Hasil untuk "Public law"

T. Bolsen, James N. Druckman, F. Cook

Patrik Fridlund

T. Dye

T. Tyler

J. Tankebe

Dominik Stammbach, Kylie Zhang, Patty Liu et al.

AI tools are increasingly suggested as solutions to assist public agencies with heavy workloads. In public defense, where a constitutional right to counsel meets the complexities of law, overwhelming caseloads and constrained resources, practitioners face especially taxing conditions. Yet, there is little evidence of how AI could meaningfully support defenders' day-to-day work. In partnership with the New Jersey Office of the Public Defender, we develop the NJ BriefBank, a retrieval tool which surfaces relevant appellate briefs to streamline legal research and writing. We show that existing legal retrieval benchmarks fail to transfer to public defense search, however adding domain knowledge improves retrieval quality. This includes query expansion with legal reasoning, domain-specific data and curated synthetic examples. To facilitate further research, we provide a taxonomy of realistic defender search queries and release a manually annotated public defense retrieval dataset. Together, our work offers starting points towards building practical, reliable retrieval AI tools for public defense, and towards more realistic legal retrieval benchmarks.

Mirzayusup Rustambaev, Govkherjan Yuldasheva, Roza Azkhodjaeva et al.

This article examines migrant victimization as a structural outcome of migration governance systems in developed countries. This study demonstrates that variations in enforcement intensity, labor-market segmentation, and procedural safeguards explain cross-regional differences in exposure to harm and access to justice, thereby reframing migrant victimization as a governance-dependent outcome rather than an individual-level vulnerability. Criminal victimization remains an under-explored facet of migration dynamics in developed countries, despite migrants’ overrepresentation as victims. Legal scholarship on this topic is exceptionally limited and primarily focused on refugee protection. The victimization of migrants at the hands of individuals, groups, and authorities is therefore examined with the aim of informing research agendas, policy debates, and international cooperation. The assessment proceeds in six steps. First, migrant victimization patterns are outlined according to crime type, drawing on the European Union, the United States, and the Global South as contextual frames. Next, legal definitions and protections are distinguished from victimization levels, with the international legal framework and the concept of safe access to justice underscored. Then, broader systemic drivers and comparative factors influencing victimization patterns are investigated, again through the lens of the European Union, North America, Western Europe, and Oceania. Fourth, considerations relevant to the study of migrant victimization are reviewed, including methodological challenges, variations in legal terminology, underlying fieldwork orientations, and the availability of prior research. This study argues that migrant victimization is best understood as a structural product of migration governance regimes, where enforcement design, legal stratification, and labor-market segmentation systematically shape exposure to harm and access to justice.

L. Gostin, John T. Monahan, J. Kaldor et al.

Health risks in the 21st century are beyond the control of any government in any country. In an era of globalisation, promoting public health and equity requires cooperation and coordination both within and among states. Law can be a powerful tool for advancing global health, yet it remains substantially underutilised and poorly understood. Working in partnership, public health lawyers and health professionals can become champions for evidence-based laws to ensure the public's health and safety. This Lancet Commission articulates the crucial role of law in achieving global health with justice, through legal instruments, legal capacities, and institutional reforms, as well as a firm commitment to the rule of law. The Commission's aim is to enhance the global health community's understanding of law, regulation, and the rule of law as effective tools to advance population health and equity. The term law throughout is used to mean legal instruments such as statutes, treaties, and regulations that express public policy, as well as the public institutions (eg, courts, legislatures, and agencies) responsible for creating, implementing, and interpreting the law. By establishing the rules and frameworks that shape social and economic interactions, laws exert a powerful force on all the social determinants of health. Well designed laws can help build strong health systems, ensure safe and nutritious foods, evaluate and approve safe and effective drugs and vaccines, create healthier and safer workplaces, and improve the built and natural environments. However, laws that are poorly designed, implemented, or enforced can harm marginalised populations and entrench stigma and discrimination. This Commission brings together global leaders in the fields of health, law, and governance. We make the case for better, more strategic linkages between health and law, and the professionals who work in both fields. We begin by providing a short explanation of legal terms and concepts, and the actors and institutions that govern health. Our report is structured around four legal determinants of health, each of which powerfully affects health outcomes. We use the term legal determinants of health because it demonstrates the power of law to address the underlying social and economic causes of injury and disease. These four legal determinants show how law can substantially influence health and equity. We do not endeavour a systematic review of law in global health, but rather to advocate for, and demonstrate, the crucial value of law in advancing global health with justice. Finally, drawing on identified areas for reform, as well as principles of good governance and the right to health, we offer seven concrete recommendations for action.

