Hasil untuk "Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform"

Nicolas L. Gutierrez, R. Hilborn, O. Defeo

F. Rahman

M. V. Botnaryuk

The labor activity of sailor is constantly passes under permanent impact of multitude of negative factors and requires not only professionalism, but also high concentration and increased emotional resistance to various stressful situations. Among many activities targeted to to achieve these conditions the pre-voyage medical check-up of all crew members is mandatory as a tool of timely detection of health menaces. The particular attention is paid to preservation of mental and psychological health of sailor. Nevertheless, cases of suicide conditioned by conflict situations at workplace and other reasons are still recorded in the navy. In this regard, it is important that social health of sailors of merchant navy remains practically unexplored. Hence, measures preserving health will increase social immunity of sailors and will create more favorable conditions for working activity. On the basis of survey results and conclusions of researchers in this field recommendations oriented on enhancing social health of crew members of a marine vessel.

Juliette Deloye

Francisco Sotomayor López, Cecilia Concha Ríos, Edson Marques Oliveira

La preocupación por la vulneración de derechos de la infancia ha motivado el siguiente estudio que busca evaluar el funcionamiento de los Programas de Intervención Integral Especializada (PIE) a cargo de responder terapéuticamente a diversas formas de vulneraciones de derechos hacia la infancia. Utiliza una metodología mixta abordando elementos críticos vinculados al diseño, proceso y resultados del programa, geográficamente está situada en las ciudades de La Calera, La Ligua, Ovalle y Los Vilos. Se concluye que los modelos de intervención utilizados si bien son efectivos desde el punto de vista estadístico, presentan fuertes contradicciones asociados a un perfil cada vez más inespecífico de usuarias y usuarios, que se traduce en resistencia y adaptaciones teórico-metodológicas desde los terapeutas.

María Azucena CARO DUEÑAS, Elvira MARTÍNEZ SALOMÓN, Karen Liliana YOCUPICIO

La presente investigación analiza y visibiliza la situación que viven las comunidades rurales en Mochicahui, El Fuerte, México, en su derecho humano de acceso al agua potable y saneamiento. La metodología se realizó bajo el enfoque cualitativo y método deductivo basado en una función descriptiva analítica de caso de Mochicahui; las técnicas fueron la observación participante y la entrevista a profundidad. Los resultados y hallazgos encontrados en consideración a lo que comprende el acceso al derecho humano al agua y saneamiento y lo establecido en la Agenda 2030 en su ODS-6 de la ONU, se observa en comunidades rurales que las personas a menudo carecen de fuentes de agua confiable al estar contaminada, tiene mal aspecto o color, si bien la mayoría obtiene agua potable-entubada- del rio fuerte, por periodos de tiempo; la calidad del agua está en duda al padecer problemas de salud; por lo tanto el derecho humano al agua no se configura conforme al artículo 4º de la Constitución mexicana. Se concluye que el derecho humano al agua en México, y en específico en Mochicahui, no se está protegiendo ni garantizando para las comunidades rurales, esto a pesar de existir un mandato constitucional y una amplia regulación a nivel internacional. Sinaloa enfrenta una serie de retos, que van desde la desigualdad en la distribución, la contaminación, hasta la sobreexplotación de los recursos hídricos; aun así, las personas están dispuestas a colaborar con las autoridades responsables del servicio del agua para poder solucionar el acceso digno al agua.

M. A. Yakushin, E. N. Kabaeva, K. О. Seliverstov et al.

The article presents analysis of experience of elimination of the COVID-19 pandemic from position of implementation of restrictive measures and their impact as damaging factors on the elderly and citizens with limited mobility under emergency situations. It is established that inclusion of low-mobility citizens and people in conditions of forced self-isolation into life support algorithms increases efficiency of rescue measures. The structure responsible for implementation of the given function is contact center, a division of operational headquarters for elimination of emergency situation. Using beforehand formed database of register of people with limited mobility and well-established communication channels, operators of contact center organize informational methodological support, remote monitoring and correction of vital functions, as well as efficient evacuation and hospitalization of citizens belonging to the given category.

