Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Eva Binder (Hrsg.), Magdalena Kaltseis (Hrsg.)

Wir freuen uns über die Herausgabe der siebten Ausgabe der Zeitschrift DiSlaw, die sich einem wohl zeitlosen Thema widmet – dem Einsatz audiovisueller Medien im Unterricht slawischer Sprachen. Audiovisuelle Medien sind ein zentraler Bestandteil unseres Alltags und ihre Inhalte sind ein wichtiger Teil der Lebenswelt junger Erwachsener. Seien es Videos auf YouTube, die Rezeption von Filmen auf Streamingplattformen oder die selbsttätige Produktion kurzer Clips für soziale Netzwerke – insbesondere jungen Menschen dienen audiovisuelle Medien nicht nur der Unterhaltung, sondern auch der Information und Kommunikation anhand von (kurzen) Videos. Nicht zuletzt deshalb erscheint ihre Integration auch in den Unterricht unumgänglich und sinnvoll.

Jelena Konickaja

The article explores the origin of the Russian idiom kogda na gore rak svistnet (meaning: “never; at an indefinite time in the future”) by using methods of diachronic phraseology. Popular existing theories about the expression’s origin do not withstand critical scrutiny. Analysis of Russian language data reveals sporadic appearances of a second component in the idiom – singing fish. A comparative structural-semantic analysis across several languages (Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovenian) shows a parallel in Polish with a two-part idiom structure (jak rak świśnie, a ryba piśnie). A similar two-part structure is found in the Slovenian expression iti rakom žvižgat in ribam gost, which carries a different meaning: “to be in vain, unsuccessful; to perish; to die”. Folkloric and mythological evidence from the Balto-Slavic region (Slovenian, Lithuanian, Belarusian, etc.) suggests a rudimentary preservation in the Russian idiom of the so-called ‘primary myth’ – the opposition between the Thunder God (i.e., Perun) and the lord of the underworld (Veles). Structural elements of the idiom (the crawfish as a chthonic creature, whistling as its attribute, and the mountain) support the interpretation of the idiom’s event as situated within a mythological space.

Lorène Ehrmann

Sam Stites, John M. Li, Steven Holtzen

There are many different probabilistic programming languages that are specialized to specific kinds of probabilistic programs. From a usability and scalability perspective, this is undesirable: today, probabilistic programmers are forced up-front to decide which language they want to use and cannot mix-and-match different languages for handling heterogeneous programs. To rectify this, we seek a foundation for sound interoperability for probabilistic programming languages: just as today's Python programmers can resort to low-level C programming for performance, we argue that probabilistic programmers should be able to freely mix different languages for meeting the demands of heterogeneous probabilistic programming environments. As a first step towards this goal, we introduce \textsc{MultiPPL}, a probabilistic multi-language that enables programmers to interoperate between two different probabilistic programming languages: one that leverages a high-performance exact discrete inference strategy, and one that uses approximate importance sampling. We give a syntax and semantics for \textsc{MultiPPL}, prove soundness of its inference algorithm, and provide empirical evidence that it enables programmers to perform inference on complex heterogeneous probabilistic programs and flexibly exploits the strengths and weaknesses of two languages simultaneously.%

Jeremy Singer, Steve Draper

Esoteric programming languages are challenging to learn, but their unusual features and constraints may serve to improve programming ability. From languages designed to be intentionally obtuse (e.g. INTERCAL) to others targeting artistic expression (e.g. Piet) or exploring the nature of computation (e.g. Fractan), there is rich variety in the realm of esoteric programming languages. This essay examines the counterintuitive appeal of esoteric languages and seeks to analyse reasons for this popularity. We will explore why people are attracted to esoteric languages in terms of (a) program comprehension and construction, as well as (b) language design and implementation. Our assertion is that esoteric languages can improve general PL awareness, at the same time as enabling the esoteric programmer to impress their peers with obscure knowledge. We will also consider pedagogic principles and the use of AI, in relation to esoteric languages. Emerging from the specific discussion, we identify a general set of 'good' reasons for designing new programming languages. It may not be possible to be exhaustive on this topic, and it is certain we have not achieved that goal here. However we believe our most important contribution is to draw attention to the varied and often implicit motivations involved in programming language design.

