically reviews the available evidence about what works to prevent crime against terrestrial species. Of over 29,000 documents that were returned in the first stage of the review, these were filtered to just over 100. The remaining documents were partially or fully read to identify the most relevant documents to include in the final qualitative synthesis. The review results show there is a significant lack of primary research in this area, as only five articles were found that met the study inclusion criteria. The identified articles focus on the effects of two types of situational crime prevention interventions: community outreach and ranger patrol frequency. Community outreach was shown to have a significant impact on local poaching levels, while for patrolling the evidence suggests a positive impact on the discovery of poachers, animal carcasses and poaching paraphernalia, however, the quality of these studies varied greatly. To prevent the further decline of species numbers internationally, more effort should be invested in publicising existing research into the effectiveness of prevention strategies that have not reached the wider scientific audience, as well as the funding and promotion of research into alternate methods of crime prevention.

Kleber José Vieira, Pâmela Migliorini Claudino da Silva, Kelly Paula do Amaral Brito

O presente estudo objetivou investigar a atuação sócio-ocupacional do(a) assistente social em uma Unidade de Emergência. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório e qualitativo, desenvolvido na Enfermaria de Neurologia em um Hospital Ensino do interior paulista, cuja abordagem metodológica incorporou a triangulação de fonte de dados, a partir da análise documental, de um questionário semiestruturado e, por fim, do relato de experiência do pesquisador. Os resultados demonstraram que as assistentes sociais investigadas no presente estudo desenvolvem, em seu cotidiano, atributos essenciais para a qualidade da atenção à saúde, sendo eles o trabalho multiprofissional, a observância aos preceitos éticos políticos da classe profissional, atendimento humanizado, articulação com a Rede de Atenção à Saúde, autonomia e busca por capacitação/aprimoramento profissional.

Clara Rigoni

L’articolo intende fornire un’analisi critica del fenomeno della Clankriminalität in Germania e delle risposte istituzionali a questa e altre forme di criminalità organizzata operanti nel paese. La Clankriminalität verrà esaminata alla luce del più ampio dibattito sul fenomeno migratorio e sulle cosiddette società parallele che ha interessato l’opinione pubblica e la dottrina europea negli ultimi 20 anni.

Eduardo Augusto Paglione

O artigo parte da análise de afirmações do Presidente da República em decorrência da rebelião ocorrida no Presídio de Altamira (Pará), no início do segundo semestre de 2019, para tratar do dever constitucional de o chefe do Executivo posicionar-se de forma direta em defesa do Direitos Humanos e dos reflexos que a sua omissão pode causar na sociedade. Aborda a questão do monopólio da violência como garantia civilizacional e a imprescindibilidade da defesa dos direitos humanos tanto de vítimas como de criminosos.

Milivojević Sanja, Radulski Elizabeth Marie

The Internet of Things (IoT) is poised to revolutionise the way we live and communicate, and the manner in which we engage with our social and natural world. In the IoT, objects such as household items, vending machines and cars have the ability to sense and share data with other things, via wireless, Bluetooth, or Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology. "Smart things" have the capability to control their performance, as well as our experiences and decisions. In this exploratory paper, we overview recent developments in the IoT technology, and their relevance for criminology. Our aim is to partially fill the gap in the literature, by flagging emerging issues criminologists and social scientists ought to engage with in the future. The focus is exclusively on the IoT while other advances, such as facial recognition technology, are only lightly touched upon. This paper, thus, serves as a starting point in the conversation, as we invite scholars to join us in forecasting-if not preventing-the unwanted consequences of the "future Internet".

J. Stanley, Anders Ljungberg

Abstract This paper synthesizes evidence from Workshop 5 ‘Bridging the benefit/funding gap’ of the 15th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport. This workshop focused on identifying and categorizing the benefits and costs of public transport service provision, with a particular focus on external benefits and costs. Examples were drawn from a range of service settings, with network effects and social inclusion each seen as potentially very important public transport service benefits. This led to discussion of proposals for funding public transport services and infrastructure in ways that better align benefit/cost incidence with funding flows. Road pricing and value capture associated with public transport infrastructure and services were seen as major funding opportunities. A major Workshop conclusion was that, taking account of the potential scale of public transport beneficial externalities and the value of (user) social inclusion benefits from public transport services, cost recovery rates for urban PT of well under 50% should commonly be expected, for welfare maximization, with rural fare cost-recovery rates lower than urban.

Anita R. Gohdes

None

L. Palmer

F. Carrasco, Julieta del Carmen Reinoso Carrasco, C. Delgado et al.

The University of Cuenca is a setting that allows its students to develop their potential and abilities through the application of scientific knowledge for responsible and competitive professional practice. In this way it contributes to the welfare and progress of Ecuadorian society. The University of Cuenca should be the space where abilities, knowledge and attitudes for personal and professional practice are developed, allowing individuals to reach maximum potential with regard to activity in their work and their lives. To reach this goal, promotion and prevention programs in health must be implemented in all areas of knowledge of the University of Cuenca1 education is one of the factors that determines health; therefore, one expects that the better education is, the better health care will be.2,3 Oral health is an essential component of general health. Among chronic pathologies, caries is the most prevalent at the world level, and among the oral pathologies, caries and periodontal disease are considered world public health problems.3 This study compared attitudes and behaviors of oral health among different areas of knowledge of the University of Cuenca: health sciences, economic sciences, social sciences and technical sciences. The index of the Hiroshima University Dental Behavior Inventory (HU-DBI), was used to determine if differences exist among the areas. The HU-DBI is a proven and reliable index, translated to Spanish by Jaramillo and colleagues, which is composed of 20 dichotomous questions with a maximum value of 12.2 In the literature, differences are reported by gender,4 although this is a controversial topic,5−7 and only one study is found that compares areas of knowledge. It analyzes the HU-DBI index among students of odontology and engineering, where differences are found both in attitudes as well as behaviors.8 The University of Cuenca study makes comparisons among different areas of knowledge. The object of this study was to determine the level of attitudes and behaviors about oral health of students of the different areas of knowledge of the University of Cuenca during the period March-July of 2016.