A. A. Kukshina, N. N. Kamynina, V. M. Kuraeva et al.

The relevance of this study stems from the global challenge of population aging. This review, conducted according to PRISMA methodology based on the analysis of 45 scientific articles (2019—2025), systematizes key social and medical determinants of aging. Evidence indicates that socioeconomic status (SES) is a fundamental factor: low SES increases the risk of dementia, multimorbidity, and accelerated biological aging by limiting access to healthcare and healthy lifestyle choices. Conversely, education serves as a powerful protective factor, increasing vitality indicators by 15—30% through programs like «Universities of the Third Age». Social isolation shows a significant correlation with cognitive impairment and depression, as evidenced, for example, by a 23% decrease in the Active Longevity Index (ALI) observed in rural regions of the Russian Federation. Lifestyle factors, including nutrition and physical activity, are equally critical, as is the detrimental impact of environmental pollution in accelerating aging. Among medical determinants, chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes) and frailty/sarcopenia, affecting 52% of individuals over 80, play a leading role. Access to geriatric care remains limited (lt; 10% in low-income countries); however, telemedicine and the integration of geriatricians into primary care settings demonstrate efficacy. Genetic and environmental factors also exert a significant, unconditional influence on aging processes. Thus, the principal determinants influencing the quality of life of older adults inform the direction of efforts aimed at developing a comprehensive policy framework to combat premature aging.

Ronaldi, Zulpandri, Syaifullah et al.

Objective: This study aims to examine the history of the birth of the Compilation of Islamic Law (CIL), analyze its position in the national legal system, and evaluate the opportunities and challenges in changing its status from Presidential Instruction to Law. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework used is the theory of the hierarchy of legal norms based on Law No. 12 of 2011, which explains the level of legal force in the legal system. The fiqh siyasah approach is also used to understand the position of Islamic law in the context of the modern state. Literature review: CIL is a codification of Islamic law that unites the diversity of sects in the practice of religious justice. Although functional has been widely used since 1991, its status as a Presidential Instruction makes its legal force weak. Many parties support the upgrade of its status to have stronger legitimacy. Methods: This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method. Data is obtained from relevant legal documents, academic literature, and laws and regulations. The analysis was carried out in a descriptive-analytical manner to answer the problems studied. Results:  The results show that although CIL is the main reference in religious courts, its status as a Presidential Instruction outside the hierarchy of the law causes legal uncertainty. Therefore, the change in status to a law is considered important to strengthen its legality and effectiveness in the national legal system. Implications:  Upgrading the status of CIL to law will strengthen legal certainty, increase democratic legitimacy, and open up space for Islamic law reform that is relevant to the social conditions of Indonesian society. Novelty: This research offers a new approach by emphasizing the importance of juridical and legal politics in strengthening CIL. Different from the previous study, the focus of this study is on the urgency of CIL legislation to strengthen the position of formal Islamic law in Indonesia.

Valentina I. Sokolova, L. Koroleva

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the state management experience of 1957-1965 can be useful and in demand for domestic enterprises in modern conditions. The reform of the national economy management system in the Soviet state was an urgent task of the government and the society, since the country’s economy of this period was characterized by such negative phenomena as extensive development and over-centralization, which hindered the introduction of new technologies into production. The purpose of the study is to study the managerial reorganizations in 1957–1965 in the Soviet state on the example of Penza Council of National Economy, then the Volga Council of National Economy, to analyze the main directions of the management policy of the country’s leadership, to consider the features and identify prospects that appeared in the national economy of the region during the period under study. Materials and methods. The sources of the article were information published in various publications on the management policy of the party-Soviet nomenclature of the mid-1950s and 1960s in the RSFSR, documents and materials of the State Archive of Penza region and other literature. In historiography, one can note the works of N.N. Kaluzkova, M.D. Goryachko, S.G. Kovalenko and others. When studying the problem, the authors adhered to such methods as historicism, objectivity, complexity and a social approach in covering the issues of the stated topic. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the fact that the work clarifies the issues of managing the national economy of the region, the problems of implementing government decrees and orders, and introduces a set of new archival sources. Study results. In May 1957, a law was passed on industry management through the councils of the national economy, subordinated directly to the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics: instead of branch ministries, territorial Councils of National Economy began to be created. In the functioning of Penza region Council of National Economy, as well as throughout the country, two stages can be distinguished: 1957–1959 was characterized by decentralization of management structures, 1960–1965 – by consolidation and centralization of management in order to coordinate and control the activities of the Council of National Economy: there were state committees for industries responsible for the development of a unified sectoral policy, which were fragmented, liquidated, engaged in redistribution of functions, changed their subordination. The Councils of National Economy themselves became larger, new management units were built over them. Conclusions. The 1950s and early 1960s can generally be called a successful period in the Soviet economy development in the entire history of the USSR in terms of both economic growth rates and the efficiency of social production. The economy developed in line with global trends, especially in the second half of the 1950s. The leader of the party and the state, N.S. Khrushchev, acted in the interests of the people, saw his main purpose in ensuring peace and well-being for the Soviet people, led boldly, but in many ways impulsively and inconsistently.