Sebastian mateos Nicolajsen

I here conduct an exploration of programming language extensibility, making an argument for an often overlooked component of conventional language design. Now, this is not a technical detailing of these components, rather, I attempt to provide an overview as I myself have lacked during my time investigating programming languages. Thus, read this as an introduction to the magical world of extensibility. Through a literature review, I identify key extensibility themes - Macros, Modules, Types, and Reflection - highlighting diverse strategies for fostering extensibility. The analysis extends to cross-theme properties such as Parametricism and First-class citizen behaviour, introducing layers of complexity by highlighting the importance of customizability and flexibility in programming language constructs. By outlining these facets of existing programming languages and research, I aim to inspire future language designers to assess and consider the extensibility of their creations critically.

Lev A. Trakhtenberg

The paper views a literary debate of the early 19th century that has not yet received the due attention of specialists. The 1800s see emerging interest in original anecdotes that show the virtue and wit of Russians. The journal Drug Prosveshcheniia, which represents one of the influential literary factions of the time, the politically and stylistically conservative “Archaists” led by Alexander Shishkov, makes “Russian anecdote” a permanent section since its first issue. In 1805, the Russian anecdote becomes the object of a literary controversy. The discussion is initiated by a publication in the May issue of Drug Prosveshcheniia. It is followed by polemical replies of Severnyi Vestnik in June, Zhurnal dlia Pol’zy i Udovol’stviia in July, and Zhurnal Rossiiskoi Slovesnosti in September. The present paper traces the course of this discussion, deciphers the sub-texts, and analyses the participants’ positions. The research shows that the subject of the dispute is the nature of the anecdote as a genre. The discussion helps to outline the range of issues of its understanding: this includes the subject matter, volume, and style. During the polemics, the paradigm of genre variants is determined. In addition, this dispute acts as part of the polemic about language between the supporters of A.S. Shishkov and N.M. Karamzin, which intensifies in the summer of 1805. The article clarifies the positions of the parties on the material of this genre, demonstrating the diversity of opinions that cannot be reduced to two polar viewpoints.

Svetlana V. Kapustina

The study examines Russian-language fanfiction that explores potential continuations of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment. Within the thematic corpus of fanfiction, the analysis distinguishes between local perspectives — secondary texts that develop specific elements of the primary text — and post-canons, fan-created narratives centered around the novel’s epilogue. A noticeable imbalance is observed, as post-canonical essays are rarely produced, reflecting the infrequent re-reading of Crime and Punishment by contemporary students. Instead, fanfiction often focuses on local perspectives, sometimes limited to onomastic parallels, which stems from a broader trend of non-(re)reading of Dostoevsky’s work. The article highlights that fanfiction authors frequently engage with provocative themes, particularly in the genre of “missing scenes.” In cases where these scenes correspond to a “curtain scene,” fanfiction writers often adopt a cynical approach to the characters of Crime and Punishment. When such direct comparisons are not feasible, opportunities arise for young “book enthusiasts” — those capable of engaging with classical texts without succumbing to the distortions of “clip thinking.” The study argues for incorporating the writing of post-canonical essays based on Dostoevsky’s novel into the creative assignments for tenth-grade students. This practice is justified by its potential to increase students’ motivation to read, foster their engagement in a creative dialogue with the original work, and encourage a more thoughtful and responsible approach to literature and language.

E. M. Shastina, Yu. K. Kazakova

This study explores the novels of contemporary Austrian writer Raphaela Edelbauer (Raphaela Edelbauer, b. 1990) “The Fluid Land” (Das flüssige Land, 2019), “DAVE” (DAVE, 2021), “The Incommensurables” (Die Inkommensurablen, 2023) in the context of contemporary Austrian literature of the early third millennium. The relevance of the research is driven by the necessity to comprehend the trends in Austrian literature during an era of global changes. It is revealed that, on one hand, the author continues the traditions of Austrian literature of the second half of the 20th century, particularly on a thematic level (Austrian identity, overcoming the past, the false idyll of provincial Austria, conflicts between fathers and children, etc.), while on the other hand, delving into pressing contemporary issues (transhumanism, artificial intelligence, etc.). The concept of fictionality is central to the analysis, exploring the ways and specifics of its implementation in the artistic text in alignment with the author’s communicative intentions. Special attention is given to Edelbauer’s individual style, the uniqueness of narrative organization in the examined genre varieties (parable novel, science fiction novel, historical novel), and the quest for a “personal” language. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that Edelbauer’s work, distinguished by prestigious literary awards in Austria and Germany, has not been a subject of study in Russian literary studies.