Hassan N. Khan, David A. Hounshell, E. Fuchs

Richard T. Green

Xuanyu Chen, Nan Yang, Shuai Wang et al.

The recent success of large language models (LLMs) has sparked a growing interest in training large-scale models. As the model size continues to scale, concerns are growing about the depletion of high-quality, well-curated training data. This has led practitioners to explore training approaches like Federated Learning (FL), which can leverage the abundant data on edge devices while maintaining privacy. However, the decentralization of training datasets in FL introduces challenges to scaling large models, a topic that remains under-explored. This paper fills this gap and provides qualitative insights on generalizing the previous model scaling experience to federated learning scenarios. Specifically, we derive a PAC-Bayes (Probably Approximately Correct Bayesian) upper bound for the generalization error of models trained with stochastic algorithms in federated settings and quantify the impact of distributed training data on the optimal model size by finding the analytic solution of model size that minimizes this bound. Our theoretical results demonstrate that the optimal model size has a negative power law relationship with the number of clients if the total training compute is unchanged. Besides, we also find that switching to FL with the same training compute will inevitably reduce the upper bound of generalization performance that the model can achieve through training, and that estimating the optimal model size in federated scenarios should depend on the average training compute across clients. Furthermore, we also empirically validate the correctness of our results with extensive training runs on different models, network settings, and datasets.

Sahibpreet Singh, Pawan Kumar

This chapter explores the complexities of sports governance, taxation, dispute resolution, and the impact of digital transformation within the sports sector. This study identifies a critical research gap regarding the integration of innovative technologies to enhance governance and talent identification in sports law. The objective is to evaluate how data-driven approaches and AI can optimize recruitment processes; also ensuring compliance with existing regulations. A comprehensive analysis of current governance structures and taxation policies,(ie Income Tax Act and GST Act), reveals preliminary results indicating that reform is necessary to support sustainable growth in the sports economy. Key findings demonstrate that AI enhances player evaluation by minimizing biases and expanding access to diverse talent pools. While the Court of Arbitration for Sport provides an efficient mechanism for dispute resolution. The implications emphasize the need for regulatory reforms that align taxation policies with international best practices, promoting transparency and accountability in sports organizations. This research contributes valuable insights into the evolving dynamics of sports management, aiming to foster innovation and integrity in the industry.

Julia Grochowska, Natalia Grygoruk, Marcin Weiner

The fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) is widely considered a poisonous species with psychedelic effects. Patients report to hospital after consuming it with symptoms such as confusion, dizziness, agitation and ataxia. Less frequently, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, tachycardia, bradycardia, hypertension, hypothermia or hyperthermia and metabolic acidosis may occur, and fatal poisonings also occur. Despite the high public awareness of the toxicity of the fly agaric, a certain trend has been observed in recent decades towards its amateur consumption, mainly for medicinal purposes. In relation to the latest research, it is indicated that A. muscaria may be potentially useful in the fight against conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and even addictions. The fly agaric contains compounds that individually exhibit a number of different biological activities, but the existing studies do not yet allow for a comprehensive understanding of their properties and effects on the human body. Unlike in the case of other psychoactive mushrooms, the consumption and trade of the fly agaric is often not regulated by law, and it is easily available for purchase online. Detailed research on the toxicity of the fly agaric is urgently needed to increase public awareness of the risks associated with its use.