Andy Arya Maulana Wijaya, Anwar Sadat, L M Azhar Sa'ban et al.

Pantai Nirwana adalah salah satu kawasan pariwisata populer di Kota Baubau, kunjungan pada destinasi wisata ini selalu ramai baik hari libur ataupun tidak. Sebagaimana sebuah keramaian, maka sampah dan kebersihan adalah sesuatu yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Kawasan Pantai Nirwana seringkali ditemukan adanya sampah yang menumpuk, yakni sampah yang dihasilkan oleh pengunjung maupun sampah yang terbawa oleh arus laut. Hal ini cukup mengganggu kenyamanan kawasan pantai. Pendekatan yang dilakukan melalui kampanye bersama dan aksi “pungut sampah” sebagai sarana edukasi bersama. Program kegiatan ini betujuan untuk mengkampanyekan komunikasi kebersihan kepada masyarakat dan pengunjung kawasan pantai, harapannya dengan melalui pendekatan kolaborasi kesadaran bersama, maka program “kita jaga bersama” menjadi sarana untuk tata kelola kebersihan dan sampah yang bisa diterapkan di kawasan pantai Nirwana Kota Baubau.

P. O’Leary, M. Tsui

Centring and valuing lived experience flips the dynamic where traditionally knowledge and expertise on a problem often comes from professions, institutions, authorities, and governments that have studied or assessed a situation detached from direct experience. The term ‘lived experience’ has gained greater prominence in social work. It refers to personal knowledge gained from direct experience that would not ordinarily be apparent through observation or via representations constructed by a third party who has not ‘lived’ it through the eyes of those who were in the situation. We all have lived experience of varying forms – some unique, some shared widely. Lived experience is the knowledge we bring because we have firsthand involvement or exposure to particular events, occurrences or conditions that we have tried to make sense and construct meaning of. It is not merely having or reflecting on an experience as it occurs; it is a recollective account that reflects on what has taken place and its retrospective impact. The concept is strongly allied to social work values and the profession’s history of centring client experiences to shape our professional practice. In this way, lived experience informs how problems or situations are understood in context. It can shape the response but also be a mechanism for justice and accountability as to how responses impact people with lived experience. In the social work relationship, we bring both our personal experiences and the necessity to learn and empathise when we work with a client (O’Leary et al., 2013). Therefore, the place of lived experience in the social work relationship is critical to its purpose and success. Our own lived experience influences how we contribute to the social work relationship and how we practice. Yet, we do not need lived experience to be able to practice in most fields, but we do need to be able to comprehend and engage with the lived experience of clients. For example, our lived experience of being a parent worried about sick child is quite different from the position of being a social worker in a children’s hospital working with families. This lived experience may impact our practice as a professional social worker in this context. Conversely, we may not have lived experience, for example, of discrimination based on disability, but work with people with disability. In such instances, we need to connect closely with people’s lived experience of disability to focus our practice on these needs. It requires awareness that we will not know the same things as those with lived experience and could miss or misinterpret particular aspects that are not selfapparent to those without lived experience. This explains why we need to be sensitive and humble all the time. Being a member of a discriminated or minority group brings with it a lived experience, where the everyday experiences of subjugation are not visible or not comprehended by those without that lived experience. This can be the experience of living with the absence of privilege that others take for granted or being discriminated on the basis of your appearance or cultural group. Social workers often partner with those with lived experience to model ways of working (Gollan and O’Leary, 1138677 ISW0010.1177/00208728221138677International Social WorkEditorial research-article2022

Francisca Bezerra de Souza

Na última década (2010/2020), se observa a intensificação da mobilidade humana no Brasil, marcadamente de pessoas na condição de solicitantes de refúgio e que se deslocam forçadamente em busca de proteção por perseguição por questões de raça, religião, opinião política, nacionalidade, pertencimento a grupos minoritários, em flagrante e efetiva violação dos direitos humanos. Embora as pessoas na condição de solicitante de refúgio ou refugiadas sejam, na maioria homens, na última década, houve uma transformação no quadro sociodemográfico, podendo assim, se caracterizar um crescimento da população feminina se deslocando, inclusive no Brasil. Segundo o CONARE – Comitê Nacional para Refugiados, em 2019, considerando pessoas venezuelanas, que são o maior número em busca de refúgio no Brasil, 49,0% são homens e 45,1% são de mulheres, sendo que, deste percentual, cerca de 390 são mulheres na faixa etária acima de 60 anos. Considerando que essas mulheres, no processo de deslocamento sofrem violência nos seus vários aspectos, é preciso considerar a necessidade de se discutir as questões ligas ao envelhecimento e as formas de acesso as políticas públicas de atenção as pessoas idosas. Assim, é preciso refletir tanto sobre o acolhimento imediato dessas mulheres, quanto nas questões relacionadas ao processo de envelhecimento, visando prevenir todas as formas de violência, seja cultural, econômica, social, psicológica em busca de oferecer políticas públicas que ofereçam uma vida digna.