Matt Earnshaw, Mario Román

We introduce context-free languages of morphisms in monoidal categories, extending recent work on the categorification of context-free languages, and regular languages of string diagrams. Context-free languages of string diagrams include classical context-free languages of words, trees, and hypergraphs, when instantiated over appropriate monoidal categories. Using a contour-splicing adjunction, we prove a representation theorem for context-free languages of string diagrams: every such language arises as the image under a monoidal functor of a regular language of string diagrams.

Stefano Aloe

Book Review

Jan de Muijnck-Hughes, Guillaume Allais, Edwin Brady

Language Workbenches offer language designers an expressive environment in which to create their DSLs. Similarly, research into mechanised meta-theory has shown how dependently typed languages provide expressive environments to formalise and study DSLs and their meta-theoretical properties. But can we claim that dependently typed languages qualify as language workbenches? We argue yes! We have developed an exemplar DSL called Velo that showcases not only dependently typed techniques to realise and manipulate IRs, but that dependently typed languages make fine language workbenches. Velo is a simple verified language with well-typed holes and comes with a complete compiler pipeline: parser, elaborator, REPL, evaluator, and compiler passes. Specifically, we describe our design choices for well-typed IRs design that includes support for well-typed holes, how CSE is achieved in a well-typed setting, and how the mechanised type-soundness proof for Velo is the source of the evaluator.

Sara Košutar, Matea Kramarić, Gordana Hržica

A successful narration relies on the ability of an individual to express a coherent sequence of temporally and causally related events organised around a specific theme, and this skill typically develops in early preschool age. Narrative coherence can be assessed by sequences or elements of story grammar. According to the causal network model, story grammar is viewed as an interconnected network of causal relationships, including enabling, physical, motivational, and psychological relationships. The importance of causal coherence has been recognised in many studies dealing with narrative discourse from the developmentalperspective. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent results with respect to the use of different types of causal relationships in the narratives of children of different ages. In the present study, we aimed to examine the differences between preschool and school children in their ability to express causal relationships, both overall and specific, in the narratives that they produce. Participants were monolingual Croatian-speaking children with typical language development, who were stratified into two groups: preschool (n = 41, mean age = 6;3 years) and school children (n = 50, mean age = 8;4 years). Narratives were collected using the <i>Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives</i> (MAIN), which was adapted to Croatian. The results show significant differences between the two groups of children in the overall proportion of causal relationships expressed, as well as specifically in the proportion of motivational relationships. There were no significant differences between the groups in production of enabling, physical, or psychological relationships. School children expressed more causal relationships overall than preschool children, as well as specifically more motivational relationships. As far as we know, this study is the first to investigate causality in the narratives of monolingual Croatian-speaking children using the causal network model. Our results only partially confirm the findings of previous studies, suggesting the need for further research to better understand the development of causal coherence in children’s narrative discourse.

L. V. Nikiforova, N. N. Rozanova

The questions of classification of political metaphors are considered. This classification is necessary for the analysis of the data of sociological survey, which was conducted by the team of Smolensk University in 2022 in regions of Russia. The study of the reputational image of power (respondents' answers to the questions: “How would you draw the reputational image of Russian / regional power?”) problematizes the principles of classification. The relevance of the study in working out the diagnosis of the reputational image of power. The novelty of the study is that the analysis was conducted on the basis of folk metaphorization, rather than professional political discourse, which researchers of political metaphorology and political semantics usually deal with. The empirical material for the problematization of the classification was the results of the sociological survey 2021, which included similar questions. The classification of power metaphors on the basis of major philosophical categories and structural relationships (space/time; living/artificial; human/nature/society) is presented, as such principle allows capturing the real diversity and multidimensionality of figurative likenesses proposed by respondents. The results of the study of folk metaphorization adjust the existing classifications of power metaphors, do not fully coincide with the known classifications of metaphorical models of power, also adjust the ideas about the popularity of typical metaphorical models.