Yingbo Li, Zihan Wang, Mariano Andres Imbert Rodriguez et al.

Abstract This study establishes a theoretical framework linking organized R&D (ORD) and mission-oriented innovation (MOI) through a collective action lens. MOI performance is evaluated using three key indicators: academic publications, Science and Technology Awards (STA), and granted patents. ORD dimensions are operationalized through research teams, human resources, academic milieu, and public funding. Leveraging survey data and archival records from 23 Chinese universities, we employ baseline regressions and structural equation modeling (SEM) to elucidate ORD’s influence pathways on MOI performance. Results indicate that research teams serve as significant mediators linking public funding, academic milieu, and human resources to MOI outcomes as well as the heterogeneous roles of ORD determinants in MOI performance. This study specifically highlights how the scale and allocation mechanisms of public funding more actively facilitate MOI performance outcomes through ORD. By integrating macro-micro connections between MOI and ORD, this research provides policymakers with targeted and actionable recommendations for enhancing MOI in higher education institutions.

Wesley G. Jennings, N. Perez

During pandemics, like COVID-19, law enforcement agencies are responsible for working with government and public health officials to contain spread, serve the local community, and maintain public order. Given the person-to-person spread of COVID-19 through respiratory droplets, law enforcement officers are also at a heightened risk of exposure due to their close contact with members of the public. To protect officers, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other agencies have made numerous recommendations for law enforcement agencies to protect officers and the public. Departments around the country have responded to the pandemic in various ways, such as reassigning personnel to high-traffic areas, suspending training, roll calls, and community outreach initiatives, only issuing citations for low-level crimes, implementing safety precautions for officers, and limiting access to department facilities. The COVID-19 pandemic also has exposed some key obstacles for law enforcement, related to communication, resource management, the enforcement of public health restrictions, and changes to crime and service patterns. Based on these early/initial responses and obstacles during the COVID-19 outbreak, the current paper highlights directions for future responses to pandemics to ensure the safety and security of police officers and the communities they serve.

Gilad Abiri

We are increasingly subjected to the power of AI authorities. As AI decisions become inescapable, entering domains such as healthcare, education, and law, we must confront a vital question: how can we ensure AI systems have the legitimacy necessary for effective governance? This essay argues that to secure AI legitimacy, we need methods that engage the public in designing and constraining AI systems, ensuring these technologies reflect the community's shared values. Constitutional AI, proposed by Anthropic, represents a step towards this goal, offering a model for democratic control of AI. However, while Constitutional AI's commitment to hardcoding explicit principles into AI models enhances transparency and accountability, it falls short in two crucial aspects: addressing the opacity of individual AI decisions and fostering genuine democratic legitimacy. To overcome these limitations, this essay proposes "Public Constitutional AI." This approach envisions a participatory process where diverse stakeholders, including ordinary citizens, deliberate on the principles guiding AI development. The resulting "AI Constitution" would carry the legitimacy of popular authorship, grounding AI governance in the public will. Furthermore, the essay proposes "AI Courts" to develop "AI case law," providing concrete examples for operationalizing constitutional principles in AI training. This evolving combination of constitutional principles and case law aims to make AI governance more responsive to public values. By grounding AI governance in deliberative democratic processes, Public Constitutional AI offers a path to imbue automated authorities with genuine democratic legitimacy, addressing the unique challenges posed by increasingly powerful AI systems while ensuring their alignment with the public interest.

Seyun Kim, Bonnie Fan, Willa Yunqi Yang et al.