Everaldo de Oliveira Andrade

Entre 1990 e 2004 Jean-Bertrand Aristide governou em três períodos distintos o Haiti, numa situação de permanente instabilidade política protagonizada por golpes militares e mobilizações populares. Aristide emergiu como líder nacional a partir da ação de movimentos populares de base católica que ganharam força na crise final da ditadura de Jean-Claude Duvalier (1957 - 1986). A maior parte dos estudos sobre a história recente do país tem-se concentrado em caracterizar que a violência e a crise política estrutural do estado haitiano seriam base dessa situação. Porém, para se buscar hipóteses explicativas desse período pouco se abordam as continuidades institucionais que foram preservadas de um lado e, de outro, as pressões e interesses econômicos e políticos externos sobre o país. Buscamos problematizar essas hipóteses, considerando o debate historiográfico e teórico existente e as fontes documentais, frente às contradições e possibilidades que se abriram aos governos Aristide.

G. Capoccia

J. Nepon, Shay‐Lee Belik, J. Bolton et al.

Background: Previous work has suggested that anxiety disorders are associated with suicide attempts. However, many studies have been limited by lack of accounting for factors that could influence this relationship, notably personality disorders. This study aims to examine the relationship between anxiety disorders and suicide attempts, accounting for important comorbidities, in a large nationally representative sample. Methods: Data came from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave 2. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 34,653 adults between 2004 and 2005 in the United States. The relationship between suicide attempts and anxiety disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)) was explored using multivariate regression models controlling for sociodemographics, Axis I and Axis II disorders. Results: Among individuals reporting a lifetime history of suicide attempt, over 70% had an anxiety disorder. Even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, Axis I and Axis II disorders, the presence of an anxiety disorder was significantly associated with having made a suicide attempt (AOR=1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40–2.08). Panic disorder (AOR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.06–1.61) and PTSD (AOR=1.81, 95% CI: 1.45–2.26) were independently associated with suicide attempts in multivariate models. Comorbidity of personality disorders with panic disorder (AOR=5.76, 95% CI: 4.58–7.25) and with PTSD (AOR=6.90, 95% CI: 5.41–8.79) demonstrated much stronger associations with suicide attempts over either disorder alone. Conclusion: Anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder and PTSD, are independently associated with suicide attempts. Clinicians need to assess suicidal behavior among patients presenting with anxiety problems. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

H. Bayrampour, A. Vinturache, Erin Hetherington et al.

ABSTRACT Background: Given the prevalence of antenatal anxiety and its consistent associations with adverse pregnancy and child outcomes, early detection and management of anxiety are essential. Objective: The aim was to identify risk factors for anxiety among pregnant women by systematically reviewing original research. Methods: Cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies that examined associations between antenatal anxiety and at least one potential risk factor prospectively or retrospectively and measured anxiety independent from other mental health conditions were included. Studies rated strong/moderate in methodological quality appraisal were used to synthesise the evidence. Results: Factors associated with greater risk of anxiety included previous pregnancy loss, medical complications, childhood abuse, intimate partner violence, denial/acceptance coping styles, personality traits, inadequate social support, history of mental health problems, high perceived stress and adverse life events. Conclusions: Several risk factors identified in this review are detectable in routine prenatal care visits (e.g. previous pregnancy loss, pregnancy complications), potentially modifiable (e.g. coping styles, social support, partner factors) and can be identified prior to pregnancy (e.g. psychosocial factors), underlining the significance of pre-conception mental health screening.

Els Torreele, Joseph J. Amon

Klaudia Cenda-Miedzińska

Bezpieczeństwo stanowi naturalną potrzebę człowieka. Wyraża się ono w pragnieniu stałego zatrudnienia, posiadania opieki zdrowotnej, bezpiecznego sąsiedztwa i schronienia. Prezentowany artykuł zawiera opis sytuacji uchodźców. Autorka wskazuje na społeczny i prawny wymiar bezpieczeństwa uchodźców i osób z przyznaną ochroną uzupełniającą, które jest gwarantowane z poszanowaniem zasad Konwencji genewskiej, oraz kwestie bez-pieczeństwa cudzoziemców ubiegających się o ochronę międzynarodową.