Joan Giner-Miguelez, Abel Gómez, Jordi Cabot

Datasets play a central role in the training and evaluation of machine learning (ML) models. But they are also the root cause of many undesired model behaviors, such as biased predictions. To overcome this situation, the ML community is proposing a data-centric cultural shift where data issues are given the attention they deserve, and more standard practices around the gathering and processing of datasets start to be discussed and established. So far, these proposals are mostly high-level guidelines described in natural language and, as such, they are difficult to formalize and apply to particular datasets. In this sense, and inspired by these proposals, we define a new domain-specific language (DSL) to precisely describe machine learning datasets in terms of their structure, data provenance, and social concerns. We believe this DSL will facilitate any ML initiative to leverage and benefit from this data-centric shift in ML (e.g., selecting the most appropriate dataset for a new project or better replicating other ML results). The DSL is implemented as a Visual Studio Code plugin, and it has been published under an open source license.

Matthew Earnshaw, Paweł Sobociński

We introduce regular languages of morphisms in free monoidal categories, with their associated grammars and automata. These subsume the classical theory of regular languages of words and trees, but also open up a much wider class of languages over string diagrams. We use the algebra of monoidal and cartesian restriction categories to investigate the properties of regular monoidal languages, and provide sufficient conditions for their recognizability by deterministic monoidal automata.

James Grimmelmann

If code is law, then the language of law is a programming language. Lawyers and legal scholars can learn about law by studying programming-language theory, and programming-language tools can be usefully applied to legal problems. This article surveys the history of research on programming languages and law and presents ten promising avenues for future efforts. Its goals are to explain how the combination of programming languages and law is distinctive within the broader field of computer science and law, and to demonstrate with concrete examples the remarkable power of programming-language concepts in this new domain.

Fuxiang Chen, Fatemeh Fard, David Lo et al.

A recent study by Ahmed and Devanbu reported that using a corpus of code written in multilingual datasets to fine-tune multilingual Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) achieves higher performance as opposed to using a corpus of code written in just one programming language. However, no analysis was made with respect to fine-tuning monolingual PLMs. Furthermore, some programming languages are inherently different and code written in one language usually cannot be interchanged with the others, i.e., Ruby and Java code possess very different structure. To better understand how monolingual and multilingual PLMs affect different programming languages, we investigate 1) the performance of PLMs on Ruby for two popular Software Engineering tasks: Code Summarization and Code Search, 2) the strategy (to select programming languages) that works well on fine-tuning multilingual PLMs for Ruby, and 3) the performance of the fine-tuned PLMs on Ruby given different code lengths. In this work, we analyze over a hundred of pre-trained and fine-tuned models. Our results show that 1) multilingual PLMs have a lower Performance-to-Time Ratio (the BLEU, METEOR, or MRR scores over the fine-tuning duration) as compared to monolingual PLMs, 2) our proposed strategy to select target programming languages to fine-tune multilingual PLMs is effective: it reduces the time to fine-tune yet achieves higher performance in Code Summarization and Code Search tasks, and 3) our proposed strategy consistently shows good performance on different code lengths.

Alois Woldan

Book Review

Александра Игоревна Чиварзина

Обозначение синего цвета в названиях растений встречается крайне редко по сравнению с другими цветообозначениями. Диалектные словари сербского, болгарского и македонского языков фиксируют немногочисленные примеры таких наименований. В рамках данного исследования привлекался также материал цветообозначений в названиях грибов как близких растениям в наивной картине мира. Синий цвет может быть передан по-разному в зависимости от объекта наименования: в названиях цветов и плодов синий фиксируется преимущественно в конкурирующих лексемах, образованных от корней +модар и +син, а в названиях грибов встречаются формы от корней +модар, +виолет-, а также от корня +плав-, характерного для сербского языкового континуума. При анализе общего состава лексем очевидно преобладание номинаций с элементом +модар по сравнению с основными и наиболее распространенными лексемами болг., мак., серб. син и плав. Корень +модар имеет значение пограничного цвета между синим и фиолетовым и, соответственно, используется для наименования растений и грибов, расцветка которых может варьировать в оттенках и по интенсивности. Цитирование Чиварзина А. И. Особенности обозначения синего цвета в названиях растений и грибов в южнославянских диалектах // Славянский альманах. 2020. Вып. 3–4. С. 211–224. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.2.04