Technologies adopted by the public sector have transformed the work practices of employees in public agencies by creating different means of communication and decision-making. Although much of the recent research in the future of work domain has concentrated on the effects of technological advancements on public sector employees, the influence on work practices of external stakeholders engaging with this sector remains under-explored. In this paper, we focus on a digital platform called OneStop which is deployed by several building departments across the U.S. and aims to integrate various steps and services into a single point of online contact between public sector employees and the public. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 22 stakeholders, including local business owners, experts involved in the construction process, community representatives, and building department employees, we investigate how this technology transition has impacted the work of these different stakeholders. We observe a multifaceted perspective and experience caused by the adoption of OneStop. OneStop exacerbated inequitable practices for local business owners due to a lack of face-to-face interactions with the department employees. For the public sector employees, OneStop standardized the work practices, representing the building department's priorities and values. Based on our findings, we discuss tensions around standardization, equality, and equity in technology transition, as well as design implications for equitable practices in the public sector.

José Manuel Rodríguez Jiménez, Miguel Ángel Canorea Ruiz, Alejandro Plaza Quesada

La alteración de motores en motocicletas implica modificar el motor original para mejorar el rendimiento o adaptarlo a necesidades específicas, aunque estas prácticas pueden derivar en riesgos de seguridad y problemas legales. Estos cambios pueden producirse por avería del motor y necesidad de un reemplazo, lo cual es inicialmente legal, o un cambio por un motor de mayor cilindrada que dotaría a la motocicleta de mayor potencia, pero también de mayor inestabilidad al no estar preparado el resto de componentes para ese aumento de potencia. La instalación de motores de mayor potencia en motocicletas no diseñadas para soportarlos puede comprometer la seguridad, generando inestabilidad y aumentando el riesgo de accidentes debido a frenos inadecuados, poniendo en riesgo no solo su seguridad, sino también la del resto de usuarios de la vía con el uso de dicho motor alterado. El cambio de motor tiene su vertiente delictiva. El origen de dicho motor puede no ser lícito y, aunque el conductor del vehículo no sea responsable directamente de un delito de robo al no haber intervenido directamente en la sustracción del mismo, sí puede serlo de receptación si no posee la documentación que justifique que es comprador de buena fe. Dicha documentación trasladaría la responsabilidad del delito hacia el vendedor. La determinación de la responsabilidad penal es secundaria cuando la dificultad principal es saber si los motores instalados pertenecen o no a dicha motocicleta. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio que permite aproximar, usando métodos matemáticos que determinan el grado de pertenencia, si el motor que porta una motocicleta es el que ha sido instalado originalmente en la misma o si proviene de una motocicleta ajena.

Matteo Mazzarano

Abstract Decarbonization is often misunderstood in financial studies. Furthermore, its implications for investment opportunities and growth are even less known. The study investigates the link between energy indicators and Tobin's Quotient (TQ) in listed companies globally, finding that the carbon content of energy presents a negative yet modest effect on financial performance. Furthermore, we investigated the effect carbon prices in compliance markets have on TQ for exempted and non-exempt firms, finding that Energy efficiency measures yield greater effects in the latter group. Conversely, it is also true that carbon prices marginally reduce TQ more in non-exempt firms. This implies that auction-mechanisms create burdens that companies are eager to relinquish by reducing emissions. However, reducing GHG yields positive effects on TQ only as long as it results in energy efficiency improvements.

María Neus Pons Carrera, Alexis Berg-Rodríguez

Este artículo sostiene que la aplicación de las políticas y mecanismos de protección estatal no han sido suficientes para detener la impunidad, agresiones y asesinatos de periodistas en México entre 2000 y 2022. Se revisan algunos informes publicados por la organización Article 19 México y Centroamérica, Reporteros sin Fronteras, la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y artículos de prensa; se realizan entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores claves. La poca efectividad de estas políticas se debe, en parte, por la confluencia de agentes estatales (fuerzas armadas, funcionarios públicos) y no estatales (partidos políticos, crimen organizado) que ejercen violencia y agresión sobre periodistas, lo cual profundiza la impunidad y poca efectividad de las políticas. Mecanismos como el proyecto “De la mano”, auspiciado por el Parlamento Europeo, son una posibilidad para ejercer presión internacional de manera conjunta con la sociedad civil, cuyos alcances no son cuantificables al momento.